Fig 1.
3D bar-chart showing silica content in various parts of Acrachne racemosa (Heyne ex Roem. & Schult.) Ohwi.
Fig 2.
In-situ location of phytoliths in leaf epidermis of Acrachne racemosa (Heyne ex Roem. & Schult.) Ohwi.
A. Adaxial surface (a-h) B. Abaxial surface(a-h); bar = 40 μm.
Table 1.
Type of phytolith morphotypes in costal and intercostal region of adaxial and abaxial leaf surface of Acrachne racemosa (Heyne ex Roem. & Schult.) Ohwi.
Fig 3.
Phytolith morphotypes of Acrachne racemosa (Heyne ex Roem. & Schult.) Ohwi (Root).
Globular psilate (a); Globular granulate (b, c); Blocky polyhedral (d); Globular polyhedral (e, f); Triangular (g-k); Trapezoid (l); Tabular simple (m); Trapezoid (n, o); Acute bulbous (p); Prism (q, r); Blocky polyhedral (s); Tabular polyhedral (t); Blocky irregular (u); Tabular irregular (v); Nodular (w); Cuneiform bulliform (x, y) bar = 20 μm.
Fig 4.
Phytolith morphotypes of Acrachne racemosa (Heyne ex Roem. & Schult.) Ohwi (Culm).
Globular psilate (a, b); Globular granular (c, d); Globular echinate (e, f); Globular polyhedral (g); Triangular (h); Ovate (i); Polyhedral (j); Pentagon (k, l); Polyhedral (m); Stellate (n); Cuneiform bulliform (o-r); Cavate (s); Cuneiform (t); Acute bulbous (u); Trapezoid (v); Horned tower (w, x), Long trapezoid (y, ab); Tabular simple (z); Trapezoid (aa); Cuboid (ac, ad); Smooth elongate (ae); Elongate irregular (af); Nodular (ag); Amoeboid (ah); Blocky irregular (ai); Blocky polyhedral (aj) bar = 20 μm.
Fig 5.
Phytolith morphotypes of Acrachne racemosa (Heyne ex Roem. & Schult.) Ohwi (Leaves).
Saddle (a-k); Saddle with notch (l, m); Cross (n, o); Flat tower (p, q); Bilobate (r-u); Polylobate (v); Silica cork cells (w); Reniform (x); Ovate (y); Oblong (z); Ellipsoidal (aa-ad); Globular granulate (ae, af); Globular polyhedral (ag); Blocky polyhedral (ah); Triangular (ai); Polyhedral (aj); Tabular simple (ak, al); Tabular polyhedral (am); Parallelepipedal cell (an); Cuboid (ao); Trapezoids (ap); Cuneiform bulliform (aq, ar); Scutiform (as-au); Crescent moon (av); Rectangular (aw); Elongate echinate (ax); Scutiform (ay); Elongate irregular (az); Smooth elongate (aaa); cuboid (aab); Blocky (aac, aad); Sinuate elongate (aae); Elongate/Saddle (aaf); Elongate echinate/Saddle (aag-aai); Smooth elongate (aaj-aan); Elongate irregular (aao); Arcuate (aap); Elongate echinate (aaq-aav); Acute Bulbous (aaw). bar = 10 μm (a-ab, aaj-aaw); 40 μm (ac-aai).
Fig 6.
Phytolith morphotypes of Acrachne racemosa(Heyne ex Roem. & Schult.) Ohwi (Synflorescence).
Globular psilate (a); Globular granulate (b, c); Triangular (d, e); Cavate (f); Tabular simple (g, h); Long trapezoids (i); Trapezoid (j); Polyhedral (k); Blocky polyhedral (l); Polyhedral (m, n); Tabular polyhedral (o, p); Blocky polyhedral (q); Blocky irregular (r, s); Acute bulbous (t-v) Acute (w, x) Acicular (y); Smooth elongate (z); Elongate echinate (aa): bar = 20 μm.
Table 2.
Morphometry of phytolith morphotypes of Acrachne racemosa (Heyne ex Roem. & Schult.) Ohwi (Root).
Table 3.
Morphometry of phytolith morphotypes of Acrachne racemosa (Heyne ex Roem. & Schult.) Ohwi (Culm).
Table 4.
Morphometry of phytolith morphotypes of Acrachne racemosa (Heyne ex Roem. & Schult.) Ohwi (Leaves).
Table 5.
Morphometry of phytolith morphotypes of Acrachne racemosa (Heyne ex Roem. & Schult.) Ohwi (Synflorescence).
Fig 7.
Undulated patterns in Acrachne racemosa(Heyne ex Roem. & Schult.) Ohwi (Synflorescence).
Elongate granulate/bilobates (a); Elongate columellate/biolobate (b); Elongate Columellate/cork cells (c); Elongate granulate/bilobates/prickle hair (d, e); Elongate granulate/saddle (f); Elongate clavate/bilobates (g); Elongate granulate/cross (h); Elongate castellate/stomata/saddle (i); Elongate castellate (j). bar = 40 μm.
Table 6.
Frequency distribution of phytolith morphotypes from different parts of the Acrachne racemosa (Heyne ex Roem. & Schult.) Ohwi.
Fig 8.
Box-Whisker plots for median percentile and range of shape descriptors (roundness and solidity) of phytoliths in Acrachne racemosa (Heyne ex Roem. & Schult.) Ohwis.
Fig 9.
Clustering of Acrachne racemosa (Heyne ex Roem. & Schult.) Ohwi based on presence/absence data of phytolith morphotypes.
R = root, C = culm, L = leaf and S = synflorescence.
Table 7.
Coefficient correlation among the phytolith morphotypes from different parts of Acrachne racemosa (Heyne. Ex roem. & Schult.) Ohwibased on the Pearson’s coefficient.
Fig 10.
FTIR spectra of phytoliths from different parts of Acrachne racemosa (Heyne ex Roem. & Schult.) Ohwi.
Fig 11.
XRD diffraction spectra of phytoliths isolated from different parts of Acrachne racemosa (Heyne ex Roem. & Schult.) Ohwi.