North and South Nandi Forests Strategic Ecosystems Management Plan 2015 - 2040 by Nature Kenya Publications

North and South Nandi Forests

Strategic Ecosystem Management Plan 2015 - 2040

September

2015

North and South Nandi Forests

Strategic Ecosystem Management Plan 2015 - 2040

Plan development supported by GEF/UNDP through the “Strengthening Protected Areas Network within the Eastern Montane Forest Hotspot of Kenya project” coordinated by Nature Kenya Implementers: Kenya Forests Service Community Forest Associations Kenya Wildlife Service Kenya Forestry Research Institute National Environmental Management Authority County Government of Nandi Nature Kenya Disclaimer The production, printing and distribution of this document to stakeholders has been with the financial assistance of the GEF and UNDP (Award ID: 00058356). The contents of this document are the sole responsibility of the Local Planning Team that developed the Cherangani Forest Ecosystem Strategic Plan 2015-2040, and cannot under normal circumstances be regarded as reflecting the position of the GEF nor the UNDP.

Approval Page This North and South Nandi Forests Strategic Ecosystem Management Plan (2015 - 2040) is hereby approved for implementation and may be reviewed as need arises.

Message from the Implementing Partners The North and South Nandi Forests are the fragments of forests in Nandi County of the once expansive forest area that included the Kakamega Forest before the 1920s. The suitability of the area for both commercial and subsistence farming led to the loss of this forest area. The growing human population and depency of the economically marginalized section of the population for their livelihoods is the current threat to the forests health: notably from grazing and planned regional development projects for water supply to western Kenya settlements that poses a threat to the remaining stand of the natural forest and its regeneration. Further the ecosystem services from the Forests such as the microclimate that supports commercial and small holder tea farming, dairy and food production; and water supply to rural and urban centres downstream, is yet to be appropriately included in the national economic valuation. The potential conservation synergy from upstream interventions and plough back of resources through payment for ecosystem services is far from being realized. Notable are the gains from the engagement of the local communities through three Community Forest Associations in the co-management of the forests with Kenya Forest Service. This was mainly with the support from development partners like DFID, GEF/UNDP which strengthened the community capacity and improved infrastructure towards effective management of the forests resources. The ecosystem strategic management plan builds on this foundation and is a roadmap at mitigating the challenges and threats that the North Nandi and South Nandi Forest Ecosystem is facing. Developed jointly by a myriad of stakeholders at the various levels through an elaborate consultative process from June 2011 to December 2013 it is envisaged that a committed implementation process shall be followed by all those with a stake in the conservation and sustainable use of the forest ecosystem and the attainment of the Global Forest Goals of the United Nations Forum on Forests. In the plan eight forest management zones are identified, their specific management objectives stated and the management actions together with responsible institutions proposed. The local communities in the Forest Ecosystem adjacent area are recognized as important stakeholders who will actively participate in its management and conservation.

________________________ ________________________ Dr. Paul Matiku Dr. Ben Chikamai Executive Director Director Nature Kenya Kenya Forestry Research Institute

Foreword The Nandi Forest Ecosystem is within the Nandi County and occupies an area currently covered by three sub-Counties namely; Nandi Central, Nandi South and Kabiyet. The scope of this Strategic Management Plan covers all the protected forest units of the ecosystem as well as the surrounding buffer zones. The protected forest units comprise of the following; Nandi South, Kaptoroi, Ururu, Nandi North and Taressia forest blocks. The Nandi Forest Ecosystem plays a very important role in the provision of ecological, social and economic services to the local community and the country at large. In the past, management of the Forest Ecosystem has been partly guided by a 10 year Ecosytem Management Plan for South Nandi Forest (2011-2020), that did not however cover the North Nandi Forest which is a sizeable part of the Nandi Forest Ecosystem. The strategic plan provides the long-term vision and management guidance for the protected areas and should be an an integrative framework for the ecosystemâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s management.

There are numerous challenges to the integrity of the Nandi Forest Ecosystem which require mitigation, as well opportunities that need to be tapped. The plan addresses these and its implementation should lead to attaining the desired management and conservation state for the Nandi Forest Ecosystem. The strategic planning process for the Nandi Forest Ecosystem was initiated under the project â&#x20AC;?Strengthening Protected Areas Network within the Eastern Montane Forest Hotspot of Kenyaâ&#x20AC;? with funding support from GEF/UNDP and coordinated by Nature Kenya. It is a 25-year management plan (2015-2040) for the Nandi Forest Ecosystem, developed through a collaborative initiative between Kenya Forest Service (KFS), Kenya Wildlife Service (KWS), Kenya Forestry Research Institute (KEFRI), National Environmental Management Authority (NEMA) and Community Forest Associations (CFAs). Essau Omollo Deputy Director, Forest Conservation and Management Kenya Forest Service

Acknowledgement The planning team acknowledges the support provided by respective institutions, community members and individuals in development of the strategic plan. The planning team based in Nandi made valuable contribitions in the plan development. This team worked closely with the three CFAs in the ecosystem. We do also thank all the participants who gave their contributions during the workshops. Nature Kenya was facilitative in the development of the plan through their

field Project Officer Mr. Gibson Kitsao and Project Manager Mr. Washington Ayiemba. We do appreciate the role played by the plan facilitators; Messrs Joram Kagombe, James Kimondo and Stephen Kiama from KEFRI. The Plan benefited from the inputs of forest management plans section especially Mr. John Macharia of KFS. The KFS data office provided the maps. The Plan was developed through generous financial support of GEF/ UNDP through Nature Kenya.

Executive Summary Strategic Ecosystem Management Plans give the long-term vision needed for the sustainable management of protected areas. The strategic planning process for the Nandi Forest Ecosystem was initiated under the ”Strengthening Protected Areas Network within the Eastern Montane Forest Hotspot of Kenya project” with funding support from the GEF/UNDP. It is a 25-year management plan (2013-2038) for the Nandi Forest Ecosystem, developed through a collaborative initiative between Kenya Forest Service (KFS), Kenya Wildlife Service (KWS), Kenya Forestry Research Institute (KEFRI), National Environmental Management Authority (NEMA) and Community Forest Associations (CFAs). The plan provides an integrative framework for management of the Nandi Forest Ecosystem and recognizing the roles and interests of stakeholders in the management of the forest resources sustainably for posterity. The scope of this Strategic Management Plan covers all the gazetted forest areas within the ecosystem as well as the surrounding buffer zone, all of which make the Nandi Forest Ecosystem. The ecosystem comprises of thev Nandi South, Kaptoroi, Ururu, Nandi North and Taressia forest blocks, all in Nandi County. The planning process was guided by the following principles: Inclusion of all relevant stakeholders; Gender and youth mainstreaming; integration of sound science; partnerships framework established among stakeholders; and transparency and accountability. Vision, mission and strategic management objectives The main frame of the strategic management plan of the Nandi Forest Ecosystem emanates from a clear vision, statement of purpose, zonation scheme and thematic management programmes.

The vision is to be “The best sustainably conserved and well managed forest ecosystem in Africa, providing environmental goods and services for improved community livelihoods and benefits to other stakeholders”. The purpose of the plan is “Sustainable forest management and conservation practices established and in operation”. The strategic forest management objectives are: 1. To conserve water catchments and enhance the unique biodiversity of the forest. 2. To contribute towards meeting subsistence needs and improving the livelihoods of forest-adjacent communities. 3. To improve and develop the condition and potential for utilization of the forest. The user zones adopted in the planning were: the tea belt buffer; forest plantations; intervention zone; ecotourism; biodiversity; subsistence; rehabilitation; and water cachment. A criterion for zonation is provided and maps for each of the zones. Thematic management programmes The thematic management programmes form the core area of the strategic management plan and were derived from the visioning and thematic workshop and are expected to achieve the strategic objectives the plan. Each of the management programmes was developed folllowing the Logical Framework Approach to ensure that precise and coherent links between the programme purpose statement, management objectives and the management actions. For each of the programmes a brief background, underlying issues, objectives, strategies, activities and responsible organization/party is provided. The plan covers eleven programmes and a section on threats as follows:

1. Forest conservation and biodiversity 2. Forest protection 3. Farm forestry 4. PFM and livelihoods 5. Eco-tourism 6. Environmental education and awareness 7. Payment for ecosystem services 8. Research, monitoring and evaluation 9. Partnership and networking 10. Communication and infrastructure 11. Resource mobilization and capacity building Governance Implementation of the Strategic Management Plan recognizes the importance of and the need to involve all stakeholders, especially the primary ones.

Stakeholders A stakeholders analysis identified three categories namely primary, secondary and tertiary. Primary stakeholders are the main actors and are expected to play the greatest and direct roles during the implementation of the management programmes. This is based either on their legal mandate or their direct livelihood dependence. They include KFS, KWS, CFAs, among others. Secondary stakeholders are also key actors but essentially play an indirect role in the management of the forest resources. Tertiary stakeholders are those perceived to be potentially affected either positively or negatively by the activities. This Plan will be implemented by central government working closely with the Nandi County Government. Forestry issues will be coordinated by Ecosytem Forest Coordinator working closely with County Forest Manager. A Forest Managenment Team that brings together stakeholders indentified in the plan will be crucial in ensuring that each stakeholder takes up their role and responsibility. Community participation will be corrdinated by the umbrella CFA for the county.

Table of Contents Approval Page.....................................................................................................................iii Message from the Implementing Partners..........................................................................iv Foreword............................................................................................................................. v Acknowledgement...............................................................................................................vi Executive Summary ...........................................................................................................vii List of Figures......................................................................................................................xi List of Tables........................................................................................................................xi List of Acronyms and Abbreviations..................................................................................xii PART ONE........................................................................................................................... 1 1.0 Introduction of Nandi forest ecosystem....................................................................... 1 PART TWO........................................................................................................................... 5 2.0 Policy, legal and institutional framework...................................................................... 5 2.1 Legal and policy frameworks...................................................................................... 5 2.1.1 Forests Act, 2005.............................................................................................. 5 2.1.2 Environmental Management and Coordination Act (EMCA) of 1999................ 5 2.1.3 Renewable Energy Act, Section 103:............................................................... 5 2.1.4 Agriculture Act, Cap 318.................................................................................. 6 2.1.5 Grass Fires Act, Cap 327.................................................................................. 6 2.1.6 Tourist Industry Licensing Code (Cap 63)........................................................ 6 2.1.7 Kenyaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Vision 2030.......................................................................................... 6 2.1.8 Other International Conventions and Agreements............................................ 7 PART THREE....................................................................................................................... 9 3.0 Vision, purpose and objectives of the plan................................................................. 9 3.1: The approach.............................................................................................................. 9 3.2: The planning process................................................................................................ 10 3.3: Zoning........................................................................................................................ 11 4.0 Management programmes........................................................................................ 17 4.1 Forest Conservation and Biodiversity........................................................................ 17 4.2 Forest Protection........................................................................................................ 19 4.3 Farm Forestry............................................................................................................ 22 4.4 Participatory Forest Management and Sustainable Livelihoods............................... 23 4.5 Ecotourism................................................................................................................. 24 4.6 Environmental Education and Awareness................................................................. 27 4.7 Payment for Environmental Services......................................................................... 29 4.8 Research, Monitoring and Evaluation........................................................................ 30 4.9 Partnerships and Networking.................................................................................... 32 4.10 Communications and Infrastructure.......................................................................... 33 4.11 Resource Mobilizations and Capacity Building......................................................... 35 4.12 Threats and Mitigation Measures.............................................................................. 37 5.0 Governance............................................................................................................... 38

References:....................................................................................................................... 39 Appendix 1: Participants in the Nandi Forest Ecosystem 25 Year Strategic Management Plan Development Workshops......................................................... 40 Appendix 2: Categorization of stakeholders..................................................................... 42 Appendix 3: Profile of some key stakeholders in the Nandi Forest Ecosystem Strategic Management Plan Implementation......................................................... 43 Appendix 4: Inventory of the floral species in the three vegetation types of in South Nandi forest.................................................................................................. 45 Appendix 5: Nomenclature, growth habit and uses of Floral species in South Nandi Forest................................................................................................. 46 Appendix 6: List of butterfly species................................................................................ 52

List of Figures Figure 1: Figure 2: Figure 3: Figure 4: Figure 7:

Boundaries and administration map of South and North Nandi Forest Reserve (Courtesy of KIFICON 1994)............................................................................. 2 Location of North Nandi Forest Block............................................................... 3 Location of South Nandi.................................................................................... 4 Zonation map for South Nandi Forest............................................................. 19 Tourist attraction sites and proposed nature trails in South Nandi Forest...... 34

List of Tables Table 1: Table 2: Table 3: Table 4: Table 5: Table 6: Table 7: Table 8: Table 9: Table 10: Table 11: Table 12: Table 13:

The criteria used to define forest ecosystem management zones................. 16 Strategies, activities to promote forest biodiversity conservation................... 23 Strategies and activities to enhance forest protection.................................... 25 Strategies and actions to promote farm forestry around Nandi ecosystem... 28 Strategies and actions to promote participartory forest management around the Nandi forest ecosystem................................................................ 31 Strategies and activities to build and market sustainable ecotourism in Nandi ecosystem...................................................................... 33 Strategies and activities to enhance environmental awareness and knowledge among communites around Nandi............................................... 36 Strategies and actions to promote the payment for environment services among stakeholders around Nandi.................................................. 38 Strategies and activites to improve generation of knowledge on Nandi ecosystem............................................................................................ 40 Strategies and activities to promote networking and partnership among stakeholders....................................................................................... 42 Strategies and activities to improve communication and infrastructure in Nandi..................................................................................... 44 Strategies and activities to mobilize resource and buld capacity among Nandi ecosystem stakeholders............................................ 46 Threats and their mitigation measures............................................................ 48

List of Abbreviations and Acronyms CBD CBO CCF CDTF CEF CFA CITES DDC FAC FFS GEF GoK IBAs IGAs IUCN JICA KEBS KEFRI KFS KIFCON KTB KWS LPT LBDA LVNWSB MOALF MoL MoT NBEs NEMA NGOs NK NMK NRM PAs PELIS PES PFM UNCED UNDP UNFCCC WRMA WRUA

Convention of Biological Diversity Community Based Organization Consultative Conservation Forum Community Development Trust Fund Community Environment Facility Community Forest Association Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora District Development Committees Forest Adjacent Community Farmers Field School Global Environment Facility Government of Kenya Important Bird Areas Income Generating Activities International Union Conservation for Nature Japan International Corporation Agency Kenya Bureau of Standard Kenya Forestry Research Institute Kenya Forest Service Kenya Indigenous Forest Conservation Kenya Tourism Board Kenya Wildlife Service Local Planning Team Lake Victoria Basin Development Authority Lake Victoria North Water Service Board Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Fisheries Ministry of Livestock Ministry of Tourism Nature based Enterprises National Environment Management Authority Non -Governmental Organizations Nature Kenya National Museums of Kenya Natural Resource Management Protected Areas Plantation Establishment and Livelihoods Improvement Scheme Payment for Ecosystem Services Participatory Forest Management United Nations Convention on Education and Development United Nations Development Programme United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change Water Resource Management Authority Water Resource Users Association

PART I 1.0 Introduction of Nandi forest ecosystem Nandi Forest Ecosystem comprises Nandi South,, Kaptoroi, Ururu, Nandi North and Taressia forest blocks, all in Nandi County. Figures 1- 3 show the extent of these blocks. The South Nandi Forest block is located in South Nandi District (00° 05’S, 35º 00’E), is a mid-elevation forest lying west of Kapsabet town and south of the main Kapsabet-Kaimosi road. Nandi North Forest (00° 00’S, 35º 00’E) and Taressia Forest blocks are located in North Nandi District. The three forest blocks, together with Kakamega forest, form part of the Western rainforest region, and the Eastern most fragment of the Guinea – Congolian phytogeographical region. The area occupied by the forest was once extensive, but has steadily declined due to high population pressure. South Nandi Forest Reserve (SNFR) covers an area of 24,753.1 Ha, as per the most recent forest boundaries survey (KWS/KFS/UNEP, 2007). Some 934.7 ha (5%) of the original forestland had been settled. The forest elevation is between 1,700 to 2,000 meters above sea level and receives an average annual rainfall of between 1,600 and 1,900 millimetres, which makes it classified as a ‘moisti forest’ under the Forest and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations (FAO) guidelines (Brown 1997). However, it can now be classified as a

forests with 1,500 to 3,000 mm mean annual rainfall

transitional forest between the lowland forests of West and Central Africa and the montane forests of Central Kenya. SNFR is composed of Kobujoi and Kimondi Forest Stations. Kobujoi Forest Station has two blocks: Kobujoi, and Kaptumek/Kajulu (Old Bonjoge). Kobujoi Forest Station could be described as being intact with annual rainfall of 1,700mm. Kobujoi block covers an area of 18,010 Ha, consisting of: Plantations- 160 ha and natural forest- 17,800 Ha while Old Bonjoge covers 2,150 Ha. Kimondi Forest Station is located 2 kms from Kapsabet town on the Kapsabet - Chavakali Road. It has 3 blocks: Kimondi, Ururu and Kaptoroi Forest blocks. The station has a total of 7 beats: Kolong’, Cheber, Iruru, Kamurguiwo, Kaptaroi, Kapsasur and Kechire. The total area is 6,743.1Ha with natural forest occupying 5,450.3 Ha, plantation 1,009.5 Ha and indigenous species plantation in 283.3 Ha.) The North Nandi Forest block is located in Kabiyet and Central Nandi sub counties and occupies 10,500 Ha at an altitude of between 1,700 and 2,130 m. This is a strip of highcanopy forest on the edge of the Nandi Escarpment, above and immediately east of Kakamega Forest. North Nandi stretches for more than 30 km from north to south and is 3–5 km wide for most of its length (Fig 1-3).

Figure 1: Boundaries and administration map of South and North Nandi Forest Reserve (Courtesy of KIFICON 1994)

Figure 2: Location of North Nandi Forest Block

Figure 1: Location of North Nandi Forest Block

Figure 3: Location of Southof Nandi Figure 1: Location South

Nandi

History Conservation of South Nandi Forest dates back to 1936 when it was declared a Trust Land under colonial rule vide Legal Notice No. 76, covering an area of about 26,903.1 Ha. Later, in 1964, it changed status and was conserved as a Forest Reserve. Unfortunately, forest conversions also accompanied these legal declarations. In 1951 (Legal Notice No 15) and 1968 (Legal Notice 39) 400 Ha and 276 Ha were excised respectively from originally 20,200 Ha. The Forest which is currently managed by Kenya Forest Service as a forest reserve, covering 18,000 ha after 2,200 ha was excised for settlement. It comprises 13,000 Ha of closed-canopy forest, 1,400 Ha of exotic trees plantations, 340 Ha planted with tea and 3,260 Ha of scrub, grassland, or under cultivation (Birdlife 2007). North Nandi Forest was first gazetted in 1936 as a Trust Forest covering 11,850 Ha. In 1968, the North Nandi Nature Reserve was

established, with a total area of 3,434 Ha. Since gazettement, a total of 1,343 Ha have been excised, including part of the nature reserve. An additional 410 Ha have been converted to Nyayo Tea Zone. Of the present gazetted forest area (10,500 Ha), approximately 8,000 Ha is indigenous, closed-canopy forest, the remainder consisting of cultivation, scrub, grassland, plantations and tea (Blackett, 1994). All areas outside the Nature Reserve were originally slated for conversion to plantation forest, but this has not taken place. The North Nandi District has four main features namely: the rolling hills to the west, the Kapsabet Plateau, the highlands and Kingwal Swamp in the Baraton/Chepterit area. Land rises from 1,300m to 2,500m above the sea level in the highlands. The district is hilly and underlain by outcrop of basement rock system, distinct in the north. The topography is apt for growth of natural forest which covers an estimated 19% of total land area and acts as watershed for numerous rivers.

PART II 2.0 Policy, legal and institutional framework 2.1 Legal and policy frameworks

The frameworks consist of the laws and policies under which the Nandi Forest Strategic Ecosystem Management Plan (NF SEMP) will be implemented and other aspects relating to various functions and values attributed to Forest Ecosystem. They include: 2.1.1 Forests Act, 2005 There are various sections of this Act that provide guidelines and opportunites for participatory forest management and conservation. These provisions allow for the Director KFS with the approval of the KFS Board to enter into an agreement with any person for joint management of any forest which may enjoin such person to use or refrain from using such forest or any part thereof in a particular manner in order to ensure the conservation of biodiversity.The Act also allows a member of a forest community together with other members or persons resident in the same area, to register a community forest association under the Societies Act, which may apply to the Director for Permission to participate in the conservation and management of a state forest or local authority forest in accordance with the provisions of this Act. Where there is no management plan in respect of the area, or where the association proposes that there be a new management plan, the application shall be accompanied by a draft management plan. 2.1.2 Environmental Management and Coordination Act (EMCA) of 1999 This Act has various sections concerned with protection and conservation of forests and watersheds. The Act permits the National Environment Management Authority (NEMA) to provide, guidelines, procedures and measures which shall control the harvesting of forests and any natural resources so as to

protect water catchment areas, prevent soil erosion and regulate human settlement within or around the forest. The Act also empowers NEMA to promote the conservation of energy and planting of trees and woodlots, especially through research in appropriate renewable sources of energy, taking measures to encourage the planting of trees and woodlots by individual land users, institutions and by community groups etc. Other relevant sections include: Section 50: Conservation of Biological Diversity; Section 72: Water and Pollution prohibition and the EMCA, Water Quality Regulations 2006: Regulation 4 (Prevention of Water pollution) and Regulation 6 (Protection of lakes, rivers, streams, springs, wells and other water sources). 2.1.3 Renewable Energy Act, Section 103: This Act mainly promotes the development and use of renewable energy technologies, including but not limited to biomass, biodiesel, bioethanol, charcoal, fuelwood, solar, wind, tidal waves, hydropower, biogas and municipal waste. The promotion of such may be through: formulating a national strategy for coordinating research in renewable energy; providing an enabling framework for the efficient and sustainable production, distribution and marketing of biomass, solar, wind, small hydros, municipal waste, geothermal and charcoal; promoting the use of fast maturing trees for energy production including biofuels and the establishment of commercial woodlots including peri-urban plantations harnessing opportunities offered under clean development mechanism and other mechanisms including, but not limited to, carbon credit trading to promote the development and exploitation of renewable energy sources among others.

2.1.4 Agriculture Act, Cap 318 This Act provides for the management of agricultural systems and practices. Under Section XII which provides for the enactment of rules and regulations, the Agriculture (farm forestry) rules, 2009 were enacted. The objective and purpose of these Rules is to promote the establishment and sustainable management of farm forestry for the purposes of maintaining a compulsory farm tree cover of at least 10 percent of any agricultural land holding; conserving water, soil and biodiversity; protecting riverbanks, shorelines, riparian and wetland areas; sustainable production of wood, charcoal and non wood products; providing fruits and fodder; and carbon sequestration and other environmental services.The rules require that every person who owns or occupies agricultural land shall establish and maintain a minimum of 10 percent of the land under farm forestry which may include trees on soil conservation structures or rangeland and cropland in any suitable configurations provided that the species of trees or varieties planted shall not have adverse effects on water sources, crops, livestock, soil fertility and the neighborhood and should not be of invasive nature, and that no agricultural landowner or occupier shall grow or maintain any Eucalyptus species in wetlands and riparian areas. 2.1.5 Grass Fires Act, Cap 327 Section 3 of this Act prohibits the burning of vegetation without authority. Subsection 1 states that: No person shall set fire to any vegetation which is not his property unless he has lawful authority so to do. Subsection 2 further states that: No person shall willfully or negligently kindle any fire which by spreading, may damage or destroy the property of any other person. 2.1.6 Tourist Industry Licensing Code (Cap 63) Section 3 of this Act covers issues relating to license required for certain tourist enterprises. Subsection 1 states that: No person shall on or after the appointed day carry on, or assist in carrying on, any regulated tourist enterprise otherwise than under and in accordance

with the terms of a license issued to him and for the time being in force. Subsection 3 refers to carrying on an enterprise activity in Subsection (1) of this section includes negotiating, soliciting, canvassing or accepting business for that enterprise and engaging in correspondence with a person who may become a customer of that enterprise, or with the agent of such a person, concerning business of that enterprise. 2.1.7 Kenya’s Vision 2030 Economic Pillar: Tourism Goals for 2030 The Vision for the tourism sector is to “become a top ten long-haul tourist destination in the world that offers a high-value, diverse and distinctive visitor experience”. To achieve this objective, there will be a critical focus on the quality and the diversity of tourism products in the country through partnership between the Government, the private sector and other stakeholders. Social pillar: The vision for environment The vision for the environmental sector is “a people living in a clean, secure and sustainable environment”. The vision is inspired by the principle of sustainable development and by the need for equity in access to the benefits of a clean environment. To realize this vision, the focus will be on four strategic thrusts, among them conservation. Conservation The country will intensify conservation of strategic natural resources (forests, water towers, wildlife sanctuaries and marine ecosystems) in a sustainable manner without compromising economic growth. Kenya intends to have achieved four percent forest cover by 2012 and 10 per cent forest cover by 2030. In addition, specific measures will be adopted to promote bio-prospecting activities e.g. research and development of commercial products such as drugs, cosmetics and detergents. The overall goal in forest conservation by 2012 is to increase current forest cover by 50 per cent. This will include significantly improving the contribution of forest services to the economy and providing a base for the growth

of the forestry sector. Regarding wildlife conservation, the goal is to fully protect all wildlife ecosystems. This will sustain the anticipated high growth rate of the tourism sector. The country will also develop an environmentally-friendly mining policy.

tion, is an international legally binding treaty. The Convention has three main goals:

Under Environmental planning and governance, the goals in this thrust aim to integrate planning approaches and improve overall governance of the environment. Specific goals include:

3. fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising from genetic resources

• Increase coverage of spatial data from the current 30 per cent to 50 per cent for land use and 30 per cent to 70 per cent for land cover; • Enforce all environmental regulations and standards; and • Attract at least 5 Clean Development Mechanisms (CDM) projects per year in the next five years. 2.1.8 Other International Conventions and Agreements 2.1.8.1 Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) CITES (the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora, also known as the Washington Convention) is an international agreement between governments, drafted as a result of a resolution adopted in 1963 at a meeting of members of the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). The text of the convention was agreed upon in 1973, and CITES entered into force on 1st July 1975. Its aim is to ensure that international trade in specimens of wild animals and plants does not threaten their survival and it accords varying degrees of protection to more than 33,000 species of animals and plants. In order to ensure that the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) was not violated, the Secretariat of GATT was consulted during the drafting process. 2.1.8.2 Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) The Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), known informally as the Biodiversity Conven-

1. conservation of biological diversity (or biodiversity); 2. sustainable use of its components; and

In other words, its objective is to develop national strategies for the conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity. It is often seen as the key document regarding sustainable development. The Convention was opened for signature at the Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro on 5 June 1992 and entered into force on 29 December 1993. 2.1.8.3 Rio Declaration on Environment The Rio Declaration on Environment and Development, often shortened to Rio Declaration, was a short document produced at the 1992 United Nations “Conference on Environment and Development” (UNCED), informally known as the Earth Summit. The Rio Declaration consisted of 27 principles intended to guide future sustainable development around the world. A few of the relevant principles include: Principle 4: Environmental Protection in the Development Process In order to achieve sustainable development, environmental protection shall constitute an integral part of the development process and cannot be considered in isolation from it. Principle 10: Public Participation Environmental issues are best handled with the participation of all concerned citizens, at the relevant level. At the national level, each individual shall have appropriate access to information concerning the environment that is held by public authorities, including information on hazardous materials and activities in their communities, and the opportunity to participate in decision-making processes. States shall facilitate and encourage public awareness and participation by making information

widely available. Effective access to judicial and administrative proceedings, including redress and remedy, shall be provided. Principle 22: Indigenous Peoples have a Vital Role Indigenous people and their communities and other local communities have a vital role in environmental management and development because of their knowledge and traditional practices. States should recognize and duly support their identity, culture and interests and enable their effective participation in the achievement of sustainable development. 2.1.8.4 Kyoto Protocol The Kyoto Protocol is a protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC or FCCC), aimed at fighting global warming. The UNFCCC is an international environmental treaty with the goal of achieving “stabilization of greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic

interference with the climate system.” The objective is the “stabilization and reduction of greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system.”The G77 wanted strong uniform emission cuts across the developed world of 15%. Countries, such as the US, made suggestions to reduce their responsibility to reduce emissions. These suggestions included: • The inclusion of carbon sinks (e.g. by including forests that absorb CO2 from the atmosphere). • Having net current emissions as the basis for responsibility i.e. ignoring historical emissions. • Carbon storage in forests and soils (carbon sinks), which contribute highly to carbon sequestration.

PART III 3.0 Vision, purpose and objectives of the plan Vision

“The best sustainably conserved and well managed forest ecosystem in Africa, providing environmental goods and services for improved community livelihoods and benefits to other stakeholders”

Purpose

“Sustainable forest management and conservation practices established and in operation”.

Strategic objectives

The strategic objectives for KFS are broadly defined by the national objectives for forest management and conservation of indigenous forest in Kenya, as expressed in the draft National Forest Policy. Since National Policy Objectives are by definition broad, they have been further refined in this plan to fit the unique local context of KFS. In order of priority, the strategic forest management objectives are: 1. To conserve water catchments and enhance the unique biodiversity of the forest. 2. To contribute towards meeting subsistence needs and improving the livelihoods of forest-adjacent communities. 3. To improve and develop the condition and potential for utilisation of the forest.

3.1: The approach

The strategic management plan for the Nandi Forest Ecosystem has deliberately taken consideration of several important principles during the plan formulation, and these will also guide the process of implementation. They include:

3.1.1 Inclusion of all relevant stakeholders The interest in the Nandi Forest Ecosytem is from diverse and multiple interest groups. All relevant stakeholders, primary, secondary and tertiary, were identified consultatively and played key roles during the planning process and their valuable contributions will guide the implementation process. 3.1.2 Gender and youth mainstreaming Women are often the majority amongst the subsistence users of forests. They engage in drawing firewood, PELIS and fruits from the Nandi Forest Ecosystem. Youths in the surrounding communities are mostly unemployed, and mostly eke their livelihood illegally from the forest. The involvement of women and youth was deliberately sought in the planning process. Due to the diversity of the stakeholders and their different interests the planning process used consensus building to accommodate the varied views and opinions. 3.1.3 Integration of Sound science It was recognized that the long term realization of NFSEMP Vision would be firmly grounded on information based on sound science. Reference to relevant government documents and scientific data was made in the planning process. The proposed management programmes for implementation envisage the need for continuous research, education and monitoring. Partnerships framework established among stakeholders Experiences with the NFSEMP to date suggest that partnership arrangements among different government agencies and other groups in civil society can be an

effective way to create joint responsibility and “ownership” of actions. The need to strengthen the Forest Level Management Committee which is the tool for coordinating partnerships was recognized. No single body or organization has the sole right to plan, implement and benefit from actions, and best results will come through collaborative efforts. Transparency and accountability Good communication, common vision, and accountability for actions can come only through the use of open and transparent working practices. Civil society today demands more accountability, and the advances in the communications technology has made it much easier to adopt this style of working both within the government agencies concerned, and between the government agencies and other stakeholder groups in society.

3.2: The planning process

As part of the “Strenthening the Protected Areas Network within the Eastern Montane Forest Hotspot of Kenya Project” the development of a 25 years strategic management plan for the Nandi Forest Ecosystem was recognized as a key output. The plan would guide joint forest protection under long and short term objectives agreed by the stakeholders within the national policy and legistalative provisions. The multistakeholders consultative process of in preparing the plan was led by a KEFRI team who worked with stakeholders drawn from across section of interest groups and institutions engaged in the management and use of the Nandi Forest Ecosytem. The team provided technical support in terms of consolidating information generated by the stakeholders including PRAs, vegetation resource assessments, resources mapping and facilitating consultative meetings Three critical stages in the development and preparation of the plan included a reconnaissance survey, visioning workshop, thematic workshop and zonation workshop all held with the involvement of the identified stakeholders (Appendix 1). The reconnaissance survey was necessitated

by the long delay from the time at which the proposal was developed to receipt of the funding for the project implementation. A revision of the approach in developing the plan was required given the changes in the ground conditions. The survey was carried out in June 2011 at all the forest blocks to consult with KFS personnel and other stakeholders so as to establish the prevailing situation on the ground. This would help in avoidance of duplication of activities and thus enhance cost effectiveness in the development of the strategic plan. The specific objectives of the reconnaissance field survey were to: (i) assess the necessity for undertaking the planned activities towards the development of the ecosystem management plan against status of resources/materials required (ii) establish availability of documents and data related to the development of ecosystem forest management plan; and (iii) visit the forest areas to familiarize with the field conditions and the pertaining management issues and challenges. The creation of consensus was through a visioning workshop was held aimed at the key partners and stakeholders to developing a common vision for the ecosystem together. The objectives of the workshop were to: (a) create an understanding on the status of development of the NFSEMP (b) develop a common vision of NFSEMP for the next 25 years (c) identify challenges/obstacles to realizing the vision; and (d) develop general strategies for realizing the vision. The workshop was held in January 2012 at the Eden Springs Hotel, Kapsabet town. A total of 48 participants (most attending upto 3 workshops) drawn from the various organizations from the locations within the Nandi Forest Ecosystem attended the workshop. Following this, a thematic workshop was held from 18th to 20th June 2012 at Kaimosi Agricultural Training Center. 40 participants drawn from Government, non-governmental organizations (NGOs), community-based organizations (CBOs), community forest associations (CFAs) and local leaders hailing from the locations within which NFSEMP falls

attended the workshop, (see Appendix 1 for list of participants). Thematic group discussions were held, covering 11 management programmes previously generated during the visioning workshop. Through group discussions, brief background information on each of the themes were collated and discussed, and the strategies and actions to address them agreed and prioritized. In October 2012, the zonation workshop was held at the Eden Springs Hotel, Kapsabet town. The objective was to define and agree on the zoning criteria for the Nandi Forest Ecosystem planning area and delineate the zones based on the management objectives. Since the zones had been defined in the ten year Integrated PFM plan for the South Nandi Forest (KFS 2011), the plenary checked their consistency with the strategic management objectives for adoption and applied the criteria to the rest of the Nandi Forest Ecosystem areas where zonation had not been done. The information from the consultative process above was used in the production of a Zerodraft of the NFSEMP. The Zero-draft was subjected to stakeholdersâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; reviews to ensure ownership and validation of the content. The comments of the local stakeholders together with those of the headquarters officers of the stakeholdersâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; oraganisations were taken into account in the finalization of the Nandi Forest Strategic Ecosytstem Management Plan. Finally, the LPT presented the refined draft of the plan to the communities at sensitization meetings.

3.3: Zoning

During the zonation workshop, criteria for zonation were agreed and the management options for the respective identified zones. In designing the forest management zones for the NFSEMP, the following general considerations were taken into account.

3.3.1 Natural forest vegetation and use The Nandi forests can generally be considered as indigenous forest. While there is presently no defined area for community utilization, and whereas they let their livestock roam freely and collect fire wood from anywhere, the management plan envisages delineating the belt adjacent to settlement areas as utilization zone and marking some sites as seasonal grazing areas, especially the natural glades. 3.3.2 Human settlement and population density Assessment of the human settlements in the locations surrounding the Nandi forests reveals an increase in the density of settlements and intensity of land use activities driven by rapid population growth and increasing incidences of poverty. Moreover, agriculture and livestock keeping are the most important economic activities. 3.3.3 Rehabilitation areas Perhaps due to the trend described above, human settlements and land use continue to bear pressure on the Nandi forests, with some incidences of degradation. Some areas are still under recovery and require some rehabilitation efforts to enhance their recovery. 3.3.4 Cultural sites and sites for development/harnessing forest-based products/potential There are sites that are still of cultural relevance to the community. Moreover, the forest is endowed with scenic sites and panoramic landscape potential for eco-tourism. Some forest resources, including murram, water source among others can be harnessed or developed to contribute towards the improvement of livelihoods. Eventually, based on the criteria in Table 1, eight zones were defined which would guide the management in realization of the strategic objectives. Figure 4 and Figure 5 illustrate the defined zones in South Nandi and North Nandi Forests respectively.

Areas currently under plantation - (except water catchment area, indigenous forest) - Avoid steep slopes (< 30% slope) - Accessibility to plantation - A buffer zone around vulnerable - indigenous forest -

Plantation - - - -

KFS CFAs KEFRI MOALF NTZDC Licencees e.g. Saw millers, , county govt.

NT ZDC CFAs KFS KEFRI MOALF TRF, county govt.

Responsible Institution/ Person

Eco-Tourism - - - - - - - -

Identify areas - To generate income from Carry out survey and map the tourism areas - To promote local culture and rich in biodiversity heritage scenic beauty cultural sites sacred sites raised ground or view points unique biodiversity e.g. sitatunga

- - - - - - - - -

Bandas Camp sites Resource centres Tour guide Nature trails Cultural activities Observational/watch towers Tree top houses Ecolodges

KWS KFS CFAs NK NMK, county govt.

Intervention Zone - Farmlands adjacent to forest - To ease pressure on forest - Community sensitization CFAs, NK, KFS, about 5km resources - Identify and establish farm MOALF, county govt. - Improve livelihoods of forest communities adjacent to the - Initiate IGAs e.g. bee keeping, forest fish farming - PFM - Embrace use of energy saving jikos, biogas - Zero grazing

Commercial (production of - PELIS trees enhancing revenue - PFM Employment creation Fuelwood production Building material e.g. timber Grazing areas PELIS

100m inside the forest - Prevent forest encroachment - Commercial tea production Catchment area not interfered - Create employment to the - PFM with e.g. springs, rivers, swamps locals Access roads to be considered - Revenue generation (into the forest) - Research Avoid sloppy areas

Tea Belt Buffer - - - -

Zone Criteria Objective Management Option

Table 1: The criteria used to define forest ecosystem management zones

Rehabilitation - Degraded areas (>30% from - Enrichment planting with - Resettlement the original population indigenous species - Relocation and compensation - Low biodiversity - To increase biodiversity - Eviction - Encraochment, illegal - To have clear boundary - Law enforcement settlements - Planting of indigenous tree species

KFS CFAs NK KEFRI KWS NEMA

Subsistence - Areas where communities graze - Conserve and protect - Controlled grazing according CFAs, NK, KFS, livestock, collect firewood and biodiversity for sustainable to carrying capacity MOALF, KWS, county herbal medicine besides water use - Sensitize community on govt. catchment and biodiversity - Controlled utilization for efficient and controlled use of zones. Collection of sand and community livelihood firewood hardcore - Employ energy saving devices - Identify and register herbalists - Control extraction of herbal products

Salt licks Tourism circuit Road network Canopy walk Board walk Gliding clamp

KSF KWS NK KEFRI CFAs NEMA WRMA NMK WRUAs Religious organizations, county govt.

- - - - - -

Biodiversity - Fragile ecosystem - To conserve unique and rich - Sustainable use - Endemic species biodiversity - Resource inventory - Endangered species - Research - High valued indigenous forest - Education - Rich biodiversity - M&E - Linkages - Census

- Clear Nature trails

Responsible Institution/ Person

Zone Criteria Objective Management Option

MoW&I CFAs NK WRUAs NGOs NEMA County government

Enhance protection by fencing NGOs Re-introduction of lost species County government (flora and fauna) CSOs Introduction of alternative energy sources

Catchment - Sources of water within and - To improve water flow and - Planting and fencing outside the forest quality - Develop water catchment - River banks management plans - Spring protection - Regulate water use and abstraction - Encourage water harvesting

- - -

Responsible Institution/ Person

Zone Criteria Objective Management Option

Figure 4: Zonation map for South Nandi Forest

North and South Nandi Forests

Figure 5: Zonation map for North Nandi

4.0 Management programmes The management programmes were derived from the visioning and thematic workshops and their implementation should lead to achievement of the objectives of the plan. For each of the programmes a brief background, underlying issues, objectives, strategies, activities and responsible organization/party for the delivery were identified. The plan covers eleven programmes as follows: 1. Forest conservation and biodiversity 2. Forest protection 3. Farm forestry 4. PFM and livelihoods 5. Eco-tourism 6. Environmental education and awareness 7. Payment for ecosystem services 8. Research, monitoring and evaluation 9. Partnership and networking 10. Communication and infrastructure 11. Resource mobilization and capacity building Under each of the themes strategies with action points are identified and are ranked from 1 to 5. (1 is the top priority while 5 is least priority). In addition there is a section that discusses threats and mitigation measures.

4.1 Forest Conservation and Biodiversity Background South Nandi forest covers 26,903.1 ha that was gazetted in 1936. It comprises closed natural forest and exotic tree plantations, a tea belt, grass, shrub land, wetlands. Studies on the biodiversity of South Nandi Forest were conducted by NMK and KEFRI and the report, which comprehensively documented the flora and fauna (Lange et.al., 2009; Agwanda et. al., 2009; Wasonga and Nyamache, 2009; Malaki and Ndegwa, 2009; Muchiri and Mbuvi, 2009). The North Nandi Forest covers

10,200 ha and was also gazetted in 1936. A similar study biodiversity was also done for the North Nandi Forest and a reported on the flora and fauna. The Nandi forests have over time been degraded due to charcoal burning, illegal logging and encroachment. Areas like Kechire, Kolong, Cheptol, Kapsasur, Bonchoge, Mugen, Kamungei, Chepngabai, Tabolwa, Chebirirbei, Kapchepkok, Kiptuiya, Rubet, Kimngoror, Kaptoroi and Kamwega, are especially much affected. The wetlands in the ecosystem have been degraded over time especially Kibirong, Kingwal, Kamatargui, Birei, due to cultivation, sand mining and brick making. Conservation of soil and water in the settled areas is lacking in many places, evidenced by the encroachment of riverbanks and wetlands. Wrong tree species are also planted along riverbanks and catchment areas. But the private tea estates are well conserved providing sites for awareness creation. WRMA have spearheaded the formation of Water Resources Users Associations (WRUAs) e.g. Chesumei-Yala River Water Users Association. A number of water resources management plans have been formulated including Kiptuiya-Chemogouja River, Kiptuiya Hills; Kapkangeni-Kiborgok Hills, Chepchabai River; Chepkumia-Ngerek Hills, Kimach River and Kao River. Issues • Inadequate conservation of threatened species • Destruction of water catchment areas • Excessive extraction/utilisation of forest products • Growing of Eucalyptus trees in water catchment areas • Inadequate enforcement of conservation laws • Unharmonized policies among agencies/ stakeholders • Disjoint sectorial implementation approaches Illegal settlements and encroachment

• Low level of integrity among some officers and other stakeholders Objective To enhance biodiversity conservation of the Nandi Forest Ecosystem by key stakeholders The main strategies adopted to achieve the objectives are: • Establish and strengthen participatory mechanisms for utilization of forest products

• Contribute towards harmonized policies and coordination among implementing agencies • Strengthen enforcement of laws on catchment protection and conservation • Strengthen mitigation measures against impact climate change • Secure resource boundaries • Establishing and strengthening in-situ and ex-situ conservation of key flora species

Table 2: Strategies, activities to promote forest biodiversity conservation Strategy

Action

To establish and To identify and mobilize all segments of strengthen forest users participatory Enforce rules on regulation of utilization mechanisms of forest products for utilization of forest products To conduct sensitization campaign on the conservation of threatened species and regulation of utilization. Contribute To strengthen and capacity build local towards structures for effective advocacy and harmonized policy contribution. policies and To establish coordination forum among coordination local implementing stakeholders among implementing agencies Strengthen Identification and mapping of destroyed enforcement of catchments sites and those sites laws on wrongly planted with Eucalyptus trees catchment’s Replacement of Eucalyptus trees from protection and identified sites. conservation Rehabilitation of degraded areas Establishing Identify key (and threatened) flora and and fauna species. strengthening in-situ and Select candidate seed sources for ex-situ threatened flora conservation of

Responsible

Priority

KFS,KWS, CFAs, County Government, NEMA KFS, CFAs, County Government/Provincial Administration/County Coordinators, NEMA CFAs, KFS, NK, MoALF, MoW & I, MoL& F, NEMA, County Government KFS, CFAs, County Government

CFAs, KFS, KWS, KEFRI, MOALF, MoW&I, MoL&F, NEMA

The coordination unit, KFS, KWS, MOALFMOALFLF, NEMA KFS, MOALFLF

CFAs, KFS, KEFRI, MoW & I, MoL& F, NEMA, Coporate Friends NMK,KFS,KEFRI, KWS, Higher learning institutions, CFAs NMK,KFS,KEFRI

Strategy

Action

Responsible

key flora Enhance conservation of threatened species fauna Put in place mechanisms to protect candidate seed trees Enhance natural regeneration by protecting wild seedlings in previously degraded hotspots Establish botanical gardens with key (and threatened) flora species ex-situ conservation Establish seed bank for key (and threatened) flora species Support production of seedlings of key (and threatened) tree species Support rehabilitation of degraded sites

4.2 Forest Protection

Background KFS personnel strength is inadequate, especially the rangers, for forest protection. The foresters have low capacity on PFM. The main forms of forest destruction were: illegal charcoal production, illegal grazing and logging, pit sawing and growing of bhang. Up-to 2007 there was extensive forest destruction, which has since declined because of awareness creation among local communities & KFS staff, employing PFM through the efforts of KFS, Nature Kenya and Nandi Environmental Forum (NEF). There was also capacity building on alternative sources of energy and livelihoods options to the forest adjacent communities. In 2008 community forest scouts were recruited and deployed to assist the KFS rangers in joint forest protection on a voluntary basis. Community forest guidelines were developed for South Nandi Forest by the local community members (CFA) to guide on sustainable forest resources

NMK, KWS, KFS, NK, KEFRI CFAs, KFS,MOALFLF, KEFRI CFAs, KFS, County Government

Priority 1 1 1

KFS, CFAs, KEFRI, NMK, NK 2 County Govts, MOALFLF, Other NGOs, Higher Learning, Private Companies MOALFLF,CBOs, KEFRI, 2 Higher Learning KEFRI,KFS,Private 2 Companies, CFAs, Other NGOs, County Government KFS, Institute of Higher 1 Learning, NEMA, KWS, KEFRI, MOALFLF, CFAs, Corporate/Private Companies , County Government

exploitation. NK and NEF provided support to the community through the CFAs. This capacity was enhanced further in 2009, with the Nature Kenya facilitation of 2 South Nandi foresters to an advanced PFM processes training at the MS-TCDC, Tanzania. Issues • Illegal grazing and overgrazing • Encroachment • Low level of integrity among some officers and stakeholders • Illegal charcoal production • Illegal logging • Growing of “Bhang” and brewing of chang’aa in forest • Forest fires • Over-exploitation of forest resources - debarking of Prunus africana for medicinal purposes, • Felling trees for honey harvesting

• Unlimited access through the forests using classified roads • Lack of environmental audits in our forests • Effects of pests and diseases • Destructive development infrastructural initiatives • Unformalized and incomplete excision of land for human settlement Objective: To enhance forest protection for sustainable provision of forest products & services

The main strategies adopted to achieve the objectives are: • Enhance awareness creation among stakeholders • Enhance forest protection through patrols • Identify & promote alternative sources of livelihoods • Enhance forest fires detection & prevention • Secure forest boundaries • Mitigate against pest and disease in NFSEMP stations • Reduce human wild life conflict

Table 3: Strategies and activities to enhance forest protection Strategy

Action

Responsible

Enhance Develop awareness creation materials KFS, NK, CFAs, KWS, awareness KEFRI universities creation among Hold community public barazas CFAs, KFS, NK, County stakeholders Government Conduct environmental talks & film- WCK, NK, KWS, MOE shows to the schools/general public Promote awareness through print KFS, CFAs, KEFRI, Higher media & local FM radio stations learning, KWS, NGOs, NEMA, Media, County Government Conduct sensitisation campaigns CFAs/CBOs, County among stakeholders for purpose of Government, Line Ministries attitude change Create awareness among judicial and KFS, , KWS, NEMA, Law Enforcement officials of importance of conservation e.g. Court Users committee Enhance Identify forest hot-spots in the KFS, KWS, CFAs forest ecosystem & digitize them protection Recruit, train & empower community KFS, KWS, NK through patrols forest scouts Determine the training needs of the KFS, CFAs, NK community scouts Facilitate joint meetings between KFS, CFAs, NK rangers & community scouts Establish road-barriers to regulate KFS, NK, movement of trucks in the forest Lobby for recognition of forest scout in KFS, CFAs, NK the forest legislation during the on going review

Priority 1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1 1 1

Strategy

Action

Responsible

Priority

Establish mechanism for provision of CFAs, NK incentives to community scouts based on sustainable income-generation of the CFAs Support security intelligence to feed into forest protection Identify & Identify potential alternative sources of CFAs, KFS, Civil Society, promote livelihoods KEFRI, KWS alternative Conduct feasibility studies on the Civil Society, KEFRI sources of identified IGAs livelihoods Prepare business & marketing plans Civil Society Relevant for the feasible IGAs institutions, Identify training needs for capacity Civil Society, CFAs, Relevant building institutions Capacity building on identified needs Relevant institutions/ ministries Promote the IGAs for sustainable Civil Society, MOALF, CFAs/ production CBOs, Other NGOs,County Government Enhance forest Develop fire management plan KFS, NK, Other NGOs fires detection Implement fire management plan KFS, NK, Other NGOs & prevention Secure forest Undertake participatory survey, KFS, CFAs, NLC,KWS boundaries delineate and mark forest boundaries Undertake re-alignment of forest KFS, CFAS,County boundaries Government Arbitration of conflicting areas and KFS, CFAs, NLC,County consultatively recover areas previously Government encroached Planting of trees along the boundaries KFS, CFAs, MOALF/MoLD Mitigate against Prompt reporting cases of in NFSEMP KWS, KFS,KEFRI, MOALF, pest and stations County Government disease in Promotion of preventive measures eg KWS, KFS, KARI,MOALF/ NFSEMP early warning sytems MoLD, KEFRI, Other NGOs stations Reduce human Management of problem animals such KWS, Community wild life conflict as baboons, porcupines, sitatungas Organisations eg CFAs, WRUAs

1 1 1 1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1 1

1 1 1

4.3 Farm Forestry

Background Farm Forestry has been practiced from time immemorial but was intensified in 2008 with introduction of Agricultural policy/requirement of 10% on farm tree cover. Initially people planted trees along the farm boundaries. Some of the tree species planted include: Cypress, Eucalyptus, Croton, Nandi flame, wattle trees. The land area under trees varies from several acres to 0.1 acre. Fruit trees are also being planted in most households. These trees are used domestically and commercially for fuel wood, construction, timber, industrial uses e.g tannin, fruit trees are mostly for domestic consumption and commercial. Biologically on farm tea and coffee bushes have a positive effect on the microclimate. Most households and public institutions have established tree nurseries for domestic and commercial purposes. Collection of wild saplings is done from the neighbouring North and South Nandi Forests. Issues • Population pressure • Land ownership tussle and access

• • • • • • • • • • • •

Increased demand for forestry resources High poverty levels Lack of alternative livelihoods Insufficient high quality planting materials Insufficient skills on tree farming Inadequate market of seedlings from existing nurseries as well as tree-based products Inefficient utilization of tree-based farm products Poor valuation of tree-based products Insufficient know how on value addition Poor silvicultural practices Competing land use options Conflict due to boundary tree planting

Objective Enhance on-farm tree planting for improved community livelihoods The main strategies adopted to achieve the objectives are: • Promote farm forestry to reduce pressure to the forest • Promote adoption of new technologies • Improve benefit from on-farm trees

Table 4: Strategies and actions to promote farm forestry around Nandi ecosystem Strategy

Action

Promote farm Promote high value tree seedling forestry to production reduce Establishment of tree nurseries pressure to the forest Domestication of wild species Train locals on seed collection Promote 10% tree cover on-farm Promote Enhance Agroforestry adoption of new technologies Promote use of energy saving jikos Capacity build on the technical extension officers

Responsible CFAs, KFS, KEFRI, MoALF

Priority 1

CFA, civil socities, institutions 1 of higher learning, KFS, KEFRI, MoALF CFA, institutions, KFS, 1 KEFRI, MoALF CFA, institutions, KFS, 1 KEFRI, MoALF, NGOs CFA, institutions, KFS, 1 KEFRI, MoALF, NK, MoLD, County Government CBOs, KFS, KEFRI, NK, 2 MoALF KFS, MoALF, NK, KEFRI, 1 CFAs/CBOs, Institutions, KFS, MoALF, NK, KEFRI, 1 CFA, Institutions

Strategy

Action

Improve benefit Sensitize local communities on from on-farm valuation of standing trees trees Improve market information and access Establish and strengthen tree-enterprise based schemes Value addition of tree products Promote efficient harvesting & processing of tree products Promote the use of proper silvicultural practices

4.4 Participatory Forest Management and Sustainable Livelihoods

Background Initiatives on PFM started in the Nandi Forest Ecosystem with the enactment of the Forests Act 2005. Nature Kenya has facilitated the growth of PFM since 2008. To date, there are several community structures that have grown out of PFM process including Chesumei CFA (Nandi North Forest station), Kimondi/Iruru CFA (Nandi South station) and Kobujoi CFA (Kobujoi Forest station). All the three forest stations have participatory forest management plans in place. Awareness creation, training on legislation has also been going. The CFAs have functioning offices, constitutions, and well-defined governance structures. CFAs have in the past had good political goodwill, relationship with the communities and with a membership with multiple skills. Initially CFAs in the Nandi Forest Ecosystem had no external funding but they now have established partnership that bring on board some support. There is a level of strife between stakeholders, especially over management and /or ownership of resources and aggravated by lack of coordination. Success of PFM in the Nandi Forest Ecosystem is still faces the challenges of skewed decision-making and

Responsible

KFS, NGOs, CFAs, County Govts, MoALF KFS, MoALF, CFAs, KEFRI, KWS, Local media, NGOs Coop Officer, KFS, MoALF, CBOs, CFAs/CBOs, Private Companies KEFRI, KFS, NGOs, CFAs, MoALF, Private Companies KEFRI, KFS, NGOs, CFAs, MoALF, Private Companies KFS, KEFRI, CFAs

Priority 1

1 3

4 4 1

benefit sharing mechanisms that do not fully favour the local communities. The harvesting of plantation forests in South and North Nandi Forests is a case that illustrates this disadvantage. Issues • Poor participation in decision making among local communities • Poverty among forest adjacent communities • Lack of cooperation and partnership among stakeholders • Lack of coordination unit • Unzoned areas for operation by the tea zone acting as a buffer zone • Lack of benefits sharing mechanism • Ownership strife among stakeholders over resources • Unoperationalized decentralized decision-making ObjectiveTo enhance participation of all stakeholders in conservation of the ecosystem for increased benefit and ownership The main strategies adopted to achieve the objectives are: • Strengthening the involvement of all stakeholders: • Contributing towards the improvement of community livelihoods • Capacity build all the stakeholders

Table 5: Strategies and actions to promote participartory forest management around the Nandi forest ecosystem Strategy

Action

Responsible

Strengthening To mobilize of stakeholders the involvement of all stakeholders To establish a coordinating unit To define and allocate roles and responsibilities of stakeholdersâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; involvement To build the capacity of all stakeholders To establish in-built conflict prevention and resolution mechanisms Lobby for complete decentralization of forest decision-making to County level Promote equitable sharing of ecotourism benefits Contributing Advocate for a benefit sharing policy towards the improvement of community Develop a benefit sharing protocol for livelihoods Nandi forest ecosystem Developing income generating activities Capacity build Develop management agreements all the stakeholders Sign MoUs with relevant stakeholders

4.5 Ecotourism Background At the Kobujoi Forest Station in South Nandi a Resource Centre is operational and is the focal point for ecotourism and environmental education action. Also two bandas with a four bed capacity and camping areas are available for visitorsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; accomodation. Visitors to the Kobujoi forest area can tour the marked nature trails that have big trees, huge rocks, snake areas, camp sites, and bird-watching sites.

CFAs, NK, KFS, KWS, County Government/ Provincial Administration CFAs, KFS, KWS,NEMA, County Government CFAs, KFS, KWS, NEMA

NK, KEFRI, KFS, Other NGOs The coordinating unit, County Government CFAs, County Government, NK, KFWG, NACOFA, Other NGOs CFAs, CountyGovt., NK, KFWG, NACOFA, NGOs CFAs, NACOFA, NK, KFWG, County Government, Other NGOs The coordination (CFAs & KFS), other agencies CFAs/CBOs, SS, KFS, KWS, NK, MOALF/MoLD, KEFRI, Other NGOS CFAs, NK,KWS, KEFRI, KFS, Other NGOs CFAs, NK, KEFRI,KWS, KFS, Other NGOs

Priority 1

1 1

2 1 3

3 2

1 1

In North Nandi Forest the main visitor attractions are Epeso Hill, several swamps, Chepkiit Water Falls and from the Tabolwa Rock the panoramic view of the Lake Victoria, Tinderet forest & Kakamega forest canopy. Tabolwa is also an attraction for rock climbing ethusiats. There are also glades that can serve as good picnic and camping sites. In the adjacent Kingwal Swamp the Sitatunga Antelopes potential as ecotourism attraction has been identified and KWS is developing a strategic plan for their conservation.

The sites of cultural conservation importance in both the North and South Nandi Forests have also been identified and documented in the Indigenous Knowledge Report (Roba and Karuiki, 2010). The stakeholders involved in developing the ecotourism capacity and facilities are the CFAs, KFS, KWS, and Nature Kenya with resources from funded projects through Nature Kenya. A agreement between the Chesumei Cooperative Society of South Nandi and the Rondo Retreat in Kakamega for support on marketing the Nandi Forest Ecosystem was under drafting. There is need to build capacity of the stakeholders to manage of the bandas, resource centre, tour guiding, birds-watching guiding, group dynamics and on financial management. Lastly, the integration of the Nandi Forest Ecosystem into the Western Tourism Circuit is the sure way to grow the visitor numbers and effectively benefit from the ecotourism investments being undertaken.

Issues • Unidentified ecotourism sites, especially in North Nandi • Unexploited tourism potentials • Low level of marketing of the ecotourism potentials • Low level of awareness & capacity on economic potentials of ecotourism among the community members. Objective To build and market ecotourism sustainable ecotourism of Nandi forest ecosystem The main strategies adopted to achieve the objectives are: • Identify & mark ecotourism sites • Exploit the identified ecotourism sites • Promote equitable sharing of Ecotourism benefits • Monitoring and Evaluation

Table 6: Strategies and activities to build and market sustainable ecotourism in Nandi ecosystem Strategy

Action

Responsible

Identify & mark Carry out joint survey of the forest CFAs, KFS, KWS, NK, ecotourism sites County Govt Mark the sites CFAs, KWS, KFS, County Continue identifying more sites Govt Prepare the ecotourism attractions map(s) KWS Prioritize the sites Exploit the Preparing the sites CFAs/CBOs identified Develop the sites ecotourism Awareness & education to the NK, KFS, KWS, CFAs sites community (e.g. exchange visits, County Government public meetings) Visitor security and comfort KFS, KWS, CFAs Capacity build the relevant stakeholders NK, CFAs, KWS Marketing the sites NK, KTB, KWS, Marketing Cooperative societies Do an inventory of flora and fauna Incorporate the ecotourism sites into KWS, KTB the Western tourism circuit Promote Identify possible sites within community KWS, CFAs, NMK equitable areas sharing Promote opportunities for local service KWS, CFAs, NK of Ecotourism providers

Priority 1 1 1 1 1

1 1 1

1 2 2

Strategy

Action

benefits Develop profit sharing mechanisms Encourage wildlife keeping Monitoring and Monitor and evaluate impacts of Evaluation ecotourism in NFESMP

Responsible

KWS, KFS, CFAs, NK KWS,CFA, County Government KWS, KFS, CFAs, NMK

Figure 6: Tourist attraction sites and proposed nature trails in South Nandi Forest

Priority 2 2

Figure 5: Tourist attraction sites and proposed nature trails in South Nandi Forest

Figure 7: Zonation of North Nandi Forest

Figure 6: Zonation of North NandiIssues Forest 4.6 Environmental Education and Awareness

Background 34 Environmental education and Awareness has been ongoing from Aug 2007 to date. The main target audience has been the local primary, secondary and tertiary institutions. The other target groups include FACs and churches. Environmental education is provided through films, brochures, posters, barazas, T-shirts and caps, flyers, media, public days (field days, World Environment Day celebrations and public holidays) sports among other initiatives. Stakeholders involved include: Nature Kenya, KFS, KWS, CFAs, community scouts, SSG (SONABIC and PYRAMID), MoALF, MoE, KEFRI and CDF-SONA.

• Lack of goodwill by some stakeholders • Low levels of environmental awareness • Low levels of Environmental Education among the community • Community low capacity on PFM issues • HIV/AIDS prevalence • Poor communication network • Inadequate facilities/infrastructure • Inadequate technical expertise Objective Enhance environmental awareness and knowledge on Nandi forest ecosystem The main strategies adopted to achieve the objectives are: • Community sensitization • Promote community and stakeholder trainings • Develop outreach school programmes • Incorporate cross cutting and emerging issues • Improve the communication network in the area

Table 7: Strategies and activities to enhance environmental awareness and knowledge among communites around Nandi Strategy

Action

Community Identify best mode of reaching the sensitization community Develop information, education and communication materials Disseminate the information Construct and equip Resource Centres at strategic sites(2) Promote Carry out training needs assessment community and Develop training materials stakeholder trainings Conduct trainings Conduct exchange tours Develop Identify schools to participate outreach school Carryout training needs assessment programmes Develop outreach materials & activities Implement and monitor Incorporate Identify crosscutting issues cross cutting and emerging Identify resource persons issues Mainstream crosscutting issues during trainings and the work plan

Improve the Assess the status of the infrastructure in communication the ecosystem network in the Construct or upgrade the infrastructure area Mainstream crosscutting issues during trainings and the work plan

Responsible

Priority

CFAs/CBOs, KFS, NEMA, 1 KWS, FBOs, County Govt, NGOs, MoW and other line Ministries NK, NEMA, KFS, KWS, MOALF, 2 KEFRI, other line Ministries NK, NEMA, KFS, KWS, MoALF, 2 other line Ministries, KEFRI, CFAs/CBOs, County Govt NK, CFA, KFS, CDF, Private 1 Companies, County Govt KFS, CFAs, NK, MoALF, MoLD 1 MoE, KFS, CFA, NK, MOALF/ 2 MoLD, KEFRI, KWS, MoG &SS, County Govt NEMA, KFS, Min. of Water 1 MoE, CFA, NK, MoALF/MoLD, NK, KFS, KWS, CFAs, 3 KEFRI,CDF, MoALF/MoLD CFAs, MoE, CountyGovt 1 CFAs, MoE, KFS, NK, 2 KWS,KEFRICounty Govt NK, KWS, KEFRI, MOE, 2 KFS, Media, MoALF County Govt,CFAs NK, KEFRI, KFS, KWS, 4 MoALF,CountyGovt CFAs, County govt., Opinion leaders, DDO CFAs, NK,CBOs,FBOs, 2 County Govt. NK, MOALF, kefri, KFS, 4 KWS, MoLD, CFA, County Govt,Youth CFAs, County govt., KeRRA, KURA, DDO NGOs, KeRRA, KURA, CFA, County Govt NK, MoALF, KEFRI, KFS, KWS, MoLD, CFA, County Govt., NEMA

1 2 4

4.7 Payment for Environmental Services Background The Nandi Forest Ecosystem generates enormous ecosystem services that benefit the adjacent and far away communities. Tourism, carbon, biodiversity and power generation are among the potential services that have not been fully exploited. NEMA developed a supplementary legislation guiding how biodiversity resources are to be protected, harnessed and the proceeds generated shared. The ecosystem contributes to major hydrological systems like the Nyando, Yala and Nzoia Rivers, which consequently support quite a number of water service providers and related agencies. Currently, WRMA has been pushing for remittance of fee against raw water extracted by the service providers. However, no arrangements are being put in place for ploughing back the proceeds to the conservation areas. Tourism has also not generated substantial incomes, but there are also no localized mechanisms in place to enhance the ploughing back part of the revenue into the conservation areas. Other environmental services generated from the ecosystem like carbon, power and biodiversity have not been harnessed. For the South Nandi Forest a carbon baseline assessment was done (Glenday and Webb, 2009). Nzoia Cluster II water abstract water at the start of the Yala River and pays to Water

Resoureces Management Authority (WRMA). Part of the revenue should be accessed by the communities through the WRUAs for their catchment protection action. They are yet to start making payments. Issues • Lack of benefit sharing mechanisms with the community with regard to water and tourism and other Environmental Services • Inadequate information about opportunities in biodiversity, carbon and power generation • Inadequate local capacity when it comes harnessing biodiversity, carbon and power generation. • Lack of valuation of potential ecosystem services Current natural resource legislations are silent about payment for environmental services (PES). Objective To evaluate and value environmental services and tap for payment for environmental services to enhance equitable benefit sharing among stakeholders The main strategies adopted to achieve the objectives are: • Evaluate and value ecosystem services • Lobby for policy, legislative and institutional framework for PES • Promote sustainable exploitation of PES

Table 8: Strategies and actions to promote the payment for environment services among stakeholders around Nandi Strategy

Action

Responsible

Evaluate and Define methodology for validation and KEFRI, KFS, KWS, WRMA, value verification of the stock of these NEMA, Higher learning ecosystem ecosystem services Institutions, NMK, CFAs/ services CBOs, CSOs Map and quantity range environmental KEFRI, KFS, KWS, NEMA, services generated from the ecosystem Higher Learning Institutions, NMK CFAs/CBOS, CSOs Value these ecosystem services KEFRI, KFS, KWS, NEMA, Higher Learning Institutions, NMK CFAs/CBOS, CSOs Promote marketing of Ecosystem CFAs/CBOS, KFS, KWS, services NK, Other NGOs, Research Institutions, CSOs Lobby for Identify gaps in current policy, legislative CFAs, KFS, NK, Other policy, and institutional frameworks NGOs, CSOs Government legislative and Depts,Civil societies institutional Support lobbying and advocacy geared NK, CFAs, other NGOs, framework for towards revision of these policies, County Government, CSOs PES legislative and institutional framework Strengthen and capacity build local NK, Other NGOs, County structures for effective lobbying and Government, CSOs advocacy Develop frameworks for PES (Carbon, KEFRI, KFS, KWS, WRMA, bio-fuels, water, power generation) NEMA, NK, Higher Learning Institutions, CFAs/CBOs, CSOs Promote To sensitize and create awareness on CFAs, NGOs, County sustainable PES Government,KEFRI KFS, exploitation of KWS, Higher Learning PES institutions, CSOs To pilot PES with regard to carbon, CFAs, KFS, WRMA, KWS, bio-fuel, biodiversity prospecting, Private sector,KEFRI, CSOs energy, tourism, and water

4.8 Research, Monitoring and Evaluation Background Ongoing research in the Nandi Forest Ecosystem has been by Nature Kenya, KWS, NMK, KEFRI, Baraton University,

Priority 1

Moi University, Christian Institute Technical Centre, but is mostly uncoordinated in some areas. The information generated through this research has been availed to the local communities except for some studies from North Nandi Forest where it has not been disseminated locally. There is need for intensive

and continuous research in the North Nandi Forest since most of research has been done in South Nandi Forest. Studies conducted in the Nandi Forest Ecosystem include: Socioeconomic surveys, Resource Assessment surveys e.g. Ornithological surveys, Butterfly surveys, Mammal checklists, Indigenous Knowledge, Permanent sample demo plots, GIS mapping of Forests. Most of the research has been done by external experts. Issues • Inadequate financial resources to fund research • Inadequate dissemination of research findings • Incomprehensive research within the ecosystem • Uncoordinated research in the ecosystem

• Lack of a central data bank or repository Objective

To mainstream and strengthen research, monitoring and evaluation for improved conservation of Nandi Forest Ecosystem The main strategies adopted to achieve the objectives are: • Improve the coordination of research activities • Strengthen Biodiversity Resource centre • Capacity building • Enhance dissemination of research findings • Undertake priority research activities within the ecosystem • Enhance monitoring and Evaluation

Table 9: Strategies and activites to improve generation of knowledge on Nandi ecosystem Strategy

Action

Improve the Establish a coordination unit coordination of research activities Develop research protocol Strengthen Improve on data banking within the Biodiversity centre Resource Equip centre with modern standard centre facilities within the county Capacity Skills development building Improve research facilities & infrastructures Incorporate emerging themes in research Enhance Sensitization of stakeholders dissemination of research findings

Responsible

Priority

KEFRI, NK, KFS, KWS, NMK, Higher learning instns. CFAs KEFRI, NK, KFS, KWS, NMK, Higher learning instns. CFAs NK, CFAs, County Government NGOS/NK, KFS, KWS, Higher Education, County Government KEFRI, NK, KFS, KWS, NMK, Higher learning instns. CFAs, WARMA, MOALF/MOLD KEFRI, NK, NGOs, KFS, KWS, NMK, Higher learning instns. CFAs, County Govt. KEFRI, NK, NMK, Higher learning, KFS, KWS, CFAs, MoALF/MoLD NK, NMK, Higher learning, KFS, KWS, CFAs, KEFRI,

2 2

Strategy

Action

Responsible

User friendly packaging of info for specific target groups Establish demo site i.e on-farm, PAs Undertake Valuation of the ecosystem priority research Improve yields of high value tree species activities within Improve fish and wildlife species the ecosystem Enhance Develop observable and verifiable monitoring and indicators (OVIs) Evaluation Develop M&E procedures Promote and empowering community based M&E procedures Develop corrective mechanism for non conformity Enhance EIA and audit (ESIA)

4.9 Partnerships and Networking Background Since the inception of PFM, there has been some level of partnership and networking though not yet fully functional and effective. At the local level there is a strong movement of CBOs networking to form the CFAs both in North and South Nandi Forest areas. KFS and the CFAs have partnered in the protection, conservation and rehabilitation of the forests. There are forest scouts in both North and South Nandi forests working together with KFS to protect the forest. In South Nandi Forest, community have partnered with KFS to rehabilitate degraded forest areas like Kimondi, Kobujoi and Iruru. Also in North Nandi Forest, the two partnered to rehabilitate areas like Septonok and Kipsamoite. Other ongoing partnerships arrangements are in place between the CFAs, Nature Kenya and other government agencies. The private sector organisations like the George Williamson Tea

Priority

NK/NGOs, Media, KWS, KFS, CountyGovt, CFAs, MoALF/MoLD, KEFRI, KEFRI, KFS, KWS, MoALF/ MoLD, CFAs NEMA, KFS, KEFRI, WRMA/MoWI, KWS KEFRI, KFS, MoALF/MoLD KWS, MoLD

KFS, KEFRI, NMK, NK, CFAs, NEMA, MoW, KWS KFS,KEFRI,NMK,NK, CFAs, NEMA, MoW CFAs/CBOs, KWS, KFS, NK, KEFRI NK, KFS, KWS, CFAs, NEMA, MoALF/MoLD, KEFRI, NMK, KIPI, MoWI, NEMA, KFS, KWS, CFAs, County Govt, NK, KEFRI, NMK,

1 1 1 1

1 2 2

Company have been partnered with the South Nandi CFAs in promoting marketing fuelwood from local community woodlots. KEFRI has also been partnering with the CFAs and KFS on seed production, rehabilitation, and environmental education and awareness. Other partners such as the Nyayo Tea Zones who have supported CBOs in seedling production, education/awareness, beekeeping, and other integrated development initiatives. The MoALF, KWS, MoL& F, MoW & I and LVEMP and NMK also engage in interventions that enhance forestry development. With regards to networking, the CFAs in the Nandi Forest Ecosystem have affiliated themselves with the Kenya Forests Working Group (KFWG) and the National Allianace of Community Forest Associations (NACOFA) in issues of advocacy. Affiliation with North Rift Forest Conservancy Committee (FCC) is also active with a member of the FCC hailing from the ecosystem.

Issues • Mistrust amongst partners • Lack of clear roles, responsibilities and benefits in the partnership • Un-harmonized implementation of PFM plans • Lack of proper coordination • Poor attitude and big-brother sydrome • Conflict of interest

Objective Strengthen partnership and networking among stakeholders and development partners The main strategies adopted to achieve the objectives are: • Establish and strengthen coordination of partnership among stakeholders • Strengthen lobbying and advocacy capacity among the stakeholders

Table 10: Strategies and activities to promote networking and partnership among stakeholders Strategy

Action

Establish and Establish an umbrella coordination unit strengthen of all stakeholders in the ecosystem coordination of partnership Establish protocol defining nature of among engagement and partnerships stakeholders Establish and strengthen in-built mechanism for conflict prevention and resolution. Establish an umbrella CFA within the ecosystem (county) Strengthen Strengthen and capacity build local lobbying and structures for effective advocacy and advocacy Sensitize stakeholders on the need to capacity have harmonious partnership and among the cooperation stakeholders Strengthen the participation of CFAs/ CBOs in other strong networks/fora

Responsible

NK, CFAs, County Government, NEF, KFS, KWS, NACOFA NK, NEF

Priority 2

NK, CFAs, County Government, NEF, KFS, KWS NK, CFAs, County Government, NEF, KFS, KWS, NACOFA KFS, CFAs, County Government, NK, MoW NK, CFAs, KFS, KEFRI

CFAs, NGOs, NK, NACOFA, County Government, KWS

1 1

4.10 Communications and Infrastructure

Nandi Forest there are some areas of the forest which are very difficult to access.

Background

Telecommunication The KWS & KFS have radio-calls & mobile phones. Scouts have mobile phones, motorbikes, and bicycles. There are no watchtowers in the 2 forests.

Roads Most roads in South Nandi Forest are motorable throughout the year, unlike for North Nandi Forest where most roads are not motorable during the wet seasons. South Nandi Forest has a road-network that enables access to the entire forest area while for North

Ranger out-posts There ranger posts around the forests are inadequate to house the staff and are also in very poor state and poorly maintained.

Offices & office equipment The CFA from North Nandi Forets has rented offices and the CFAs offices are equipped with only basic facilities: not adequately equipped. Issues • Inadequate communication equipment • Obsolete office equipment- e.g. type-writers, duplication machines. • Poor road-networks • Inadequate ranger outposts • CFAs lack offices & office equipment

Objective Improve communication & infrastructure for effective forest management The main strategies adopted to achieve the objectives are: • Improve road network • Improve communication networks • Link with ecotourism facilities and any infrastructure issues buildings, establish new ones & office equipment • Being ICT compliant

Table 11: Strategies and activities to improve communication and infrastructure in Nandi Strategy

Action

Improve road Identify key roads & their classes network Assess their conditions & develop rehabilitation plan Prioritize & implement the plans Establish new roads in North Nandi, Bonchoge and Kimondi Improve Identify & purchase modern communication communication equipment networks Train all implementers & CFAs on usage of the modern equipment, including exchange programmes Improve Assess conditions of the existing existing offices & ranger outposts buildings, Refurbish the dilapidated buildings establish new Establish new offices for the CFAs ones & office Establish ranger outposts in strategic equipment places Equip offices with modern equipment Link with Develop a Marketing strategy to link ecotourism tourism sites with other circuits facilities and Vehicles, fire equipment, lightening any arresters infrastructure Power and water supply issues Being ICT Equip offices with ICT technologies compliant

Responsible

KFS, MoTC, CFAs, County Government MoTC, KFS, KeRRA, KURA County Government, KFS, KURA County Government,KeRRA, KFS, County Government

Priority 1

1 1 4

KFS, NK, County Government Government line ministries, NGOs, Consultant/Suppliers

KFS, KWS, Min of Housing

KFS, KWS, Public Works 1 CFAs, NK other devt patners 1 KFS, KWS, NK, Min of 1 Housing NK, Government line 1 ministries, CFAs KTB,KWS, KFS,CFAs, 2 County Government KTB, KWS, KFS,CFAs, 2 County Government KPLC, MOWi, KFS, 1 Kapsabet Water Company KFS, KWS, CFAs, County 1 Government

4.11 Resource Mobilizations and Capacity Building Background Funding towards conservation of the Nandi Forest Ecosystem has been ongoing through: NEF, CDTF (EU), Nature Kenya (GEF/DFID, UNDP), NTZD (AfDB), WRMA, MoALF and KFS. Within the Nandi Forest Ecosystem KFS has an Ecosystem Conservator, one zonal manager, 3 forest managers, 3 district forest officers, 48 rangers. In KWS there is only a warden, deputy warden 10 rangers. Two NEMA officers within the 5 sub-counties of Nandi and the WRMA office has since been relocated to Eldoret but personnel still operate within the ecosystem. Nature Kenya and NEF have capacity built the CFAs through training of the leaders, forest scouts, and institutional support through establishment of offices and provision of equipment to engage in forest conservation and protection.

Issues • Inadequate financial support • Constraints in planning and implementation • Uncoordinated resource use • Inadequate man power/expertise • Inadequate skills among community member • Lack of synergy in manpower use Objective To enhance human and financial resources for effective implementation of the plan The main strategies adopted to achieve the objectives are: • Develop and mobilize skilled staffing at all levels • Lobbying for increased funding from govt. and private sector • Enhance resource mobilization strategy • Promote payment of ecosystem services

Table 12: Strategies and activities to mobilize resource and buld capacity among Nandi ecosystem stakeholders Strategy

Action

Develop and Carry out training needs assessment mobilize skilled staffing at all levels Implement training Deploy adequate skilled labour at all levels Training of trainers Monitoring and evaluation Lobbying for Mainstream activities to sector plans increased and budget funding from

Responsible KFS, NK, CFAs, KWS, KEFRI, NEMA, WRMA, MoALF/MoLD, Highler Learning Instituitions KFS, KWS, KEFRI, NEMA, WRMA, MoALF/MoLD, Higher Learning Institutions KFS, KWS, KEFRI, NEMA, CFAs/CBOs, WRMA, MoALF /MoLD KFS, KWS, KEFRI, NEMA, WRMA, MoALF/MoLD, CFAs/CBOs KFS, KWS, KEFRI, NEMA, CBOs WRMA, MoALF/ MoLD, CFAs CSOs, CFAs, KFS, KWS, KEFRI, NEMA, WRMA, MoALF/MoLD, Higher

Priority 1

2 2

Strategy Action govt. and

Responsible Learning Institutions

private sector Prioritize activities for county plans and budgets Promote public private sector partnerships Enhance Capacity build in proposal writing skill resource mobilization strategy Understand and Link Development partners interest and the ecosystem Promote fund raising activities e.g. sports, walks, Promote Develop framework involving payment of stakeholders to engage in conservation ecosystem Sensitize downstream communities services Promote carbon financing Mainstream payment of ecosystem services into work plans

CSOs, KFS, KWS, KEFRI, NEMA, WRMA, MOALF/ MoLD, County Governments CSOs, KFS, KWS, KEFRI, NEMA, WRMA, MoALF/MoLD CSOs,CFA, NK, KFS, KWS, KEFRI, NEMA, WRMA, MoALF/MoLD, county govt. CSOs, and other NGOs, County Government, Private Companies CFA, County Govt. NGOs Private Companies CSOs, CFAs, County Govt., KFS, KWS, KEFRI, NEMA CSOs KFS, KWS, KEFRI, NEMA, WRMA, MoALF/ MoLD, CFA NK, KFS, KWS, KEFRI, NEMA, WRMA, MoALF/ MoLD, CFA NK, KFS, KWS, KEFRI, NEMA, WRMA, MoALF/ MoLD

Priority 1

1 1

1 1 1

4.12 Threats and Mitigation Measures Table 13: Threats and their mitigation measures Threats Action Population increase Sensitization on family planning and subsequent Promotion of alternative means of livelihoods instead of full reliance on resource pressure forest resources Enhance energy saving technologies Farm forestry Low level of Involvement of community in all project cycles, especially in community decision-making and implementation with gender balance participation & Establish mechanism for equitable sharing of resources ownership Urbanization Advocate for proper planning of urban centers based on environmental conservation Advocate for clear policies on urban development Lack of political Awareness creation among the political/opinion leaders goodwill & Involve political leaders in project implementation through provision of interference regular project briefs Disasters like fires, Establish early warning systems floods, landslides, Identify & mark disaster-prone areas el nino, la nina, Document & utilize indigenous knowledge lighting, hail-stones, Form disaster management teams / committee frost Sensitize & train on disaster preparedness & mitigation Poverty Sensitization and empowering on self-employment Enhance literacy levels Promotion and train on alternative means of livelihoods Exchange tours& visits Overgrazing Improvement of breeds Promote zero grazing & biogas production Sensitization on change of cultural attitudes Destocking Value chain process

5.0 Governance Stakeholders

Based on stakeholders analysis carried out, three categories were identified namely primary, secondary and tertiary (Appendix 2). Primary stakeholders were the main actors in the strategic planning process and are expected to play the greatest and direct roles during the implementation of the management programmes. This is based either on their legal mandate or their direct livelihood dependence on the forest ecosystem. They include KFS, KWS, CFAs, among others. Secondary stakeholders are also key actors but essentially played a more indirect role in the planning process. Tertiary stakeholders are those perceived to be potentially affected either positively or negatively by the management actions on the Nandi Forest

Ecosystem but had no direct engagement in the planning process aprt from consultations as far as was possible for information. The Profiles of some of these stakeholders are captured in Appendix 3. The allocation of responsibilities in the management programmes are in tandem with this profiling. The strategic plan will be implemented by central government working closely with the Nandi County government. Forestry issues will be coordinated by cosytem forest coordinator working closely with county forest manager. Forest managenment team that brings together stakeholders in the plan will be crucial in ensuring that each stakeholder identified take up their role and responsibility. Community participation will be corrdinated by the umbrella CFA for the county.

References: Agwanda B., Musila S. and Rachel (2009). Biodiversity Inventory of South Nandi Forest . Mammalogy Section, Report NMK Bennun L.A and Njoroge P. (1999) Important Bird Areas in Kenya. East African Natural History Society Bennun, L and Fanshawe, J 1997. Using forest birds to evaluate forest management: An east African perspective Bennun, L.A. (1991) An Avifaunal Survey of the Transmara Forest, Kenya, Scopus Journ. 14: 61-72 BirdLife International 2008 BirdLife’s online World Bird Database: the site for bird conservation. Version 2.1.Cambridge, UK: BirdLife International. Available: http://www.birdlife.org (accessed 6/3/2009) Web S. and Glenday J. (2009). South Nandi Forest Carbon Report, Nature Kenya Howell, KM., 1993. Herpetofauna of the Eastern African rainforests. In JC Lovett & SK Wasser (eds). Biogeography and ecology of the rainforests of Eastern Africa.CambridgeUniversity Press, London. KFS (2011). Integrated Forest Management Plan for South Nandi Forest 2011-2020. KWS/KFS/UNEP, 2007.Aerial monitoring of forest boundaries. A joint KenyaWildlife ServiceKenya Forest Service Programme. Supported by United Nations Environment Programme, Nairobi.Vol 1.Pp. 29. Lange C., mugambi J. and Mwakodi R. (2009). The Butterflies of South Nandi Forest, Kenya. Invertebrate Zoology Section, National Museums of Kenya. Report NMK Malaki P. and Ndegwa S. (2009). Report on Avifaunal Assessment of Nandi South Forest. Mbinge J. and Cheboiwo J. (2011). Report of feasibility study to determine priority tree species for South Nandi and North Nandi Forests and adjacent farmland, KEFRI – Rift Valley Eco-Region Research Progrm, Londiani, June 2011 Nandi County State of Environment Report 2013 Unpublished (Draft Report) Ng’weno, F . and Matiku, P (eds)., ( 2007)Kenya’s Important Bird Areas: status and trends 2006 Otieno, N., Ng’weno, F., Matiku, P., Mwangi, S., Bennun, L, Musila, S., Mulwa, R ., and Kiragu A. (2005) Kenya’s Important Bird Areas: status and trends 2004 Roba H. and Kariuki P. (2010). Traditional Knowledge and Cultural/Religious Practices in Conservation of South and North Nandi Forests. Kenya Resource Center for Indigenous Knowledge (KENRIK), Center for Biodiversity, Report National Museums of Kenya & Nature Kenya Wasonga and Nyamache J. (2009). The Amphibians and Reptiles of South Nandi Forest Reserve: A Preliminary Survey. Technical Report. National Museums of Kenya, Zoology Department, Herpetology Section, March, 2009

Appendix 1: Participants in the Nandi Forest Ecosystem 25 Year Strategic Management Plan Development Workshops No Name Organization WORKSHOP Visioning Thematic Zonation Validation 1 A. K. Walingo KFS-Nandi North √ √ 2 Albert Nyabuti KFS-Nandi South √ √ 3 Amos K. Limo LVNWSB √ √ 4 Annalyne Mutai Chief Nduriu L. √ 5 Augustine K. Kisorio Kimondi/Iruru CFA √ √ √ √ 6 Barnabas Mitei SONABIC √ 7 Benjamin Langat Kimondi/Iruru CFA √ 8 Benjamin Maiyo CFS Chebilat √ 9 Birgen Abubakar Kobujoi CFA √ √ 10 Catherine Wekunda MoLD √ √ 11 Charles K. Koech KEFRI √ √ √ √ 12 Cheruiyot Elijah Chesumei CFA √ 13 Dancan Kimutai KFS N/Nandi √ 14 Daniel Chepngoi Chesumei CFA √ 15 Daniel K. Lelei Chesumei CFA √ 16 Daniel K. Yator FONE √ 17 David Kemboi Chesumei CFA √ 18 David Rotich Kobujoi CFA √ √ √ √ 19 David Tum Chesumei CFA √ 20 Dawood Idenya MoL √ 21 Eliphas K. Rutto Kobujoi CFA √ 22 Eliud Murgor Kobujoi CFA √ √ √ √ 23 Elulu Francis KFS √ √ 24 E. O. Abungu KFS √ 25 F. H. Oyor KFS √ 26 Florence Ayidi Kobujoi CFA √ 27 Francis Rono Chesumei CFA √ 28 Gibson K. Kitsao NK √ √ √ √ 29 Gilbert K. Siwo KOFOA √ 30 Grace Kemboi Chesumei CFA √ 31 Grace Korir Chesumei CFA √ 32 Haron K. Rugut NNCFA √ √ √ √ 33 J. K. Chumo FONE √ √ 34 James Kimondo KEFRI √ √ √ √ 35 Joan Rotich Nature Kenya √ 36 Joel Siter Kanda KWS √ 37 John Ngalia KWS √ √ 38 Johnstone Koech Kimondi/Iruru CFA √ √ √ 39 Jonathan Yego Chesumei CFA √ √ √ 40 Johnstone Koech Kimondi/Iruru CFA √

No Name Organization WORKSHOP Visioning Thematic Zonation Validation

41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85

Joram Kagombe Joseph A. Ondieki Joseph Chirchir Joshua K. Bor Josiah K. Koech Josiah K. Kosgei Julius K. Bett Lena C. Keino Lena Chebichiy Keter Eric Chumo Kirwa Lagat Luke K. Mobo Marcella Jebitok Mary Mbenge Michael Komen Nduta Muiruri Nelson K. Vunyinda Obadiah K. Muge Pamela Lagat Paul C. Bett Paul K. Amai Paul Nandasaba Paul K. Songok Peter K. Tuwei Peter Kiptanui Pius K. Rono Philip Kirui Phillip Tabut Raphael K. Biwott Rose Lichuma Rosemary Seronei Sally Busienei Samwel Kimani S. K. Cheramboss Solomon Simidi Stephen Kiama Stephen Tena Timothy M. Kirui Victor Otieno Waithera Natalie Washington Ayiemba Wilson Cheruiyot Wilson Langat Wilson K. Lel Willy Masai

KEFRI √ √ √ KFS Kimondi √ Chesumei CFA Kimondi/Iruru CFA Kobujoi CFA √ CFA Kimondi/Iruru CFA Nandi S. Water Officer √ √ √ Nature Kenya √ Nature Kenya Chesumei CFA Chesumei CFA √ √ √ Chesumei CFA NK √ √ NEMA √ √ √ Nature Kenya √ MoPND/Vision 2030 √ Chesumei CFA √ √ Chesumei CFA √ √ √ NEMA √ √ Kimondi/Iruru CFA √ √ √ KFS N/Nandi √ KOFOA Chesumei CFA √ √ √ Kobujoi CFA √ √ √ Chesumei CFA KEFRI √ √ Chesumei CFA Kimondi CFA √ KOFOA KFS N/Nandi Kobujoi CFA √ √ KEFRI Opinion Leader Kimondi/Iruru CFA KEFRI √ √ √ Chesumei CFA Kimondi/Iruru CFA √ √ √ KEFRI √ √ √ KWS Nature Kenya √ Kimondi/Iruru CFA Kimondi/Iruru CFA √ √ √ Chesumei CFA KFS

√ √ √ √

√ √ √ √ √ √ √

√ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √

Appendix 2: Categorization of stakeholders Stakeholders Interest Importance Influence Average Overall score score score Score Category Government agencies KFS 7 KWS 5 NEMA 2 KEFRI 4 NandiCounty govt./ Prov Admin 5 Kaburwa elders 1 Nyayo tea zones DC 3 Private sector tea companies 3 KTDA 3 Min of Agric 3 Min of Forestry & Wildlife 2 Min of Water & Irrigation 4 LVN&SWSB 2 Kapsabet Water & SEWERAGE Co 3 MoL&F 3 LBDA 5 Provin, Admin CBOS Kimondi CFA Kobujoi CFA chesumei CFA WRUA NGOS Nature Kenya Green Belt Mercy Corp EAWS/KFWG Learning Institutions Moi University BaratonUniversity Chepkoilel UNI. Kaimosi ATC Community adjacent schools CFAs CBOs Farmers

Seedling production

Formation of CFA

Get enough firewood, income

Firewood Less restriction

Reduce the fees

Reduce grazing fees

High production of milk and meat

Community Grazing Less restriction

Erecting beams planting of trees along forest boundaries, establishment of nyayo tea zones

Well conserved forest Well maintained forest 2 boundaries

Develop management plan and agreements Increase income, empowerment, awareness creation

Increase funding

Planting of trees

Tree planting

Livelihood improvement Well protected forest 2

PFM

High number of seedlings

4.5

Rehabilitation of degraded area

Increase cover

4.5

Establishing plantations High revenue

Increase volume of water and revenue

Planting indigenous trees

Minimize charcoal burning

Well conserved forest

Increase strength (joint operations)

Mitigation measures

Increase number of forest rangers Have functional CFA

Conservation of indigenous vegetation for ecosystem sustainability Scientific research Ecotourism development

Level of satisfaction1

KFS Forest Protection of the forest Increase biodiversity 4

Conservation of wild animals

Resource/ Interest Need activity

KWS Forest Well protected forest

Stakeholder

Appendix 3: Profile of some key stakeholders in the Nandi Forest Ecosystem Strategic Management Plan Implementation

Wood logging Less restriction timber

Large quantities to satisfy cultural sites Supply enough water Know the forest more

Cultural sites No restriction

Water No restriction collection

Community touring

Collection of Less restriction Obtain large amounts for use 3 forest vegetation roofing materials

No restriction

Income increment

Sand Less restriction harvesting

Harvest enough timber, high income

Obtain meat and skins

No restriction

hunting

Income

Charcoal Less restriction burners

No restriction Protection of the plants

No restriction

Free collection

Reduce the fees no restriction

Reduce restriction

Reduce the strength of KWS

Reduce no of forest guards

Protection of medicinal plants

Obtain medicinal plants in 3 large quantities

Mitigation measures

Herbalists Less restriction

Level of satisfaction1

High production of honey, 2 Allow apiaries in the forest Increased income and food satisfaction

Resource/ Interest Need activity

Beekeeping Less restriction

Stakeholder

Appendix 4: Inventory of the floral species in the three vegetation types of in South Nandi forest Species

Forest type

Cupressus lusitanica plantation

Species

Forest type

Pennisetum cladestinum open

Tabernaemontana stapfiana closed

Sapium ellipticum open

Strombosia scheffleri closed

Vernonia amyddalina open

Croton megalocarpus closed

Coffea eugenioides closed

Macarnga kilimandscharica closed

Syzygium guineense closed

Olea capensis closed

Kapkilalialwet closed

Casaeria battiscomberi closed

Markhamia lutea plantation

Eucalyptus Plantation

Sakamwet closed

Drypetes gerrardii closed

Sokomwet closed

Polyscias fulva closed

Family Species

Dracaena steudneri open

Vernomonia amygdlina open

Cheparusiot plantation

Xymalos monospora closed

Prunus africana open

Cordia africana closed

Macrorungia pubinervia closed

Mbereriat closed

Neoboutonia macrocalyx Plantation

Borkoyet closed

Diospyros abyssinica closed

Craibia brownii open

Solanum mauritianum closed

Fagarapsis angolensis closed

Aningeria altissima open

Nuxia congesta open

Croton macrostachyus closed

Pitpitet open

Cassipoura ruwensoriensis closed

Clerodendrum johnstonii closed

Ehretia cymosa closed

Dracaena steudneri open

Albizia gummifera closed

Ehretia cymosa closed

Ibizia gummifera closed

lamaiyet closed

Bersama abyssinica open

Mbarkaiyat closed

Pinus patula plantation

Mibeset closed

Schefflera volkensii closed

Mimosaceae closed

Zathoxylum guleti closed

Namkoiyet closed

Vernonia auriculifera open

Ocoba routledgei open

Abustanyet open

Olea welwitchii closed

Ensete edule open

Psidium guajava closed

Nyastabiny closed

Ritchiea albersii closed

Celtis gomphophylla open

Rubia cordifolia open

Gouania longispicata closed

Schefflera volkensii closed

Casuarina equistifolia open

Tekestet open

Appendix 5: Nomenclature, growth habit and uses of Floral species in South Nandi Forest Botanical name Nandi name Growth Use habit Albizia gummifera Seet T

Bark – Medicine for headache and stomach upsets; has anti-malaria qualities Stem – Firewood, charcoal Leaves – Cattle fodder

Allophylus Abyssinica

Noiywet or T Sakamwet

Bark – Relieves stomachache Stem-Timber, beehive, Posts

Bersama abyssinica

Kipumetiet

Stem-Firewood, Charcoal, Fencing

Cassipourea malosana Martit T Celtis mildbraedii

Kipsaitet

Stem- Spear- making, construction, Firewood, Charcoal, Small mammal traps Stem-Beehive Construction

Chionanthus mildbraedii Itet T Stem-Charcoal, Firewood, Smoking milk Calabash Cordia abyssinica Tepesuet T

Stem – Timber Leaves – De-worming calves

Craibia brownie Mekunyet T

Stem- Timber, Charcoal, Firewood, Posts, Poles

Croton Tebesuet T Macrostachyus

Bole – Timber, rafters, construction, Charcoal Making

Croton Megalocapus

Masineitet

Stem – Charcoal, construction timber

Dombeya burgessiae

Silipchet

Bark-String, Leaves-Cattle browse

Dracaena steudneri

Lepkwet

Root-Sap applied to relieve toothache

Drypetes gerrardii Mekunyet T

Stem-Charcoal, Firewood, Timber, Building Posts

Ekebergia capensis Teldet T Bark-Boiled, extract drank to relieve stomach upsets, constipation Stem-Posts, poles, Firewood, Charcoal, Timber Fagaropsis angolensis Noiwet T Ficus sur

Mukoiyot

Heinsenia diervilleoides Sekerbanga T

Bark-Decoction used to treat stomachache, Stem-Beehive construction, Timber, Charcoal Stem-Timber, Fruit- Edible Stem- Construction, Hoe-Stick, Axe-Stick, Beehive, Charcoal

Lepidotrichilia volkensii Sakamwet T Stem-charcoal, Firewood, Beehive Construction Macaranga Sebesebet T Stem-Timber, Posts, Poles, Firewood, Kilimandscharica Charcoal Maesa lanceolata Kipapusitanyet T Bark- Crushed and sap used as antidiarrhoea, and for de-worming in human Stem- Timber, Firewood

Botanical name Nandi name Growth Use habit Maytenus heterophylla

Kukerwet

Stem-Making spears

Neioboutonia macrocalyx Kipsebwet T

Stem-Temporary Construction, e.g. food stores, sheep/goat pens

Olea capensis Murkuiywet T

Stem-Timber, charcoal, firewood, building posts Bark-Crushed and sap taken to relieve stomach upsets

Olea sp.

Itaat

T/S

Stem-Cleaning calabash

Prunus Africana

Tenduet

Stem-Timber construction, Charcoal

Syzygium guineense Lamaiywet T Stem-Timber, Firewood, Beehive construction Fruit-Edible Tabernaemontana Mobondet T Stem-Charcoal Firewood, beehive, stapfiana construction Fruit-Juice bait for trapping birds Teclea nobilis Kuriot T/S Trema orientalis

Kipsartet

Stem-Firewood, Charcoal Hoes, Spear handles clubs, walking stick arrow-making Stem-Beehive construction

Trichilia emetica Noiywet T Stem-Timber, Beehive, Firewood, Charcoal Trilepsisium Kenduiywet or T Branches-Walking sticks, Firewood, madagascariense Mekunyet Bole-Fencing posts; construction, charcoal Turraea holstii

Chemuriat

Stem-Hoe stick, Handles, Arrows

Vangueria madagascariensis

Kipmowet

Fruit – Edible

Vangueria sp. Kesekesiet T Stem-Arched on the shamba to prevent thieves Zanthoxylum gillettii Sagawaitet T Stem cortex and bark – Multiple treatment; relieves chest pain and coughs Sap- Treatment for snake bites Stem-Timber Acanthus eminens Indakariat S

Leaves-Burnt and chewed to relieve flu – Goat brose

Achyrospermum schimperi Inyonyoitat

Leaves-Browsed by sheep & Goats

Aframomum keniense

Chemagururiet S Roots-Spices Tangausi Fruit-Edible

Allophylus rubifolia Chemoriat S Brillantaisia Kipongiat S madagascariense

Stem- Making arrows and walking sticks Leaves-Livestock browse Leaves-Livestock fodder

Caesalpinia volkensii

Chepkomon

Stem-Boundary fencing

Calpumea aurea

Ipembetiet

Leaves & Roots-Antidiarrhoea for cattle

Calpumea sp. Senetet S Root-boiled to relieve constipation in children

Botanical name Nandi name Growth Use habit Coffea eugenioides

Noruyot Noriot

Stem- clubs, walking stick, firewood

Dovyalis abyssinica Nukiat S

Fruit- edible - Browsed by livestock - Medicinal (general)

Dovyalis macrocalyx Kapchopinyat S

Fruits- edible Stem- firewood Leave- livestock browse

Dracaena laxissima Chepkitonget S Stem fibre -string for mat and basket weaving Ensete ventricosa Sasusuwet S Leaves- livestock browse Fruits-edible Erythrocooca Bongensis

Sekelipagang S Chesicheiyot

Stem- Dry stem used to open beehive - construction

Hibiscus calyphyllus

Motosheiet

Whole plant-fodder; scouring

Leonotis nepetifolia Sisiyat S chuchnyiat

Whole plant sweeping broom Nectar-juice for human beings Stem-Making beehives

Maytenus heterophylla

Kukerwet

Stem making spears, Charcoal & firewood

Meyna tetraphylla

Chebikonyat

Stem- Weaponry; spear, arrow making

Nuxia congesta

Choruwet

Leaves- Ceremonial, sheep & goat browse

Ocimum kilimandscharicum

Sisiet/sisiyat

Leaves â&#x20AC;&#x201C; sheep browse

Pavetta sp.

Sekerbanga

Stem- hoe handles

Pseuderanthemum

Chesumeiyot

Leaves-sap used for drying wounds

Ricinus communis Imaniat S Rubus apetalus

Seed- castor oil used for softening leather - Varnish for other woods - used as an oil during ceremonies

Momonyet S Fruits-edible

Scutia myrtina Sumbeiywet S/C

Stems-firewood Fruits-edible, eaten by children & herdsmen

Solanum aculeastrum Sikowet S

Leaves-Browsed by sheep & goats - boundary fencing - gum used as adhesive for mending broken calabash.

Solanum mauritianum

Stem-Hoe handle; firewood

Solanum sp. Mororuwet S

Leaves-antidiarrhoea for cattle - crushed & sap used as medicine

Solenecio sp. Chepkurbet S

Whole plant-shade; water storage - fencing (propagated vegetatively & planted for boundary demarcation)

Turraea sp

Kosositiet

Leaves-Ceremonial a the initiation site

Vernonia sp

Kipsabuni

Roots-decoction for colds

Itet

Stem-milk fermentation

Acalypha sp

Sambachet

Leaves-livestock browse

Botanical name Nandi name Growth Use habit Acalypha sp Chesumeiyot H

Stem-cuttings used by new initiates as arm decorations

Achyranthes aspera

Chesirmit

Leaves-Sheep & goat browse

Bidens sp.

Chepketel

Fruits-Chewed to relieve chest pains

Blumea crispate Taptiet H Brillantaisia nitens

Sietet

Leaves-Goat/sheep browse Stem-beehive harvesting Leaves-cattles graze

Chlorophytum Sikotiet H Tuber-gum exudates used for fixing arrow galabatense shaft Commelina benghalensis Sochet H Leaves-Human vegetable - livestock browse - Crushed liquid exudates used to heal ringworms Commelina latifolia Lepulopitiet H

Leaves-Human vegetable - Browsed by livestock

Desmodium repandum Chemigoiyot H

Stem-tied round the arm of new initiates to assess weight gain

Galinsoga parviflora Kipkoleitet H

- Fodder - healing wounds

Gloriosa superba

Flower-decoration for young girl

Kalanchoe densiflora Kuserwet H

Leaves – healing fresh wounds - press on swellings after it has been put on fire

Lactuca capensis Cheparaa H

Root – boiled & syrup drank to relieve stomach upset

Lactuca glandulifera

Cheparaa

Root – treats stomachaches

Laportea alatipes

Sambachet

Leaves – human vegetable , goat browse

Lobelia gibberoa Sereguet H

whole plant-used for beehive smoking during honey harvesting

Macrorungia pubinervia

Kipongiet

Leaves & stem-browsed by wildlife

Mimulopsis solmsii

Sietet

Leaves – cattle browse

Neonotonia wightii

Ng’wang’wanyet H

Leaves-sheep & goat browse

Cimum suave Mwokiot H

Leaves-Boiled and drunk with tea to relieve flu

Pentas lanceolata Cheruriet H

Leaves – De-worming in humans Leaf sap – healing skin pimples

Phyllanthus odontadenius Mengeiwet H

Sap-Dye making for decoration - insect repellent for spears

Physalis peruviana Mbomiat H

Fruit-edible to humans - Browsed by livestock

Piper capense

Kiptutung’it

Plantago palmate Yakariet

Leaves-Livestock fodder

Tuber- edible

Botanical name Nandi name Growth Use habit

Rumex usambarensis Chemideleliet H Stem- Fresh stem chewed for medicinal purpose Root-Dye for decorating mats - boiled, and syrup used as antidiarrhoes Sida cuneifolia Kerundut H

Stem-Toothbrush/chewing stick; Handles; hives; walking sticks

Solanum nigrum Sojo or isochot H

Leaves –– Vegetable Sap-relieves painful cut on the body

Sonchus sp.

Cheparaa

Root – chewed to ease stomach upset

Thalictrum rhynchocarpum Chesumeiyot H

Roots-crushed and boiled to form antidote for diarrhea in children Leaves – sap applied on wounds

Tragia brevidens Sambachet H/C

Leaves – Goat browse Sap – Treatment for mastitis

Triumfetta ruwenzoriensis Miswot H

Leaves – Fodder Stem- Roofing ropes/strings

Urtica sp. Sabajet L

Leaves-Human vegetable - cattle graze

Gouania longispicata Riksoit C

Stem- Sap used for healing fresh wounds Leaves & stem –Browsed by goat & sheep

Adenia sp. Chemyalelder C

Stem & leaves – Ceremonial in marriage, circumcision, engagement Roots – Boiled, and exudates used to relieve stomach upsets in children

Culcasia scandens Kataputiet C Leaves-Smoking hives during honey harvesting Cyphostemma orondo

Simet

Dumasia villosa

Ng’wang’wanyet C

Eulophia horsfalli Sigotiet C

Leaves-sap used for treating lumbago Leaves-Livestock browse Tuber-Gun exudates used to attach arrowhead to shaft Root-De-worming humans

Ficus sp. Kipchimdet C Stem- Used o join arrow shafts to the handle Helimus mystacinus Sesiat C

Leaves & inflorescence – crushed and inhaled to cure epilepsy

Hippoctratea Africana Ng’ngichet C

Sap exudates-chewed as gum Stem-strings for tying

Hippocratea graciliflora

Kipcheiyot

Hippocratea sp. Chepseleitet C

Dried leaves – for starting fires Stem-String for tying rafters Leaves & Stem- Ash taken to ease coughs Fruit-juice used as dye

Ipomoea wightii

Kimoiyat

- livestock fodder

Ipomoea sp

Chepteleliet

Leaves & stem-Browsed by livestock

Landolphia sp. Ngingichet C

Stem-tying string - Milk sap as chewing gum

Botanical name Nandi name Growth Use habit Momordica foetida

Sisiyet

Momordica friesiorum

Ng’wang’wanyet C

Leaves- livestock browse

Momordica sp

Cheptenderet

Sap-relieves toothache and general pain

Mondia sp.

Chemangururiet C

Sap-Treating eye iNFESMPction in cattle

Roos- chewed for sexual stimulation

Passiflora edulis Kerenderiat C Fruit-edible Chemagururiet Phytolacca dodecandra Patakwet C

Root-crushed and taken to relieve diarrhea in children

Psychotria sp. Rogoret Chelelkatiat

Stem- straws for drinking local brew

Rauvolfia sp.

Kipcheiyot

Stem-dried and used to light fires

Rutidea orientalis

Tinguet

Stem-rafters for construction

Stephania abyssinica

Taparariet

Stem- strings, trays, basket weaving

Tiliacora keniensis Mborosiet C Root-chewed to relieve stomach upset and chest pain Stem-strings Toddalia asiatica Kipkoskosit C

Stem-walking stick, club Bark-string for construction

Vernonia sp

Kiplirmosok

Stem & leaves – Browsed by livestock

Vernonia sp

Rimosok

- browsed by sheep & cattle

vigna sp

Ngw’angw’anyet C

- browsed by livestock

Landophia buchananii Ngigiye/ C Gum-chewing gum Ngingichet Fruit-edible Stem-string Asplenium Sandersonii Kataputiet

Asplenium Theciferum

Kataputiet

- smoking out bees during honey harvesting

- smoking out bees

Appendix 6: List of butterfly species Family Species

Author

Papilionidae Papilio ophidicephalus Oberthur Papilio demodocus Esper Papilio phorcas Cramer Papilio mackinnoni Sharpe Graphium leonidas Fabricius Nymphalidae Junonia sophia Butler Junonia stygia Butler Antanartia dimorphica Howarth Danaus chrysippus Linneus Hypolimnas misippus Linneus Amauris echeria Stoll Acraea alicia Sharpe Acraea acerata Hewitson Acraea uvui Grosen Smith Precis octavia Trimen Acraea quirinalis Grosen Smith Acraea melanoxantha Sharpe Salamis temora Felder Acraea disjuncta Grosen Smith Acraea poggei Grosen Smith Bicyclus safitza Hewitson Charaxes varanes Marbille Charaxes candiope Godart Neptis penningtoni Vanson Charaxes brutus Cramer Hypolimnas anthedon Doubleday Phalanta phalantha Rothschild & Jordan Acraea oreas Sharpe Neptis nemetes Hewitson Neptis woodwardi Sharpe Charaxes pollux Cramer Ariadne pagenstecheri Suffert, 1904 Acraea ansorgei Grose- Smith Acraea asboloplintha Karsch, 1894 Family Species Author

Family Species Author Junonia terea Drury Antanartia schaeneia Howarth Bicyclus smith Aurivillius Ypthima albida Butler Neptis constantiae Carcasson Pieridae Leptosia alcesta Bernardi Appias sabina Felder Belenois subeida Grosen Smith Mylothris rueppelli Neave Mylothris chloris Butler Belenois aurota Fabricius Belenois creona Stoll Eurema hecabe Butler Eurema brigitta Stoll Catopsilia florella Fabricius Belenois victoria Dixey Belenois raffrayi Joicey & Talbot Appias epaphia Boisduval Leptosia nupta Butler Lycaenidae Anthenes choutedeni Huelst Cacyreus virilis Aurivillius Tuxentius margaritaceus Sharpe Leptotes pirithous Linneus Actizera stellata Trimen Anthene indefinite Bethune & Baker Hesperiidae Zenonia zeno Trimen Eretis mitiana Evans Metisella quadrisignatus Butler Coeliades forestan Stoll Metisella orientalis Aurivillius Sarangesa seineri Strand Ceratrichia flava Joicey & Talbot Metisella medea Evans Spialia mafa Evans Celanorrhinus macrostictus Holland