Architecture Portfolio - The Zerzura Terrarium. 2019 by Chris Rojas

The Zerzura Terrarium - Oasis of Migratory Species Research Instigator: Chris Rojas Edition: New Port Authority

Document Time Report: 191021

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The Zerzura Terrarium - Oases of Migratory Species By John Christopher Rojas 200971223 A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment for the degree Master of Technology (Professional Coursework) in Architecture at the Graduate School of Architecture

Supervisors: Prof. Lesley Lokko, Sumayya Vally 2019

UNIT TWELVE

Acknowledgments I would like to extend my gratitude to my unit 12 leaders Sumayya Vally and Lesley Lokko. Their guidance was invaluable in the realisation of this thesis. Thandi Loewenson, Manijeh Verghese and Anna Abengowe for their energy and injection of fresh ideas into the project. To my family for their unconditional support and sacrifices made, there were many. To all the staff working behind the scenes at the Graduate School of Architecture. Scaling from making international field trips possible, to hosting the International Lecture Series, to arranging talented guest lecturers to fly to South Africa, to birthday cakes for fellow students. Your efforts are all appreciated.

â&#x20AC;&#x153;If you're going through hell, keep going.â&#x20AC;? - Winston Churchill

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UNIT STATEMENT ‘The void contains in itself all the potential of the space, all the relations not written or experienced. Void is the place of tension of something that will be, a space in power, but also the only place where the recollection of reality, the composition of the parts, the fragments of life, can happen.’ — Simone Pizzagalli

Unit 12 follows the ‘design research’ model of architectural investigation. Broadly speaking, this approach questions the precise relationship between conventional text-driven and projectoriented approaches to architectural research education, and argues that the formation of new knowledge through actual projects (speculative or ‘real’) is crucial to the development of this emerging research category. While there have been numerous architect scholars since the Renaissance who have relied upon the interplay of drawings/models/textual analyses/ intellectual ideas and cultural insights to scrutinise the discipline (of architecture), until recently, there has been a reluctance within architectural culture to acknowledge and accept the role of design as a legitimate part of discourse. This Unit’s work sits within the context of this growing body of knowledge. Within the Unit’s timetable and framework, the year is broken into four distinct parts: Q1: Q2: Q3: Q4:

Project Exploration Project Synthesis Project Development Project Resolution

The Unit Field Trip which forms a major component of the design-research driven process is crucial in synthesizing students’ interests and agendas before settling on a possible site and programme. In Unit 12, where the design interest and proposition drives the choice of site and programme, rather than the other way around, the proposal is submitted after the Field Trip has taken place.

In 2019, students in Unit 12 embarked on a year-long research project following their field trip to the Atlantic Coast of Morocco, one of the oldest ports significant to the history of migration, and a region that is often considered the “gateway to Europe” for many migrants from Central and sub-Saharan Africa wishing to enter Europe. The focus of the Unit was to look at issues of hybridity, Creolisation and migration in the design of a major architectural proposal, using theoretical readings, precedents and a rigorous design research methodology. The Dissertation comprises four main parts: Part 1: Part 2: Part 3: Part 4:

MAJOR DESIGN PROJECT HISTORY & THEORY DISSERTATION DESIGN REALISTATION PORTFOLIO PROFESSIONAL PRACTICE COURSEWORK/SUMMARY & ESSAY

Supporting courses (HTD) and (DRP) were delivered throughout the year through a combination of lectures, seminars, tutorials and workshops, which have brought the students’ projects to the required level of resolution in their respective fields. The Major Design Project, whilst sensitive to the scale and ambition of the student’s interests, also has a number of additional proficiency requirements, from which students may select, namely: urban design; sustainability; cultural sensitivity and community engagement (relative to the project’s aims, context and objectives). These are all clearly expressed in the documents that follow. The emphasis throughout the year has been on the synthesis of the above criteria, rather than the abstract demonstration of unrelated principles.

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OVERVIEW Project Statement “The regrown limb [in salamanders] can be monstrous, duplicated, potent. We have all been injured, profoundly. We require regeneration, not rebirth, and the possibilities for our reconstitution include the utopian dream…” - Donna Haraway (1991)

My Major Design Project is entitled The Zerzura Terrarium, an exploration into the merging of territories between Europe and Northern African. These erosions of borders take the form of a set of fictional oases located across a section running through the inhospitable Sahara Desert, to the edges of the Atlantic Coast. Zerzura is a legendary lost oasis believed to be located somewhere in the Sahara. The thriving and eventual demise of this legendary oasis occupies a parallel place to the public imaginary of the vulnerability of societies in the face of global forces such as climate change, forced migration and conflict. It should be noted that it is not only human species who are displaced and flee man-made disaster. Although the Zerzura Terrarium does draw parallel narratives of the refugee seeking asylum in European territory, my exploration through the use of migrating bird species and plant cross-pollination analogies are conducted in a speculative realm and does not seek to provide definitive answers to the contemporary refugee crisis. My project becomes a repository of fact and fiction, mythical and real conditions, real-world dystopias and projected utopias. It uses real geographic, climatic and biological factors from the natural world to comment on real-world issues of the migration and restricted movements of people. Furthermore, the project is driven by an interest in an increasingly blurred boundary between nature and culture. Science fiction is often used as a political mechanism, using the future as a medium to discuss past events and revolutionary societal futures. Designed as a series of new, science-fictional insertions into the landscape, the landscape takes on cyborgian forms, breaching dualisms of different species, of nature and machine.

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Process & Methodology In this project, I have adopted the roles of the zoologist, archaeologist, historian, botanist and scientist; to examine and reconstruct several imaginary sites that make up an ever-shifting landscape of cross-pollination, animal species and rock formation, as an allegory for human settlement, migration and memory. It is also through adopting these roles that I am able to create a unique set of languages for the architectural profession to use, as the architect's current toolset is limited. In order to begin shifting existing barrier conditions of my chosen sites, I carefully analysed the current requirements for migrating bird species, their optimal temperature, solar conditions, soil pH, humidity and nutritional intake. This resulted in a set of parameters to be used when glitching new landscape conditions. These speculated landscapes take the form of 'point cloud' models generated through the tool of photogrammetry software. I believe taxonomy, as a system of classification, is over-simplified in its representation of migrating life and their place of origin. Throughout my project, I have been challenging boundaries of classification, creating blurred indexes of the hybrid. Through manipulation of geographical conditions, be it soil pH levels, humidity, colour pigment or light qualities, the hybrid is enabled to bridge the territories of their own classification and geographic location. Migrant species begin to merge DNA of Moroccan and Spain through their ingestion and inhabitation of the eroded border sites. “We might begin to speak of ‘ruptures’ and ’ folds’, of surfaces that are ‘stretched’, of “supple and pliant surfaces” and not petrified monuments that underpin so much of Western architectural history and praxis.” - Lokko (2016)

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Sample B

Residual

Split along landscape substructure

Manually placed marker to constrain the software to converge points to the marker

Plucked foliage

Sample A

Dense cloud chunk 2 generic preselection scale settings

True gowth path

Glitched growth positions

Possible migration trajectory

Camera axis

Photogrammetry /ˌfəʊtə(ʊ)ˈɡramɪtri/ (noun) - the use of photography in surveying and mapping to ascertain measurements between objects. Interpolation /ɪntəːpəˈleɪʃ(ə)n/ (noun) - is a method of constructing new data points within the range of a discrete set of known data points. - to bridge two points by creating a new geometry between them.

Invasive mold specie over-consumes its endemic host

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Toolset The collection of artefacts from Morocco provided clues left by migrant species to unpack and explore. Over the months, the organic samples were allowed to dry and decay under their own mass. The growth and decay of organisms provided an intuitive direction in my exploration process for speculating how these same Moroccan organisms may become grafted and hybridised with European-based matter. Through this project, some species would have to be unearth using the gaze of the archaeologist, whilst other future roaming migrants are speculated into existence using science fiction and story telling. Image caption of objects, be it from under the microscope, Google Earth, or photographs captured on site, all play a role in the way I speculate the hybrid specie and the landscape they occupy. Plantsnap is a phone application tool I used to identify plant species based off their photograph. Photographs were also compiled and manipulated for photogrammetry software to reconstruct real-world species into a digital format. My toolset combined traditional instruments of science with 3D modeling software to glitch imagery produced with the tools-of-the-old. - Site samples bagged for microscopic analysis

- Microscope 10/0.25 magnification 40/0.65 magnification

- 700 x 500mm Light-box

- Taxonomy playing cards to compare power - Microscope slides of various Moroccan artefacts relation of Endemic and Exotic species

- Sample collection

- 600 x 300mm Artificial landscape

- Membrane sample

- Resin capture

- Glass terrarium

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Photogrammetry cameras angles around specimen

Point cloud residue

Contextual overlay -geological pigment comparison

Reassembly using photogrammetry

Conventional colour capturing

(+)-Catechin Amaranthaceae-Pleuropterantha Cameras

Photogrammetry model outputs

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The Atlas mountain range poses a physical barrier to the African flamingo migrating through this site on its way into Spain. In 22 000 years, a gradual tilt in the Earth's axis will shift trade winds Northwards over the African continent, bringing rain to the Sahara once again. A monsoon hits the mountain range, gradually eroding it and allowing species to pass through. Using various disciplinary roles, these drawings are generated from fragments of living matter and soil, while scientific research is also used to further analyse the Atlas mountain geography; unpacking its various barrier conditions to the migrant. Oxygen levels at altitudes could become altered by editing the existing indigenous flora with water-thirsty exotics from Europe to suit the rainfall phenomenon. Within the soil condition, roots of the indigenous African Phoenix dactylifera (Date palm) begin grafting with the Spanish Fraxinus profunda (Pumpkin ash). As the Pumpkin ash roots do not require the depth of the Date palm to escape the Sahara's scorching heat, a new cryptogenic hybrid emerges from this relationship. It's pigment changes the light quality around it. It's lush leaves release a higher rate of oxygen into the atmosphere for the migrating specie.

Spain

Pumpkin ash

Date palm

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The Bahariya Oasis site is located in the Western Desert of Egypt (coordinates: 28.384111, 28.908787). In 22 000 years, this oasis undergoes a dramatic rise in water levels from the monsoon, eroding nearby clay soils and changing the water pH quality to become more Alkaline. Arthrospira (algae) attaches to the foot of a migrating African Sacred Ibis returning from the dead, and contaminates the oasis water. This specific algae specie thrives in high Alkaline water conditions, which in turn perpetuates the Carcinus maenas (European green crab) population. The African flamingo relies on these crustaceans for nutrients which alter its feather pigment. A increase in the European green crab population directly affects the birds survivability for migrating into Europe. This drawing analyses the way the African flamingo's legs have historically allowed it to traverse these shallow oasis waters until now. In order to access crustaceans located at depths greater than 900mm, the bird begins to adapt its leg structure accordingly. These butterfly effect events may seem inconsequential at first, but speculating small edits to them alters the landscape and flora, with resulting hybrid species beginning to emerge.

African lesser f lamingo foot structure adapts with environmental moisture content

Lexicon of bird feet types

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Role of the Architect Various roles conceptualise in unique and imbricated ways to one another. As the architect in this project, I am exploring new speculative ways of creating a drawing language which can be read additionally to a currently limited array of conventional tools of the architect. 'What is this drawings' key/legend/language?' becomes a question I've asked throughout the project, and requires invention to answer. I am inspired by the way archaeologists key drawings. An absence of discovery when digging a ditch should not seen as nothing having taken place, rather the discipline works speculatively in retelling the narrative of such absences, and by working inventively in their drawing techniques to imagine how conditions occurred. By working as a speculative archaeologist/ botanist/ scientist etc, I've attempted reverse-engineering the process behind 'keying' contrasts in geological soil movement, discolouration, texture and composition. And by working backwards and placing 'keys' of landscape first, I am editing moments of geography to unfold and discuss a narrative far into the future. I have found working with the other disciplines fascinating and although I may not thoroughly understand their tools of working, a level appropriation into a medium I do understand has certainly yield interesting ways of discussing complex topics.

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Reflective Statement Scale is an important aspect I've been working with when speculating these Zerzura landscapes and their inhabitants. The chemist and scientist along with their tools of the microscopic and minute analysis allowed me to better understand occurring and reoccurring changes long into the future. I believe there is much knowledge to be gained in how architecture operates when branching into other disciplines. I am personally interested in botany and micro-organism growth as inspiration for creating architectural tools and gazes. I believe this method of role switching is will continue adding knowledge to the profession, not dilute it. Perhaps architects working alongside the chemist may be able to intercept and implement ideas quicker when working at a micro scale. And to work short term test for long term ideas.

Scale of idea inception Chemist Scientist

Microscopic scale - First to implement? - thinking small - short term

Botanist Archaeologist Architect

Macro scale - Last to implement? - thinking big - long term

Moving forward, I see my practice of architecture remaining in a speculative realm in how issues are handled, and becoming hybrid myself in a cross-disciplinary way working with roles outside of the scale of conventional architecture.

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Intentionally blank page

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The Zerzura Terrarium 1835 - Sir John Wilkinson described Zerzura from a camel herder’s account as “an oasis abounding in palms, with springs, and some ruins of an uncertain date.”

"The Oasis of Little Birds" - Kitab al Kdnuz (The Book of Hidden Pearls), 15th century.

Zerzura Terrarium

ALMANAC 5

ALMANAC 4

ALMANAC 3

ALMANAC 2

ALMANAC 1

Terrarium site 3

Terrarium site 2

Terrarium site 1

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Contents

G lo b

a l it y

rc e s

c t i on

t i on s

lt e r a

a p t io

of A

- Ad

d sc a

i f t s

e r ie s

a l Fo

D i re

p t i on

nt L a n

ie s S

e d ie

Sp e c

I ng r

e Sh

i f t s

ip l i n

e Sh

su m

C on

a sm

ic at i

Disc

Ti m

Fa b r

Ho s t

Pha n t

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Glossary Acculturation

Invasive

/əkʌltʃəˈreɪʃ(ə)n/ - noun - is a process of social, psychological, and cultural change that stems from the balancing of two cultures while adapting to the prevailing culture of the society. Acculturation is a process in which an individual adopts, acquires and adjust to a new cultural environment.

/ɪnˈveɪsɪv/ - adj - species which have become uncontrollable, threatening native species. Invasive plants are aggressive in their hold of territory as well as migration to new locations and are characteristically exploitative of their surrounding resources.

Botanist /ˈbɒt(ə)nɪst/ - noun - an expert in the scientific study of plants.

Contour feather / ˈkɒntʊə ˈfɛðə/ - noun - any of the mainly small feathers which form the outline of an adult bird's plumage. It is made up of a central shaft and a vane.

Island

Cryptogenic /ˌkrɪptəʊˈdʒɛnɪk/ - adj - potentially native, unclear origin due to lack of evidence.

Native/ Indigenous

/tʌɪm/ - noun - the concept of all geological time from the inception of the earth.

/ˈneɪtɪv/ - adj - arrived naturally to the island by natural means. They are plants which through evolution, have evolved slowly over long periods of time to be considered ‘indigenous’ or ‘native’ to a location

Endemic

Halophyte

/ɛnˈdɛmɪk/ - adj - evolved to grow natural in a certain place.

Exotic /ɪɡˈzɒtɪk,ɛɡˈzɒtɪk/ - adj - species from other countries introduces through artificial means. Origins in the Greek sense of exo – outside.

Feather /ˈfɛðə/ - verb - blend or smooth delicately.

Hybrid /ˈhʌɪbrɪd/ adj - of mixed character; composed of different elements. A new species to bridge boundaries of categorisation and cultural prejudice.

/ɪntəːpəˈleɪʃ(ə)n/ (noun) - is a method of constructing new data points within the range of a discrete set of known data points. - to bridge two points by creating a new geometry between them.

/ˈʌɪlənd/ - noun - can be compared to the world-as-a-whole, a microcosm of life enclosed in a finite, bounded entity.

Deep Time

Indigofera tinctoria (indigo) Phoenix dactylifera (date palm) Indian/ Moroccan hybrid

Interpolation

/ˈhaləfʌɪt,ˈheɪləfʌɪt/ - noun - salt tolerant plant species. These plants do not prefer saline environments but because of their ability to cope with high salinity in various ways they face much less competition in these areas.

Herbicides /ˈhəːbɪsʌɪd/ - noun - are a deliberate stress imposed onto plants by humans. This is done using chemicals to eliminate ‘unwanted’ plants species within the ecosystem.

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Industrial melanism

/ ɪnˈdʌstrɪəl ˈmɛlənɪz(ə)m/- noun - the prevalence of dark-coloured varieties of animals (especially moths) in industrial areas where they are better camouflaged than paler forms.

Salt Stress /sɔːlt,sɒlt strɛs/ - plants can be categorised to be native or not in saline environments. Saline Natives are ‘halophytes’ while non-native are ‘glycophytes’ and use their distinct cellular processes to tolerate salty environments.

Soil pH typica/ insularia intermediate melanism morph

carbonaria black melanism morph

Iron /ˈʌɪən/- noun - the primary function of iron for plants is for photosynthesis. Even though iron is a minute resource for plants, species growing soils devoid of iron can suffer chlorosis (discolouration of the leaves) and stunted growth. High concentrations of iron become toxic and plants may secrete acids from their roots to lower the pH of the soil.

Land Invaders /ɪnˈveɪdə/ - noun - the first successful land invading plants had to tolerate an array of abiotic stresses i.e. soils devoid of life as well as high fluctuations of temperature, radiation, and desiccation (extreme dryness).

Linnaeus /lɪ'niəs/ - noun - inventor of the two-part binomial nomenclature naming method. He used plant structure to tell a story of all life on earth, revealing specie relation to each other through a common descendant.

Necrotrophic /ˈnɛkrəʊ/ - noun a parasite that kills its host, then feeds on the dead matter

Perennial /pəˈrɛnɪəl/ - noun - lasting or existing for a long or apparently infinite time; enduring or continually recurring.

Photogrammetry

/ˌfəʊtə(ʊ)ˈɡramɪtri/ - adjective - the use of photography in surveying and mapping to ascertain measurements between objects.

/ sɔɪl piːˈeɪtʃ/ - noun - is measurement of Proton and Hydrogen ions in soil and is predominantly used to manage soil fertility for optimal plant productivity. The pH of soil also has a notable effect on the physical structure, biological and chemical attributes of soil. Soil pH affects the solubility of nutrients originating from organic and inorganic materials.

Stochastic /stəˈkastɪk/- adjective - having a random probability distribution or pattern that may be analysed statistically but may not be predicted precisely.

Taxonomist /takˈsɒnəmi/- noun - the branch of science concerned with classification, especially of organisms; systematics. The namer and categoriser of species.

Third Landscape / θəːd ˈlan(d)skeɪp/ - noun - existing as a lapse in time for plants for make adjustments within their genetics and tolerance, as well as becoming a physical territory for scientific observation.

Water Role /ˈwɔːtə rəʊl/ - during times of dryness, early plants evolved more complex desiccation tolerances and this can observed in the structural makeup of resurrection ferns and resurrection angiosperms. Both of which have physiological integrity which are maintained during a dehydrated state, with advanced repair mechanisms in place to help the plant function upon rehydration.

Weed /wiːd/ - noun “a plant that forms populations that are able to enter habitats cultivated, markedly disturbed or occupied by man and potentially depress or displace the resident populations that are deliberately cultivated or are of ecological or aesthetic interest”. - Navas, M. L. 1991

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Zerzura Terrarium Meta-sensory Terrarium layout unpacking and strategically implement various key moments for the user to experience as they traverse the speculated Zerzura sites

- 700 x 500mm Light-box

- Taxonomy species playing cards

- Microscope 10/0.25 magnification

- Landscape probe

- 600 x 300mm Artificial landscape 3

- Microscope slides of various artefacts to the deceased.

- Membrane sample

- Resin capture

- Glass jar

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Plan layout of Terrarium

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ALMANAC 1

Phantasm During the first almanac, I explored the element of the ceremony gift and how we remember those passed on. I investigated the morphing transition of organic species during the decaying process, and the symbiotic relationship between 'ghost' and 'host', the landscape as a decaying metaphor at the expense of the living. During this stage of the project, I collected an array of funeral gifts, synthetic and organic samples. A mold species on the decaying material was identified as Botrytis cinerea, a necrotrophic (a parasite that kills its host) fungus that affects many plant species. A lexicon was established as a guideline in my gaze.

Lexicon Mutant /ˈmjuːt(ə)nt/ - adj permanent alteration in the DNA sequence that makes up a gene

Lapse /laps/ - noun a brief or temporary failure of concentration, memory, or judgment

Contrast /ˈkɒntrɑːst/ - noun differ strikingly/ fantastically

Saturation /satʃəˈreɪʃ(ə)n/ - noun beyond the point regarded as necessary or desirable

Exposure /ɪkˈspəʊʒə,ɛkˈspəʊʒə/ - noun state of having no protection from something harmful

Extinct /ɪkˈstɪŋkt,ɛkˈstɪŋkt/ - adj a no longer sanctioned species

Botrytis cinerea mold

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Play Media '001.mp4'

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Ghost meets host Finding new life during the decaying process.

Offerings 1 - Synthetic and degradable Scent Parcel 1

- Microscope slides of various artefacts to the deceased.

Tools Offerings 2 - Organic biodegradable

- Microscope 10/0.25 magnification

- Light-box

- Glass jar

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Host Consumption The opportunist landscape parasite Revealing a killer among its host. In this scenario, a chaetomium mold species attaches to a paw paw (asimina tribola) host, slowing establishing itself in the landscape. Spores from a secondary Botrytis cinerea fruit mold is hidden with the paw paw, slowly taking over the landscape and claiming it.

Tools

- Microscope 10/0.25 magnification 40/0.65 magnification

- Light-box

- Sample collection

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Phase 1 Pigment characteristic of the chaetomium becomes less apparent. Botytis cinerea specimen feeds off the pawpaw's rich fructose concentration. 21 째C room temperature 60% relative humidity increase as matter is broken down

Phase 2 Solidarity of cell counts 21 째C Unchanged 50% Unchanged

Phase 3 Cell grouping density in petri dish. 21 째C room temperature 50% relative humidity

Phase 4 Chaetomium structure/ network expands exponentially beyond the confinements of the petri dish, creating airborne spores to seek other hosts 21 째C Unchanged 50% Unchanged 12

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Sample B

Residual

Split along landscape substructure

Manually placed marker to constrain the software to converge points to the marker

Plucked foliage

Sample A

Dense cloud chunk 2 generic preselection scale settings

True gowth path

Glitched growth positions

Possible migration trajectory

Camera axis

Invasive mold over-consumes its endemic host

UNIT TWELVE

Researchers cut out a gene known as spalt to alter wing colours of the squinting bush brown butterfly of East Africa Bicyclus anynana, resulting in changes to the scales' surface structure and rigidity, as well as colour.

Deleting the gene not only caused the butterfly to have extra eyespots, but to have shorter legs and antennae. Osgood, M. 2016

Mutations to the structure of the Bicyclus anynana butterfly

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Fabrication Fleeting reliefs for an ever-shifting landscape The early exploration into the splicing of material, capturing organic flora with sandstone.

"The pick is withdrawn. The time has come at last when the experts can close their notebooks, for there is nothing else unfound. We see Zerzura crumbling rapidly into dust. Little birds rise from within and fly away. A cloud moving across the sun makes the world a dull and colourless place." - Ralph A. Bagnold. (1935). Libyan Sands - Travel in a Dead World

Soil pigment capturing.

Intricate plantscape capturing

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Streptopelia decaocto African Collared Dove (Linnaeus, 1758)

Solanaceae-Lycopersicum Spanish nightshade

Geological/ biological DNA splice speculation

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Time Shifts Learning from seismic events of Pompeii to speculate new landscape conditions

Pompeii: Archaeologists exploration of landscape

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Sinuessa

Volturnum

Lithernum

Bafae

Puteoli (Port city) Neapolic

Misenum

Prochyta

1 hour Death toll 1500 confirmed 15000 unaccounted for Aenaria

2 hours 3 hours

Aequana Clupeoides papuensis (herring) Salmo salar Linnaeus (salmon) Monognathus ahlstromi (eel) Sillago burrus (whiting) Pleuronectes platessa(plaice) Gadus macrocephalus(cod) Oncorhynchus mykiss(trout) Esox lucius(pike)

Speculative migration routes of the Pompeii refugees following a seismic event

-1 3.

Surrentum

1 hour run Unobstructed terrain

Seeking Neighbors

Pompeii: Forced migration speculation

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19 hours Eruption terminates

15-60 minutes Food stock Fresh water

1 minute Tremors from eruption

470 minutes Disappear

160 minutes Vessel assemblage

74 minutes Take to Mediterranean 6

M Askold Vessel Technical Data Overall length 16.3m Beam overall 4.4m Draught 0.9m Displacement 10t Sail area 57mÂ˛ Passengers 40persons

Vessel of hybridity. Retaining ones identity during forced migration

Escape plan 19

Pompeii: Escape plan for disaster

OVER THE COURSE OF THREE DAYS IN A.D. 79, the cities of Pompeii and Herculaneum were covered by hot ash, pumice, and molten rock from the eruption of Mount Vesuvius. Archaeologists have accounted for some 2,000 inhabitants of those cities from voids in the ash, but their combined population at the time was around 15,000 people. So where did everyone else go?

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The archaeological landscape conditions of Pompeii over radical shifts in time

Pompeii: Rewinding events

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Play Media '002.mp4'

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01 seconds

"Romans were fond of bloodshed. North Africa was one of many places where the Roman Empire had its arenas. It was their amphitheater which, with the passage of time, had enlarged with the vanishing of many rocks.â&#x20AC;? - Waheed Ibne Musa, Johnny Fracture

Thermal material exploration of a Zerzura rock/ soil composite under extreme temperatures

Timeline

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ALMANAC 2

Discipline Shifts Discovery through lens of the Botanist, Scientist, Archaeologist, Zoologist During this almanac, I explored three Zerzura sites under the gazes of various disciplines, adopting and combining tools and methods to better understand the conditions of the landscape. The migrant species passing through the sites, be it flora or fauna, were probed under the various roles, and new conditions were speculated upon. A lexicon was used to keep research focused for what I was investigating in these new speculated scenarios.

Lexicon Axis /ˈaksɪs/ - noun a fixed reference line for the measurement of coordinates

Point /pɔɪnt/ - noun an important phrase or subject, especially in a contrapuntal composition

Symmetry /ˈsɪmɪtri/ - noun exact correspondence between different things

Saturation /satʃəˈreɪʃ(ə)n/ - noun beyond the point regarded as necessary or desirable

Adapt /əˈdapt/ - verb become adjusted to new conditions

Rhythm /ˈrɪð(ə)m/ - noun regularly recurring sequence of events

S-1

S-2

S-3

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Asian Oxalis pes-caprae

Unidentified Cryptogenic sample

Etourneau sansonnet leucistique

Discipline shifts analyse a landscape

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Zerzura ‫ ةروزرز‬- 'The Oasis of Little Birds', place of treasure and the resting place of a sleeping King and Queen, guarded by djinn (black giants) who may have been the Toubou people (Toubou - rock people)

"The first European reference to Zerzura is in an 1835 account by the English Egyptologist John Gardner Wilkinson, based on a report by an Arab who said he had found the oasis while searching for a lost camel. Placed five days west of the track connecting the oases of Farafra and Bahariya, the "Oasis called Wadee Zerzoora" abounded "in palms, with springs, and some ruins of uncertain date."

Microscope

Camera

Point cloud

Cards

Zerzura landscape speculation

2.5 hrs

Botanist 25

0.5 hrs

Archaeologist

1 hrs

Zoologist

0.5 hrs

Scientist

Scientist Role - Observation at microscope scale - Seeing big to reveal hidden elements - Shifts in time scale, rapid growth

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Section - Sahara 100 000 years ago, rivers flowed throughout the Sahara. The scientist speculates a very different landscape condition, ultimately determined by changing global climates over long periods of time.

Sahara shifts to barrier or allow specie migration

Mountain range of the Rift, that rise over the town like two horns, thus giving the name to the city Chefchaouen (in berebĂŠr this means: "watch the horns") 660m altitude

Geologist/ Paleontologist Role - Emphasis on soil types, identifying & quantifying mineral deposits - Geographic comparison between Morocco and Spain

Sahara site drought analysis with migrating species

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Section - pH extraction Careful, yet deliberate alteration of indigenous terrain to allow the transplantation of exotic species

Microscope

Camera

Basic soil structural composition Point cloud Pigment mutation in Indigofera tinctoria, creating a new identity of place.

Cards

1.0 1 hrs

Botanist 27

4.0 1 hrs

Archaeologist

7.0 0 hrs

Zoologist

10.0 1 hrs

Scientist

13.0

Botanist/ Geologist - Plants occupy the world at vastly different scales of time than humans. - Linnaeus' taxonomy order. We can determine the origin of species through their structure Role - Altering landscape flora through pH manipulation - Sampling flora/ fauna, and their methods of migration - Altering terrain to allow introducing of new species.

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Archaeology tools of unpacking

GSA

Archaeologist Plan - Excavation The unearthing of the mythical zerzura guardian using the tools of the Archaeologist.

Microscope

Camera

Point cloud

Plan of Bronze Age ring-ditch - Lesley McFadyen Cards

0 hrs

Botanist 29

4 hrs

Archaeologist

0 hrs

Zoologist

0.5 hrs

Scientist

Archaeologist -Uncovering the past, using emotive reasoning to fill in gaps -Arguments from silence - Just because nothing is unearthed doesn't mean there is nothing there. Role - Archaeology as intimately linked to the architecture of 'making' - The act of drawing as an ongoing and creative process, using emotive reason to 'fill gaps', working experimentally with other creative disciplines. - 'Empty' spaces as not void of action - An 'argument from silence' requires a change in what we are looking for

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â&#x20AC;&#x153;The geologist takes up the history of the earth at the point where the archaeologist leaves it, and carries it further back into remote antiquity.â&#x20AC;? - Bal Gangadhar Tilak, The Arctic Home in the Vedas

Zerzura guardian creature

GSA

Archaeologist Section - Guardian Excavation The unearthing of the mythical Zerzura guardian

Microscope

Camera

Wing Types Point cloud

Cards

0 hrs

Botanist 31

2.5 hrs

Archaeologist

3 hrs

Zoologist

0 hrs

Scientist

Zoologist/ Archaeologist Role - How do global forces of climate change, migration, conflict affect the living conditions of roving species?

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â&#x20AC;&#x153;I am so happy migrating birds and animals do not have visa issues and fences in the sky to halt their efforts to survive, but humans with their mindful consciousness do actually build walls around themselves.â&#x20AC;? - Rana Abdulfattah, Tiger and Clay: Syria Fragments

GSA

Microscope

Camera

Point cloud

Cards

Atlas mountain erosion over time

0.5 hrs

1.5 hrs

Botanist

Dune tidal wave shifts over time

0.25 hrs

Archaeologist

Zoologist

1 hrs

Scientist

Botanist

1 hrs

Archaeologist

1 hrs

Zoologist

Scientist

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Microscope

Spain - Pomegranate-flower

Camera

RSA - Clivia Miniata

Point cloud

Northern Africa - Date Palm Family: Arecaceae Species: Phoenix dactylifera

Cards Flora cross-pollination between Poland and Morocco

1.5 hrs

Botanist

Cross pollination of continental flora into contested territory

0.5 hrs

2 hrs

Archaeologist

Zoologist

Scientist

Cryptogenic - potentially native, unclear origin due to lack of evidence Indigenous - arrived by natural means Endemic - evolved to grow natural in a certain place Exotic - introduced through artificial means Invasive - exotic species which have become uncontrollable, threatening native specie

Botanist/ Taxonomy Role - Appropriation of the exotic and indigenous to create new narratives of identity - Linnaeus' taxonomy order. We can determine the origin of species through their structure. Altering structure to give new origin

GSA

Ingredient Landscape The Cold Scape The making of up landscape through hybrid informants. A photogrammetric landscape is generated from glitched photographs of the existing migrants requirements of oxygen, humidity, alkalinity tolerances. This generated landscapes, informed by the migrant creates a symbiotic relationship with the specie i.e. they are informed and edited by each other. By using small interventions and at a micro-scale, it may become easier to understand this relationship process and to create long term 'knock-on' effects far into the future (20 000 years when the monsoon hit the Sahara).

Play Media '003.mp4'

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Generated landscape

GSA

Chefchaouen Parametered Landscape - Cave rock, limestone

Tools

- Microscope 10/0.25 magnification 40/0.65 magnification

pH Levels 6.7

Temperature

10 - 23 Â°C

Altitude

660m

Humidity

55% rh

Clay Soil Soil with a large amount of clay are heavy and do not drain well. The following plants are well-adapted to clay soil

Soil

50% Sand 20% Clay 30% Loam

Silt Soil Silty soil is powdery with high fertility. Unfortunately, soils that are high in silt can become waterlogged very easily. The following plants are well-adapted to silty soil

Sandy Soil Sand is the largest particle in soil and does not hold nutrients well. The following plants are well-adapted to sandy soil

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Generated landscape

GSA

Moulay Bousselham Lagoon Parametered Landscape - Oued Massa Lagoon

Eleodes (Eleodes) tribulus larva

pH Levels 10.8

Temperature

10 - 27 Â°C

Altitude

660m

Humidity

70% rh

Soil

50% Sand 20% Clay 30% Loam

Tenebrionid Beetle

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Generated landscape

GSA

Akchour Parametered Landscape - Sparse resources

Atlas Mountain range

pH Levels 7.9

Temperature

5 - 20 Â°C

Altitude

3100m

Humidity

50% rh

Soil

50% Sand 20% Clay 30% Loam

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Generated landscape

GSA

Oued massa Parametered Landscape - Transfloral seeding

Lightweight soil-less planting medium ingredients: 1/2 cubic yard peat moss 1/2 cubic yard perlite 10 pounds bone meal 5 pounds blood meal 5 pounds limestone

pH Levels 9.5

43 43

Temperature

10 - 23 Â°C

Altitude

660m

Humidity

55% rh

Soil

10% Sand 70% Clay 20% Loam

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Generated landscape

44 44

GSA

ALMANAC 3

Species Series - Adaption The Coldscape The altitude of the Atlas mountain as well of its cold temperatures poses a barrier to the migrant specie. Snow is not unusual for this region and average summer temperatures are only 25Â°C (Weather Forecast, Morocco. 2019). By working as zoologist and scientist to better understand the flamingo's strategies for regulating its own heat, various environmental factors were identified. Factors of saturation, skin, bone structure, diet are all variables in controlling a flamingo's resilience in a coldscape. Through manipulating these landscape factors manually (e.g. introducing a exotic crustacean to a more alkaline water) would allow the flamingo to increases it's feather pigment and light energy absorption, increasing survivability. This almanac speculated these adaptation of the flamingo.

â&#x20AC;&#x153;There is a place in Arabia, situated near the city of Buto, to which I went, on hearing of some winged serpents; and when I arrived there, I saw bones and spines of serpents in such quantities as it would be impossible to describe. The form of the serpent is like that of the water snake; but he has wings without feathers, and as like as possible to the wings of a bat.â&#x20AC;? - Herodotus (5th century BC)

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Feather /ˈfɛðə/ - verb - to smooth delicately.

GSA

Lesser Flamingo Heat Gain The lesser flamingo found at the lagoon of Moulay Bousselham, tucks its head into lush feathers for warmth, pivoting on one foot to avoid cold waters. Over time, the birds genetics could be imagined to build resilience, taking on deeper feather pigment to trap solar heat, to grow longer feathers.

Contour feather / ˈkɒntʊə ˈfɛðə/ - noun - any of the mainly small feathers which form the outline of an adult bird's plumage. It is made up of a central shaft and a vane.

Down feather

Peppered moth specie mutates to man-made ash

/ daʊn ˈfɛðə/ - noun - insulative sub-layering feather to trap the creature's internal body heat.

Semiplume feather / ˈsɛmɪˌpluːm ˈfɛðə/ - noun - and insulative feather also serving the purpose of increased buoyancy.

Bristle feather / ˈˈbrɪs(ə)l ˈfɛðə/ - noun - modified contour feather with only a few barbs at the base. They occur around the eyes and mouth and serve the purpose of catching insects mid-flight (tyrant flycatchers & goatsuckers species)

Semiplume feather / ˈsɛmɪˌpluːm ˈfɛðə/ - noun - and insulative feather also serving the purpose of increased buoyancy.

Usually, the brighter the color of the flamingo’s feathers, the healthier the flamingo is and the higher likelihood that is will attract a mate. Pale or whitish flamingos are lacking nutrients in their diet. Healthy flamingo feather pigment

Bioexpedition, (2015).

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African flamingo's feathers saturates with increased consumption of European crustaceans

GSA

Flamingo foot structure adapts with environmental moisture content

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Flamingo feet analysis

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Lesser Flamingo Wing Adaptation Bird species adapt themselves to different climate conditions through wing structure. Migration at extreme altitudes require strength. Continental winds favour long-wingspan species, carrying them further.

African Flamingo wing structure adapts with increased European-specie diet

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â&#x20AC;&#x153;Butterflies have always had wings; people have always had legs. While history is marked by the hybridity of human societies & the desire for movement, the reality of most of migration today reveals the unequal relations between rich & poor, between North and South, between whiteness and its others.â&#x20AC;? - Harsha Walia, Undoing Border Imperialism

Flamingo wing strength analysis with increased oxygen levels

GSA

ALMANAC 4

Directionality of Alterations Specie/ Landscape - Landscape/Specie During the fourth almanac, I speculated further on new symbiotic relationships between landscape and migrant specie, with focus given to the radical climate shifts to the Sahara i.e. the monsoon. And how this shift in landscape condition could be instrumented to erode the barriers within the atlas site. The 'directionality of alterations' drawing series sees these changes altering the hybrid to become more resilient and how it in turn alters the landscape. The Atlas site looked at how high altitude ecosystems are susceptible to displacement due to shifts in the climate condition outside of the ordinary. Research reveals warmer climates will result in lower altitude birds competing for resources with the established alpine species. Alpine bird species generally have slower birth rates with longer life spans, and are therefore more rigid in their ability to adapt.

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Chefchaouen Atlas barrier erosion

GSA

The lesser flamingo found at the lagoon of Moulay Bousselham, tucks its head into lush feathers for warmth, pivoting on one foot to avoid cold waters. Over time, the birds genetics could be imagined to build resilience, taking on deeper feather pigment to trap solar heat and to grow longer feathers.

Spanish/ Moroccan - Transplant specie speculation

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Geological structure generated

GSA

Oxygen levels - Eroded altitudes vs growth strength

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Migrating Biston betularia Peppered moth species mutates it's pigment to camouflage with man-made ash of industrial Britain B. anynana butterfly. Cyclops mutation causes partial loss of veins and the fusion of some eyespots and loss of the others

Oxygen levels - Structural integrity analysis

GSA

ALMANAC 5

Global Forces Story of the Monsoon - Science fiction of future alternatives The arid landscape climate shifts in almanac five. A monsoon hits a once arid landscape condition, drowning indigenous species. The African date palm must be planted alongside its water-thirsty European counterpart. The introduction of the Spanish Pumpkin Ash (Fraxinus profunda) mitigates the gashing water force, its roots run deep to hold the soil. The graft of these two species creates a new resilient entity, the canopy of the date palm shades is now exposed Water quality - saline sea water kills off non-tolerant halophyte species. Plants are tolerant to a certain concentration of salt. New hybrids would become resilient to withstand their new environment. - fresh water, Brackish water, Briny water Fresh water - Less than 500 parts per million (ppm) of dissolved salts Brackish water - is water having more salinity than freshwater, but not as much as seawater. 0.5 and 30Â grams of saltÂ per litre.

Pumpkin ash

Date palm

Seawater typically - contains 40 grams per litre (g/l) of dissolved salts Briny water (brine) - is a high-concentration solution of salt in water. 3.5% - 26% salt solution.

Emerald ash borer Borrows in ash wood tree (including Pumpkin ash), slowly killing them

Salt concentrations in water

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Moulay Bousselham lagoon

GSA

Story of the Monsoon The landscape erodes over 3 million years, it’s once jagged limestone rockface softens. Particles of light sand tint the soils, lightening them. The hybrid root system of the Pumpkin/ Date palm tree combines the deep root strategies of the arid date palm, with the swamp root strategies of the Pumpkin Ash. The resilient wax coated leaves of leaves bare the harsh solar condition, as the extreme temperature of the Sahara still presents an obstacle for new hybrids to over-come. With the combination of shade bearing plants, ground creepers emerge, coating the terrain’s skin with their vibrant colours.

Hex triplet sRGBB CMYKH HSV

Indigo

#3F00FF (r, g, b) (63, 0, 255) (c, m, y, k) (75, 100, 0, 0) (h, s, v) (255°, 100%, 100%)

Newton prismatic colours

Futures of the Exotic The classification of what makes a species exotic/ indigenous/ cryptogenic/ endemic is fundamentally tied to the structure of the specie. Linnaeus discovered a strong correlation between the plant structures and evolutionary adaptations to specific climate conditions. These climate conditions help determine a plants origin of place. Species occurring outside of the natural biogeographic environment are considered exotic, even if their distribution is caused naturally (by ocean currents, wind or a bird transporting a seed).

Indigo symbology in Chefchaouen ( ‫) نواشفش‬ - The colour of Jews, used to demarcate territory. Along with the Ghomara tribes of the region, many Moriscos and Jews settled here after the Spanish Reconquista in medieval times. - The deep blue indigo pigment is diluted down with limestone, acting as a natural colour wash. - The light blue is likened to the colour of the sky and heaven and serve as a reminder to lead a spiritual life.

Exotic species could be allowed to persist for agricultural reasons, where anything that interferes with cultivation is deemed an invasive species. The erosion of my barrier sites addresses this question of classification. And taxonomy within itself is also a man-made construct. When the Sahara endures a cataclysmic monsoon in 41000 years’ time, the indigenous desert plants have not evolved root systems to sustain flooding and would therefore drown. By allowing the ‘exotic’ Spanish Pumpkin Ash tree to propagate with the ‘indigenous’ African desert palm date for example, would imagine a new resilient hybrid specie to not only withstand but also thrive in a very different green desertscape. Man-made global forces of climate change present new realms of barrier landscape for life. Across the Zerzura sites, these barrier conditions obstruct the movement of species between Africa and Europe. D, Minchin. (2010) Indigo Sample

UNIT TWELVE

Atlas barrier erosion - The great monsoon

GSA

Arid plants won't migrate Scientist have assumed plant species migrate to survive changes in climate, favouring more hospitable areas. Plants which are unable to migrate to new climate conditions can be compared with varieties of the same species which do adapt. The surviving adaptations are often overlooked by researches, who often find themselves focusing on the dying out variant. The surviving specie variants should be analysed further for what makes them so resilient, perhaps combining them with even hardened plants to secure their existence long into future climate fluctuations. Professor Marcelo Sternberg believes species in arid climates, surrounding the Mediterranean and Sahara will be the least affect by climate change, at least in the short and medium term. Although short term is interpreted as 20-30 years from now. Drastic adaptations can be speculated for times frames thousands and even millions of years into the future. Morjan CL, Rieseberg LH. (2004).

Berry saltbush

Sprawling Saltbush

Egyptian sea blite

Saline Species - Beans and rice can tolerate about 1â&#x20AC;&#x201C;3 g/l, and are considered glycophytes (as are most crop plants) - Date palms can tolerate about 5 g/l. Considered marginal halophytes. - Salicornia bigelovii (dwarf glasswort) can tolerate 70 g/l of dissolved solids

UNIT TWELVE

Lagoon water quality shift

GSA

Hercules and the Atlas Barrier (35.759547, -5.939152) Around the year 700BCE, Hercules encountered the Atlas mountain along his travels to the garden of the Hesperides. The Atlas mountain presented itself as a barrier between Africa and Europe. Instead of climbing the mounting, he used his strength to smash through it, forming the Strait of Gibraltar and two smaller mountains known as the Pillars of Hercules. These Pillars are identified as Gibraltar in Spain and Jebel Musa ‫ ىسوم لبج‬in Morocco. According to Roman sources, Hercules intended to narrow and already existing strait between African and Europe to prevent sea monsters from the Atlantic from entering the Mediterranean Sea. And in other versions of the myth, Hercules instead built the two mountains to hold the sky away from the earth, liberating Atlas from his damnation.

Golden crownbeard monospecific stand structure, resulting in the smothering of the surrounding vegetation

The barrier between of African and Europe has adopted a new political one, as well as physical. These barrier-scapes inhibit the movement and will require alternative subversion tactics.

Detail of Pillars of Hercules from Tabula Peutingeriana, 1-4th century CE

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Atlas structure shift - Speculative scenarios

GSA

Ladon's Myth - Sentinel Dragon Tree

Specie actors

Ladon is fierce serpent-like dragon with a hundred heads, his role was to guard the golden apples from the Garden of Hesperides. The ancient Greeks describe his physical attributes to the likes of the dragon blood tree, its cluster of sword-like blue/green leaves which sprung from multiple branches or necks, with resin which bleeds red whenever cut. The dragon’s bark feels like scales to the touch and in appearance. Hercules engaged Ladon during his eleventh task of his ‘12 Labour of Hercules’. Hercules slayed Ladon, his blood flowed over the land, sprouting dragon trees. Ladon was laid to rest among the stars by the gods as the Constellation Draco according to Greek legend. The dragon trees continue to bleed the death of Ladon with a reddish sap whenever cut. Multiple Dracaena cinnabari (dragons) have migrated from Yemen and into the harsh arid territories of the Sahara to guard treasures of the Zerzura. These perennial species stand for hundreds of years under optimal conditions. Their umbrella-like branches capture moisture from the air and transfer to its roots, as well as shade the soil above the roots. Fruits are blossom orange which are then carried by birds.

Dragon tree

Ladon Dragon

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Ladon dragon tree

GSA

Chefchaouen growth model 600 x 300mm

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Phoenix dactylifera (Date palm)

Fraxinus profunda (Pumpkin ash)

African palm tree graft with water-thirsty Spanish Pumpkin ash

GSA

Power of Water Resource - Controlled Landscapes Desert oases ecosystems are often artificially and anthropogenic generated for agriculture. The dependency on water is vital. Whichever regime controls the water source, controls and dominates the society in the region. French colonisation of Djerid, Tangier in the nineteenth century brought unprecedented innovations in water control that took the resource out of the hands of Djerid landowners. The colonial administration was not satisfied with the existing palm groves as it did not reflect the French conception of productive agriculture. Ingenious palm groves were organised in ways that were not very intuitive to the new rulers. French colonials began creating their own palm plantations in the desert: cultivating ‘new land’, drilling water wells, and implementing a new model of salaried labour that relied upon novel personnel and labour management. In doing so, the colonial rulers distanced themselves from the complex local politics surrounding the control of water, land and the workforce, the three essential elements of an oasis (Battesti, V. 2012).

“To give life to deserts, thanks to the presence of trees and greenery, to break up with the sorrowful monotony of a bare ground, to populate those mournful and silent sands, this could be the oeuvre of the artesian wells… Nothing resists our powerful tools, whilst a thick layer of stone is, for those indigenous well-diggers, an insurmountable barrier” (Tissandier 1867 :363)

Lesser Flamingo

Arthrospira Algae

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Scent Parcel 2

Scent Parcel 3

Scent Parcel 4

GSA

Altitude sensor

Scent Synthesis apparatus Combines various collected DNA samples into a hybrid entity

Specie sample bed

Humidity propulsion

Digital microscope 500X / 1000X

Light quality sensor Soil probe

Water pH capture

Geography sensory probe

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Primary Functions - Synthesizing mobile probe inserted into the landscape to read/ understand its surroundings. - Documents current algae on a water site, determining their specie origin, pH levels, humidity, salinity content. - Mutation of the language note scent from the test bed samples, combining their DNA identities and releasing the hybrid note into the atmosphere around the site. - Digital microscope probes new surfaces invisible to the naked eye, unpacking minute changes in species happening at the micro-scale.

GSA

Geography sensory probe

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Test bed for collected samples

GSA

Water-migrant mutants - Analysing an exotics algae's path from Spain to Morocco

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Growth language scent notes. Hybridising bacteria with an exotic algae specie, Salt stress and Limestone alkalinity factors

GSA

Moving Forward Role of the Architect Various roles conceptualise in unique and imbricated ways to one another. As the architect in this project, I am exploring new ways of speculating for drawings which can no longer rely on conventional tools of the architect alone. 'What is this drawing key/legend/ language?' becomes a question requiring invention. I am inspired by the way archaeologist key drawings. An absence of discovery when digging a ditch should not seen as nothing having taken place, rather archaeologists work speculatively in retelling the narrative of such absences, and by working inventively in their drawing techniques to imagine how conditions occurred. By working as a speculative archaeologist, I've attempted reverse-engineering the process behind 'keying' contrasts in geological soil movement, discolouration, texture and composition. By working backwards and placing the 'keys' of landscape first, I have been editing a moments of geography to unfold and tell a story far into the future. I find working with the other disciplines fascinating and although I may not thoroughly understand their tools of working, a level appropriation into a medium I do understand can certainly yield interesting results.

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Mechanisms of Alteration

Design process schematic using the various roles

GSA

End Part 1 - Thank you

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Intentionally blank page

GSA

MASTERS YEAR 1

Appendix A - Previous Works Linnaeus and the Garden of Earthly Delights An island presents us with several unique conditions where the word ‘nature’ can be closely observed, almost as if to be under a microscope. Literature is full of examples where an island stands in for the world-as-a-whole, a microcosm of life as we know it, enclosed in a finite, bounded entity. If I were to ask you to draw an island, chances are that you would draw a piece of land in a more-or-less circular shape, without much detail. The reality of islands is, of course, far more complicated. Réunion Island is one such place that is full of contradictions and surprises. As you have no doubt heard, it is both part of mainland France and yet it is not. Its citizens carry European passports, yet their ancestries extend far beyond Europe’s borders. It is part of Africa and yet it is not. Whilst these political and cultural contradictions are interesting, I have chosen to focus on the landscape, flora and fauna of Réunion as a way of investigating the architectural and spatial potential of the nature/culture dichotomy.

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GSA

Process & Methodology Réunion is a territory with vast amounts of energy given to its protection and conservation. One fascinating statistic about Réunion , and one which forms an underlying theme throughout this project is that Réunion has the 72% of its land under environmental protection, the highest in the world. With such emphasis placed on conservation, I asked the mundane question; what is the island being protected against? I began investigating how the landscape treats its hosts i.e. the conditions and limitations place on flora based purely off their taxonomy. French authority denies territory and even actively exterminates species based purely off a classification system of the structures of plants. The ultimate French vision for the landscape is to purge it of anything of otherness, the invasive, the alien. I believe this system is of classification is flawed and narrow-sighted in its representation of migrating life. Throughout my project, I am challenging the boundaries of classification, creating blurred indexes of the hybrid. And through manipulation of landscape conditions, be it soil pH levels, humidity, colour pigment or light qualities, create a sensory experience to address questions of classification.

The International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) has established a national park covering 42% of the island’s surface area with no tolerance for non-native species. There are 1730 known flora species inhabiting the island with dire implications imposed upon the 49% of plants unfortunate enough to be categorised as exotic. One particularly important concept in the development of my project has been the way in which plants and natural species are classified by botanists into the following categories: • Native/ Indigenous – arrived naturally to the island • Endemic – evolved to grow natural in a certain place • Exotic – species from other countries introduces through artificial means • Cryptogenic – potentially native, unclear origin due to lack of evidence • Invasive – exotic species which have become uncontrollable and threatening

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The classification of flora appears precise with the careful documentation of specie structures to determine not only their evolutionary ancestors, but origin of place. In the grand-scale of time, Réunion’s physical manifestation from the ocean depths was sudden, offering a landing fabric for life to attach to. Plant immigrants were handed citizenship by the volcanic rock. No apologies were needed during this inauguration.

Collared Dove Turtur risorius

And now the landscape is classified to be under threat. A list of endangered species has been created and carefully observed by the creator. There is limited resource, limited space, and perhaps limited tolerance as new species make their way onto the island by deliberate or accidental means. Réunion is a hybrid landscape of alien where human classification is determining which of these invaders are given amnesty, given protection. It should be protested through a lens of hybridity to expose the observer to questions of certainty. Not all territories are bordered, nor will systematic observation make it knowable.

GSA

The hybrid landscape could exist as a lapse in time for all categories of plants to adjust their genetics and tolerance to manâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s relentless imposition of control as well as manifest as a physical landscape for scientific observation.

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Throughout history, man has always viewed the concepts of ‘nature’ and ‘culture’ as diametrically opposed. Nature is defined as “the phenomena of the physical world collectively, including plants, animals, the landscape, and other features and products of the earth, as opposed to humans or human creations.” Culture is defined as “the ideas, customs, and social behaviour of a particular people or society”, typically as invented by humans.

Artificial landscape membrane

GSA

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GSA

Atmosphere dust sample collector

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Continental bird migration routes

GSA

My major design project is driven by an interest in an increasingly blurred boundary between nature and culture. Science fiction is often used as a political mechanism, using the future as a medium to discuss past events and revolutionary societal futures. Designed as a series of new, science-fictional insertions into the landscape, the landscape takes on cyborgian forms â&#x20AC;&#x201C; breaching dualisms of different species, of nature and machine.

Grafted hybrid species

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Reflective Statement 'Linnaeus and the Garden of Early Delights' presented a great opportunity for me to explore and create new ways of talking about migration and French assimilation of people on RĂŠunion through the use of plants. As living organisms, I was fascinated in the idea of the hybrid, a champion species to bridge binary definitions of what we are told by science to be alien and indigenous. The toolkit through the course of the project investigates the survival requirements of plants, their intolerances to high altitudes, soil pH strategies as well as their anthropomorphic behavior for taking and holding territory, or strategies for living in cohesion with others in communities. Discovering the unexpected brought delight and further into the physical manifestation of territories and its inhabitants. It was only by crossing into other disciplines of the botanist, the historian, the biologist to name a few, was I able to talk to the boundaries and limitation of classification. This 3rd landscape of the hybrid sits in between the realm of the fantastical and the known.

GSA

Linnaeus and the Garden of Earthly Delights A shift in focus away from traditional categories of invasiveness could imagine a new landscape of the endemic for the coherence of both plant life and culture on the island.

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Contents ALMANAC 1 Specie Classifications 99.

Relations in Tensions 107.

107

Specie Migrants 109.

109

ALMANAC 2 Sovereign Horticulture Impacts 117.

117

Hosting the Gatekeeper 123.

123

ALMANAC 3 Grafting Hybrid Species 133.

133

Editing Site 145.

145

ALMANAC 4 Speculated Landscape 149.

149

References 155.

155

GSA

Endangered Endangered Species Species EXTINCT (EX) Fabaceae Mucuna pallida Cordem. Cadoque blanche R EX Rubiaceae Fernelia pedunculata C.F. Gaertn. Bois de buis R EX Euphorbiaceae Claoxylon grandifolium (Poir.) Müll.Arg. M EX EXTINCT IN WILD (EW) Campanulaceae Lobelia parva Badré et Cadet R EW Pteridaceae Pteris dentata Forssk. EW

21 97

REGIONALLY EXTINCT (RE) Ruppiaceae Ruppia maritima L. RE Orchidaceae Nervilia simplex (Thouars) Schltr. M RE Orchidaceae Aeranthes caudata Rolfe RE Orchidaceae Angraecum palmiforme Thouars M RE Orchidaceae Disperis discifera H. Perrier RE Orchidaceae Nervilia bicarinata (Blume) Schltr. RE Asteraceae Adenostemma mauritianum DC. RE Asteraceae Launaea sarmentosa (Willd.) Schultz RE Goodeniaceae Scaevola plumieri (L.) Vahl Manioc marron du bord RE Caryophyllaceae Cerastium indicum Wight et Arn. RE Myrsinaceae Badula crassa A. DC. M RE Fabaceae Alysicarpus vaginalis (L.) DC. RE Fabaceae Clitoria heterophylla Lam. RE Fabaceae Desmodium salicifolium (Poir.) DC. RE Fabaceae Mucuna gigantea (Willd.) DC. RE Hymenophyllaceae Hymenophyllum balfourii Baker M RE Phyllanthaceae Sauropus bacciformis (L.) Airy Shaw RE Malvaceae Hibiscus liliif lorus Cav. Fleur de St Louis M RE Malvaceae Urena sinuata L. Hérisson rouge RE Ophioglossaceae Ophioglossum convexum J.E. Burrows RE Ophioglossaceae Ophioglossum lancifolium C. Presl RE Cyperaceae Mariscus sumatrensis (Retz.) J. Raynal RE Poaceae Pseudolasiacis leptolomoides (A. Camus) A. Camus RE Aspleniaceae Asplenium bipartitum Bory ex Willd. RE Aspleniaceae Asplenium gemmiferum Schrad. RE Aspleniaceae Asplenium inaequilaterale Willd. RE Aspleniaceae Asplenium sandersonii Hook. RE Blechnaceae Stenochlaena tenuifolia (Desv.) Moore RE Dennstaedtiaceae Dennstaedtia anthriscifolia (Bory ex Willd.) T. Moore RE Dennstaedtiaceae Hypolepis sparsisora (Schrad.) Kuhn RE Dennstaedtiaceae Microlepia speluncae (L.) T. Moore RE Dryopteridaceae Megalastrum lanuginosum (Willd. ex Kaulf.) Holttum RE Lindsaeaceae Lindsaea heterophylla Dryand. RE Lindsaeaceae Lindsaea repens (Bory) Thwaites RE Lomariopsidaceae Lomariopsis cordata (Bonap.) Alston RE Lomariopsidaceae Lomariopsis variabilis (Willd.) Fée M RE Oleandraceae Nephrolepis acutifolia (Desv.) H. Christ RE Polypodiaceae Grammitis pygmaea (Mett. Ex Kuhn) Copel. RE Polypodiaceae Microgramma lycopodioides (L.) Copel. RE Thelypteridaceae Amauropelta oppositiformis (C. Chr.) Holttum RE Thelypteridaceae Pseudocyclosorus pulcher (Bory ex Willd.) Holttum RE Rhamnaceae Gouania tiliifolia Lam. M RE Marsileaceae Marsilea sp.1 RE Meliaceae Turraea rutilans (Sm.) Bosser M RE

CRITICALLY ENDANGERED (CR) Fabaceae Indigofera diversifolia DC. CR Fabaceae Stylosanthes fruticosa (Retz.) Alston CR Fabaceae Tephrosia pumila (Lam.) Pers. CR Apocynaceae Camptocarpus mauritianus (Lam.) Decne. Liane café CR Apocynaceae Carissa spinarum L. Bois amer CR Apocynaceae Tabernaemontana persicariifolia Jacq. Bois de lait M CR Rubiaceae Pyrostria commersonii J.F. Gmel. Bois mussard R CR Rubiaceae Spermacoce f lagelliformis Poir. M CR Lamiaceae Clerodendrum heterophyllum (Poir.) R. Br. Bois CR Lamiaceae Lepechina chamaedryoides (Balb.) Epling CR Orobanchaceae Nesogenes orerensis (Cordem.) Marais R CR Plantaginaceae Bacopa monnieri (L.) Pennell CR Scrophulariaceae Buddleja indica Lam. CR Hernandiaceae Hernandia mascarenensis (Meisn.) Kubitzki CR Huperziaceae Huperzia obtusifolia (Sw.) Rothm. CR Huperziaceae Huperzia phlegmaria (L.) Rothm. CR Huperziaceae Huperzia selago (L.) Bernh. ex Schrank et Mart. CR Euphorbiaceae Chamaesyce goliana (Lam.) comb. ined. R CR Euphorbiaceae Claoxylon setosum Coode R CR Euphorbiaceae Croton mauritianus Lam. Ti bois de senteur R CR Euphorbiaceae Stillingia lineata (Lam.) Müll.Arg. Tanguin pays CR Malvaceae Dombeya populnea (Cav.) Baker Bois de senteur bleu M CR Malvaceae Heritiera littoralis Aiton CR Malvaceae Hibiscus columnaris Cav. Mahot rempart M CR Malvaceae Hibiscus ovalifolius (Forssk.) Vahl CR Malvaceae Ruizia cordata Cav. Bois de senteur blanc R CR Malvaceae Thespesia populneoides (Roxb.) Kostel. Porché CR Combretaceae Terminalia bentzoë (L.) L. f. Benjoin M CR Onagraceae Ludwigia jussiaeoides Desr. CR Ophioglossaceae Ophioglossum reticulatum L. Herbe paille-en-queue CR Cyperaceae Bulbostylis barbata (Rottb.) C.B. Clarke CR Cyperaceae Cyperus expansus Poir. R CR Cyperaceae Eleocharis minuta Boeck. CR Poaceae Sporobolus virginicus (L.) Kunth CR Aspleniaceae Asplenium lividum Mett. ex Kuhn CR Aspleniaceae Asplenium petiolulatum Mett. ex Kuhn CR Dennstaedtiaceae Hypolepis goetzei Reimers CR Dryopteridaceae Dryopteris pentheri (Krasser) C. Chr. CR Dryopteridaceae Hypodematium crenatum (Forssk.) Kuhn CR Dryopteridaceae Polystichum luctuosum (Kunze) T. Moore CR Dryopteridaceae Polystichum wilsonii H. Christ CR Lomariopsidaceae Bolbitis auriculata (Lam.) Alston CR Lomariopsidaceae Lomariopsis mauritientis Lorence M CR Polypodiaceae Terpsichore cultrata (Bory ex Willd.) A.R. Sm. CR Pteridaceae Pteris croesus Bory CR Pteridaceae Pteris nevillei Baker R CR Pteridaceae Pteris pseudolonchitis Bory ex Willd. CR Pteridaceae Vittaria scolopendrina (Bory) Thwaites CR Pteridaceae Vittaria zosterifolia Willd. CR Tectariaceae Tectaria pica (L. f.) C. Chr. CR Thelypteridaceae Amauropelta tomentosa (Thouars) Holttum M CR Thelypteridaceae Christella gueinziana (Mett.) Holttum CR Thelypteridaceae Pseudophegopteris aubertii (Desv.) Holttum CR Rhamnaceae Gouania mauritiana Lam. Liane savon CR Anacardiaceae Poupartia borbonica J.F. Gmel. Bois blanc rouge M CR Meliaceae Turraea oppositifolia (Cav.) Harms Bois café M CR Convolvulaceae Ipomoea littoralis Blume CR Convolvulaceae Stictocardia tiliifolia (Desr.) Hallier f. CR Vitaceae Cissus anulata Desc. M CR

ENDANGERED (EN) Araceae Typhonodorum lindleyanum Schott Via EN Hydrocharitaceae Hydrilla verticillata (L. f.) Royle EN Potamogetonaceae Zannichellia palustris L. EN Araliaceae Hydrocotyle grossularioides A. Rich. R EN Araliaceae Polyscias borbonica Marais R EN Araliaceae Polyscias sessilif lora Marais R EN Asphodelaceae Aloe macra Haw. Mazambron marron R EN Iridaceae Gladiolus luteus Lam. EN Orchidaceae Aeranthes adenopoda H. Perrier EN Orchidaceae Angraecum germinyanum Hook. f. EN Orchidaceae Angraecum tenuifolium Frapp. ex Cordem. R EN Orchidaceae Bathiorchis rosea (H.Perrier) Bosser & P.J.Cribb R EN Orchidaceae Eulophia versicolor Frapp. ex Cordem. R EN Orchidaceae Habenaria undulata Frapp. ex Cordem. R EN Orchidaceae Liparis bernieri Frapp. ex Cordem. R EN Orchidaceae Liparis punctilabris Frapp. ex Cordem. R EN Orchidaceae Microcoelia aphylla (Thouars) Summerh. EN Asteraceae Psiadia rivalsii A.J. Scott R EN Campanulaceae Heterochaenia borbonica Badré et Cadet R EN Boraginaceae Tournefortia acuminata DC. Bois de Laurent-Martin R EN Brassicaceae Cardamine africana L. Cresson marron EN Gisekiaceae Gisekia pharnaceoides L. EN Sapotaceae Sideroxylon majus (C.F. Gaertn.) Baehni Bois de fer R EN Fabaceae Macrotyloma axillare (E. Mey.) Verdc. EN Fabaceae Sophora denudata Bory Petit tamarin des hauts R EN Fabaceae Zornia gibbosa Span. EN Rubiaceae Coptosperma borbonica (Hend. et A.A. Hend.) EN Rubiaceae Fernelia buxifolia Lam. Bois de balai M EN Rubiaceae Pyrostria orbicularis A. Rich. ex DC. Bois mussard R EN Gleicheniaceae Gleichenia polypodioides (L.) Sm. EN Hymenophyllaceae Crepidomanes frappieri (Cordem.) J. P. Roux EN Plantaginaceae Bryodes micrantha Benth. EN Huperziaceae Huperzia dentata (Herter) Holub EN Huperziaceae Huperzia saururus (Lam.) Trevis. EN Euphorbiaceae Acalypha reticulata (Poir.) Müll.Arg. EN Euphorbiaceae Chamaesyce viridula (Cordem. ex Radcl.-Sm.) Soják R EN Euphorbiaceae Claoxylon racemif lorum A. Juss. ex Baill. EN Linaceae Hugonia serrata Lam. Liane de clef M EN Putranjivaceae Drypetes caustica (Frapp. ex Cordem.) EN Salicaceae Scolopia heterophylla (Lam.) Sleumer Bois de prune M EN Malvaceae Abutilon exstipulare (Cav.) G. Don R EN Malvaceae Dombeya blattiolens Frapp. ex Cordem. Mahot blanc R EN Malvaceae Dombeya umbellata Cav. Mahot noir R EN Malvaceae Hibiscus tiliaceus L. Mova EN Malvaceae Sida cordifolia L. Herbe dure EN Lythraceae Nesaea trif lora (L. f.) Kunth EN Myrtaceae Syzygium borbonicum J. Guého et A.J. Scott Bois EN Ophioglossaceae Cheiroglossa malgassica (C. Chr.) Pic.Serm. EN Osmundaceae Osmunda regalis L. Osmonde EN

UNIT TWELVE

Cyperaceae Cyperus stoloniferus Retz. EN Cyperaceae Fimbristylis sieberiana Kunth EN Poaceae Helictotrichon sp.1 R EN Poaceae Phragmites mauritianus Kunth Roseau EN Aspleniaceae Asplenium auritum Sw. EN Aspleniaceae Asplenium nidus L. Nid d'oiseau EN Aspleniaceae Asplenium rutifolium (Berg.) Kunze EN Aspleniaceae Ceterach cordatum (Thunb.) Desv. EN Dryopteridaceae Dryopteris antarctica (Baker) C. Chr. EN Dryopteridaceae Dryopteris wallichiana (Spreng.) Hyl. EN Dryopteridaceae Megalastrum canacae (Holttum) Holttum M EN Lindsaeaceae Lindsaea ensifolia Sw. EN Polypodiaceae Grammitis poolii (Baker) Copel. EN Polypodiaceae Microsorum punctatum (L.) Copel. EN Pteridaceae Acrostichum aureum L. EN Pteridaceae Adiantum hirsutum Bory EN Pteridaceae Antrophyum immersum (Bory ex Willd.) Mett. EN Pteridaceae Ceratopteris cornuta (P. Beauv.) Lepr. EN Pteridaceae Doryopteris pedatoides (Desv.) Kuhn EN Pteridaceae Pellaea angulosa (Bory ex Willd.) Baker EN Pteridaceae Pteris cretica L. EN Pteridaceae Pteris linearis Poir. EN Tectariaceae Tectaria puberula (Desv.) C. Chr. EN Thelypteridaceae Christella parasitica (L.) H.Lév. EN Urticaceae Droguetia gaudichaudiana Marais R EN Urticaceae Obetia ficifolia (Poir.) Gaudich. Bois d'ortie M EN Urticaceae Pilea cadetii Marais R EN Meliaceae Turraea monticola Bosser R EN Rutaceae Melicope segregis (Cordem.) T.G. Hartley Bois de catafaye R EN Rutaceae Zanthoxylum heterophyllum (Lam.) Sm. Bois de poivre M EN Schizaeaceae Schizaea dichotoma (L.) Sm. EN

VULNERABLE (VU) Araliaceae Polyscias coriacea Marais R VU Arecaceae Acanthophoenix crinita (Bory) H. Wendl. Palmiste rouge VU Orchidaceae Aerangis punctata J. Stewart VU Orchidaceae Aeranthes tenella Bosser VU Orchidaceae Angraecum calceolus Thouars VU Orchidaceae Angraecum hermannii (Cordem.) Schltr. R VU Orchidaceae Angraecum liliodorum Frapp. ex Cordem. R VU Orchidaceae Angraecum pingue Frapp. ex Cordem. M VU Orchidaceae Bulbophyllum macrocarpum Frapp. ex Cordem. R VU Orchidaceae Calanthe candida Bosser M VU Orchidaceae Corymborkis corymbis Thouars VU Orchidaceae Cynorkis discolor (Frapp. ex Cordem.) R VU Orchidaceae Disperis tripetaloides (Thouars) Lindl. VU Orchidaceae Gastrodia similis Bosser R VU Orchidaceae Jumellea divaricata (Frapp. ex Cordem.) Schltr. R VU Orchidaceae Jumellea recurva (Thouars) Schltr. M VU Orchidaceae Jumellea stenophylla (Frapp. ex Cordem.) Schltr. R VU Orchidaceae Oeceoclades monophylla (A. Rich.) Garay et P. Taylor M VU Orchidaceae Oeoniella polystachys (Thouars) Schltr. VU Orchidaceae Physoceras boryanum (A. Rich.) Bosser M VU Asteraceae Eriotrix commersonii Cadet R VU Asteraceae Faujasia cadetiana C. Jeffrey R VU Asteraceae Faujasia squamosa (Bory) C. Jeffrey R VU Asteraceae Monarrhenus pinifolius Cass. Bois de chenilles R VU Asteraceae Parafaujasia fontinalis (Cordem.) C. Jeffrey R VU Asteraceae Psiadia retusa (Lam.) DC. La salière R VU Asteraceae Psiadia salaziana Cordem. R VU Asteraceae Psiadia sericea Cordem. R VU Campanulaceae Berenice arguta Tul. R VU Campanulaceae Lobelia serpens Lam. VU Boraginaceae Cynoglossum borbonicum Bory R VU Boraginaceae Cynoglossum cernum Baker VU Icacinaceae Apodytes dimidiata E. Mey. ex Arn. Peau gris VU Aizoaceae Zaleya pentandra (L.) C. Jeffrey Pourpier rouge VU Amaranthaceae Alternanthera sessilis (L.) R. Br. ex DC. Brède VU Ebenaceae Diospyros borbonica I. Richardson Bois noir des hauts R VU Myrsinaceae Badula decumbens (Cordem.) Coode R VU Myrsinaceae Embelia micrantha (A. DC.) A. DC. M VU Fabaceae Caesalpinia bonduc (L.) Roxb. Bonduc VU Fabaceae Strongylodon lucidus (G. Forst.) Seem. Cadoque blanche VU Apocynaceae Ochrosia borbonica J.F. Gmel. Bois jaune M VU Apocynaceae Secamone volubilis (Lam.) Marais Liane d'olive M VU Apocynaceae Trichosandra borbonica Decne. Liane noire R VU Gleicheniaceae Dicranopteris cadetii Tardieu VU Gleicheniaceae Gleichenia boryi Kunze VU Hymenophyllaceae Crepidomanes bonapartei (C.Chr.) J.P.Roux VU Hymenophyllaceae Crepidomanes fallax (H. Christ) Ebihara VU Hymenophyllaceae Vandenboschia gigantea (Bory ex Willd.) VU Lamiaceae Premna serratifolia L. Lingue blanc VU Oleaceae Chionanthus broomeana (Horne ex Oliv.) A.J. VU Plantaginaceae Lindernia rotundifolia (L.) Alston VU Monimiaceae Tambourissa crassa Lorence Bois de bombarde R VU Huperziaceae Huperzia squarrosa (G. Forst.) Trevis. VU Lycopodiaceae Lycopodiella caroliniana (L.) Pic.Serm. VU Erythroxylaceae Erythroxylum hypericifolium Lam. Bois d'huile M VU Erythroxylaceae Erythroxylum sideroxyloides Lam. Bois de ronde M VU Euphorbiaceae Chamaesyce reconciliationis (Radcl.-Sm.) Soják R VU Euphorbiaceae Claoxylon dolichostachyum Cordem. R VU Phyllanthaceae Phyllanthus consanguineus Müll.Arg. VU

Malvaceae Dombeya acutangula Cav. Mahot tantan M VU Malvaceae Dombeya delislei Arènes Mahot bleu R VU Marattiaceae Angiopteris madagascariensis de Vriese VU Lythraceae Pemphis acidula J.R. Forst. et G. Forst. Bois matelot VU Memecylaceae Memecylon cordatum Lam. Bois de balai M VU Myrtaceae Eugenia mespiloides Lam. Bois de nèf les à grandes feuilles VU Onagraceae Ludwigia stolonifera (Guill. et Perr.) Raven VU Ophioglossaceae Ophioderma pendula (L.) C. Presl VU Ophioglossaceae Ophioglossum vulgatum L. Herbe paille-en-queue VU Piperaceae Peperomia pedunculata C. DC. R VU Cyperaceae Cyperus articulatus L. VU Cyperaceae Eleocharis sp.1 R VU Cyperaceae Fimbristylis complanata (Retz.) Link VU Poaceae Festuca abyssinica A. Rich. VU Poaceae Lepturus repens (G. Forst.) R. Br. VU Poaceae Setaria geminata (Forssk.) Veldkamp Herbe de riz VU Poaceae Streblochaete longiaristata (A. Rich.) Pilg. VU Poaceae Zoysia matrella (L.) Merr. Gazon bord de mer VU Aspleniaceae Asplenium erectum Bory ex Willd. VU Aspleniaceae Asplenium monanthes L. VU Aspleniaceae Asplenium protensum Schrad. VU Aspleniaceae Asplenium theciferum (Kunth) Mett. VU Davalliaceae Humata repens (L. f.) Diels VU Dryopteridaceae Nothoperanema squamisetum (Hook.) Ching VU Lomariopsidaceae Lomariopsis pollicina Willemet ex Kuhn VU Oleandraceae Arthropteris monocarpa (Cordem.) C. Chr. VU Oleandraceae Nephrolepis undulata (K. Afzel. ex Sw.) J. Sm. VU Polypodiaceae Ctenopteris torulosa (Baker) Tardieu VU Polypodiaceae Grammitis cryptophlebia (Baker) Copel. VU Polypodiaceae Lellingeria myosuroides (Sw.) A.R. Sm. et Moran VU Pteridaceae Adiantum thalictroides Willd. ex Schltdl. Capillaire des VU Pteridaceae Cheilanthes hirta Sw. VU Pteridaceae Pellaea calomelanos (Sw.) Link VU Pteridaceae Pellaea quadripinnata (Forssk.) Prantl VU Pteridaceae Pityrogramma argentea (Willd.) Domin VU Thelypteridaceae Sphaerostephanos arbuscula (Willd.) Holttum VU Woodsiaceae Cystopteris diaphana (Bory) Blasdell VU Urticaceae Parietaria debilis G. Forst. VU Urticaceae Pilea borbonica Marais R VU Olacaceae Olax psittacorum (Lam.) Vahl Bois d'effort M VU Meliaceae Turraea cadetii A.J. Scott R VU Meliaceae Turraea ovata (Cav.) Harms Petit quivi M VU Rutaceae Vepris lanceolata (Lam.) G. Don Patte poule VU Convolvulaceae Dichondra repens J.R. Forst. et G. Forst. VU Solanaceae Lycium mascarenense A.M. Venter et A.J. Scott VU

GSA

ALMANAC 1 Specie Classifications Plant Taxonomy The native flora of RĂŠunion has been introduced to new species of agriculture, medicinal and ornamental plants, In some cases, this induction has driven indigenous species to extinction. According to the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), 256 species are catergorised as endangered.

Exotic Species

Spontaneous Species

UNIT TWELVE

Native Species

100

GSA

The Early Land Invaders - The Cryptogenic Cryptogenic species are potentially native, but have an unclear origin due to lacking evidence.

101

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102

GSA

The Early Land Invaders - The Endemic Endemic species are species that have evolved into a new species, growing naturally only in a certain place

103

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104

GSA

The Early Land Invaders - The Exotic Exotic species have been introduced by man, coming from other countries

105

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106

GSA

Relations in Tensions Top Trump Species The card game pits species of flora against each other. In a military style game, the one with the strongest stats wins, or in this case, the plant with the highest altitude, pH tolerance, or number of its family to be endangered wins. How to Play: - Shuffle the deck and deal each player a card with it facing down - Pick up your card not to reveal it to the other players. - The player to the dealer's left reads out the value of one of characteristics of their card. - Other players then compare that value with their own and the player with the highest value wins and collects all cards trumped card played during that round. - In the event of a tie, the player who started the round must choose another characteristic. - The person will all the cards at the end is declared the winner

UNIT TW

Categorised Invasive Species Cyperaceae Cystopteridaceae Davalliaceae Dennstaedtiaceae Dilleniaceae Dioscoreaceae Dombeyaceae Drynariaceae Dryopteridaceae Ebenaceae ehretioideae Elaeocarpaceae Elaphoglossaceae Equisetaceae Ericaceae Eriocaulaceae Erythroxylaceae escalloniaceae Euphorbiaceae Fabaceae

44 1 2 8 0 0 0 0 34 1 0 0 0 1 5 1 3 1 16 23

Categorised Specie of the Invasive

107

20 0 0 0 1 2 0 0 2 3 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 38 189

71 1 2 8 1 2 0 0 36 4 0 1 0 1 6 1 3 1 55 217

8 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 8 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 9 11

3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 13

UNIT TWELVE

GSA

Salazie, Réunion Isolated Territory

[1] Political and historical study: origin / date of independence / political situation (refer to CIA World Factbook) and make reference to the presentation by Professor Phil Harrison: is governance centralized or decentralized, is the hierarchy predominantly vertically or horizontally structured?

Réunion - The sovereign proxy

Réunion is situated in a seemingly isolate territory in the Southern Indian Ocean. This 2500km² Réunion is situated in a seemingly isolate territory in the Southern piece of volcanic land is located 9000km from Mainland France, yet despite the great distance, the Indian Ocean. This 2500km² piece of volcanic land is located 9000km island is administered by French Laws, Culture and Language. La Réunion consists of from a diverse Mainland France, yet despite the great distance, the island is administered by French Laws, Culture and Language. La Réunion population living under French administration. With only 5% of all inhabitants being Z’oreilles consists of a diverse population living under French administration. (white French), the vast majority of people living here find themselves on a slice of Europe in the With only 5% of all inhabitants being Z’oreilles (white French), the vast southern hemisphere. To the Creole islanders, there is a misalignment with their identity of ancestral majority of people living here find themselves on a slice of Europe in the belonging and their current administered citizenship southern hemisphere. To the Creole islanders, there is a misalignment

Despite the islands’ distance of over 9000km from mainland France, Reunion is a French region governed by French laws and customs. The island was first occupied by the Portuguese and British and was historically used as a boating island for restocking trade ships

with their identity of ancestral belonging and their current administered citizenship.

Réunion Mauritius

Sovereign cartographies

Réunion island is 9000km from Mainland France -Admistered by F

108

GSA

Specie Migrants Seed Colonisation â&#x20AC;&#x153;Man begets, but land does not beget..â&#x20AC;? - Cecil Rhodes

Through natural means of travel by air or ocean current, to man's artificial implementation, flora seeds have made their way onto the island altering it.

109

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110

GSA

The early specie settlers - Hell-bourg, Salazie Section through Hell-bourg investigating the invasive take over from â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;colonisingâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; cultivation species. The natural flora consists of highly-guarded 'endemic' species to be given sanction in this region from the 'invasives'.

111

UNIT TWELVE

112

GSA

77 113

UNIT TWELVE

78 114

GSA

79 115

Future Projections

UNIT TWELVE

80 Future Projections

116

GSA

ALMANAC 2

Sovereign Horticulture Impacts

Site Ingestion RĂŠunion is a region which is completely hybrid â&#x20AC;&#x201C; in its geology and topography, in its seasonal shifts and cycles, and in its fauna and flora habitats and inhabitants. 117

UNIT TWELVE

Erosion -Vulnerable Landscapes Eroding soil condition analysis investigates the relations of cultivation to areas of vulnerability. 118

GSA

Interior Horticulture - Circle of convenience Salazieâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s area of cultivation influence forms around a naturally formed crater, resulting in a radial behavior. 119

UNIT TWELVE

Waterforce - Nutrient quality over distance Maturity of ‘Rivière du Mât’ from it’s source in Salazie towards the East side of the island. 120

GSA

Terrain RĂŠunion is a volcanic island formed 6 million years ago. The terrain consists mostly rugged and mountainous with fertile lowlands along the coast line. An active volcano on the Southern part of the Island poses a threat to the road infrastructure.

121

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122

GSA

Determinant Resources

Water-based Land Invaders

Hosting the Gatekeeper

The first successful land invading plants had to tolerate an array of abiotic stresses i.e. soils devoid of life as well as high fluctuations of temperature, radiation, and desiccation (extreme dryness). These early land invading plants used algae as a common ancestor to bridge the water differences of marine Requirements for water-based land invaders and fresh water. From the perspective of plants transitioning from ocean onto land, water played a vital transitional resource but alsoplants limited the territories purely on water strategies. The first successful land invading had to tolerate an arrayofofplants abiotic dependant stresses

i.e. soils devoid of life as well as high fluctuations of temperature, radiation, and desiccation island (extreme dryness).anThese early environment land invading plants used algae as ainvaders with a tropical climate RĂŠunion presents optimal for the early land common ancestor to bridge the water differences of marine and fresh water. From and annual rainfall average of 170mm with January being the wettest month with 379mm of rain the perspective of plants transitioning from ocean onto land, water played a vital (World Climate the dependent landscapepurely peaks transitional resourceGuide. but also2018). limited Geographically, the territories of plants on at 3069 meters above sea level catching cloud cover and providing a constant supply of condensation over the island. water strategies.

43 123

UNIT TWELVE

RĂŠunion island presents an optimal environment for the early land invaders with a tropical climate and annual rainfall average of 170mm with January being the wettest month with 379mm of rain (World Climate Guide. 2018). Geographically, the landscape peaks at 3069 meters above sea level catching cloud cover and providing a constant supply of condensation over the island.

44 124

GSA

Soil pH

Requirements - Soil pH as a gatekeeper to migrants ‘pH’ is measurement of Proton and Hydrogen ions in soil and is predominantly used to manage soil fertility for optimal plantand productivity (Marschner. The pH of soil also has a notable effect on ‘pH’ is measurement of Proton Hydrogen ions in soil and is 1995). predominantly used to manage soil fertility for optimal plant productivity (Marschner. 1995). The pH the physical structure, biological and chemical attributes of soil. The optimal pH level for plants is of soil also a notable effect however on the physical structure, biological chemical within thehasrange of 6-7.5, human activities and and other environmental factors can alter the attributes of soil. The optimal pH level for plants is within the range of 6-7.5, range ofhuman pH levels considerably. Soil pH isfactors important way however activities and other environmental can alterinthethe range of it pHalters the solubility of nutrients originating fromSoil organic and inorganic Soils areofan immediate source of plant nutrients, levels considerably. pH is important in the waymaterials. it alters the solubility nutrients originating organic and inorganic materials. Soils are an in immediate and whilefrom a fraction of these nutrients are offered liquid source form, ofthe soil’s texture, water content, plant nutrients, a fraction of these nutrients are offered in liquid form, the structure andand pHwhile affects the behaviour of nutrients. soil’s texture, water content, structure and pH affects the behaviour of nutrients.

125

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46 126

GSA

Requirements - Role of Iron for the arriving specie

Role of Iron

The primary function of iron for plants is for photosynthesis. Even though iron is a minute resource for plants, species growing soils devoid of iron can suffer chlorosis The primary of function of iron for plants is forHigh photosynthesis. (discolouration the leaves) and stunted growth. concentrations Even of ironthough iron is a minute resource become toxic species and plantsgrowing may secrete acids from their roots can to lower the pH of the (discolouration of the leaves) for plants, soils devoid of iron suffer chlorosisÂ soil. Some symptoms plants exert when under stress from high iron concentration and stunted growth. High concentrations of iron become toxic and plants may secrete acids from are stripping and bronzing of their leaves. According to researcher Molly Allman their roots to lower the pH of the soil. Some symptoms plants exert when under stress from high (2018) Tomatoes and basil are especially vulnerable to the toxicities of iron, and these iron concentration are more stripping and abronzing their leaves. According to researcher Molly Allman species do not tolerate soils acidic than pH value ofof5.8.

(2018) Tomatoes and basil are especially vulnerable to the toxicities of iron, and these species do not tolerate soils more acidic than a pH value of 5.8.

Acupuncture Landscape Along the trail will be insertion of acupuncture needles into the landscape, injecting it with pH altering chemicals, affecting the ability for certain flora species to thrive, offering pockets of territory for the tolerant hybrid to gain control. 127

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Indo versus Exo Section through Hell-bourg investigating the invasive take over from â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;colonisingâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; cultivation species. 128

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Salt Stress Plants can be categorised to be native or not in saline environments. Saline Natives are ‘halophytes’ while non-native are ‘glycophytes’ and use their distinct cellular processes to tolerate salty environments (Adams et al., 1998; Tester & Davenport, 2003). Horticultural species such as wheat and tomatoes share ancestry with glycophyte relatives putting them at a natural disadvantage to salt tolerance.

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Herbicides Herbicides are a deliberate stress imposed onto plants by humans. This is done using chemicals to eliminate ‘unwanted’ plants species within the ecosystem. Herbicides were initially discovered through the greenhouse screening of mass synthesised chemicals for the use of toxicity against plants. These chemicals were ‘off-the-shelve’ available to the public and allowed experimenting with chemicals targeting specific species. Weeds were therefore targeted through a trial and error approach (Mack et al., 2000).

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ALMANAC 3 Grafting Hybrid Species

Plant Hybrids

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The large Psidium cattleianum tree encloses the canopy preventing evapouration and starving species beneath of light. -Humidity increase -Temperature decrease -pH range widened to 4.3-7.3 85 85

86 86

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Highly invasive Boehmeria macrophylla tree dominates water resource and acidifies soil conditions making it difficult for other species to thrive. -Humidity decrease -Temperature unchanged -pH 4.3-6.0 87

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Psidium Guajava is a common invasive shrub from the Southern Americas. The larger leave surface area of the Clidemia hirta retains larger amounts of rainfall leaving the area more humid. -Humidity increases -Temperature increase -pH range widened to 4.5-8.2 89

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The Santalum-Haleakalae adapts itself to dry climates through the use of hard capsulated stems. This structure combined with the larger leaves of the Psidium Guajava makes the plant more resilient than competing species in this area. -Humidity decrease -Temperature increases -pH increases to 6.0-7.5 91

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Carpobrotus edulis Southern African invasive rapidity saps water resource. -Humidity decrease -Temperature decrease -pH alkaline increase 6.5-8.2

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The threatening Rubus alceifolius tree spreads with the aid of the Red-whiskered bulbul bird. Red berries are toxic in large quantities, soil becomes acidified. -Humidity unchanged -Temperature unchanged -pH lowered to 4.5-6.5 95

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Carpobrotus edulis spreads wildly. -Humidity increase -pH unchanged 5.0 - 7.5

100

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Somalian Amaranthaceae-Pleuropterantha creeper species invades forest floor -Dry, hot micro-climate -pH narrowed to 5.0 - 6.0

101 101

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Moisture absorbed by thirsty Brazilian invasives -Humidity decrease -Slight temperature increase -pH greatly range widened to 4.2-8.2

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Editing Site Test Tube Mapping The littoral region of RĂŠunion island is placed into test tubes of varying scales and shaken. The resultant landscape concoction imagines the blend of the built urban with the inner horticultural fields. Vegetables reveal themselves at magnificent scale, taking over built infrastructure

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“The regrown limb [in salamanders] can be monstrous, duplicated, potent. We have all been injured, profoundly. We require regeneration, not rebirth, and the possibilities for our reconstitution include the utopian dream… – Donna Haraway

Growth of the cyborg 146

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Hybrid Object Landscape There is a third way in the form of a hybridity to allow invasive species to make a transition towards an endemic stasis. In much the same way the first land invaders were water-centric specialists during occupation of terrestrial territories, so too must the invasive species be allowed to find their niche and co-existence with the horticultural landscape.

Salazie ruptured site - Current soil conditions 147

Vulnerable species

Near Threatened species

Endangered species

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Volcanic mountain site - Host for invasive species 148

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ALMANAC 4 Morphing Landscape Speculated Landscape

7 149

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10 150

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Hiking Trail Hiking Trail

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The third landscape could exist as a lapse in time for plants for make adjustments within their genetics and tolerance, as well as becoming a physical territory for scientific observation.

Scales of Time

The third landscape could exist as a lapse in time for plants for make adjustments within their genetics and tolerance, as well as becoming a physical territory for scientific observation.

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References Published Resources Bagnold, RA. (1935). Libyan Sands - Travel in a Dead World. Eland, 2010 Burke, P. (2009). Cultural Hybridity. Cambridge: Polity Press. Carvalho, F. (2015). Molecular phylogeny, biogeography and an e-monograph of the papaya family (caricaceae) as an example of taxonomy in the electronic age Universität München, Germany, 2014

Marschner, H. (1995). Distribution and function of proteoid roots and other root clusters. Botanica Acta, 108, 183–200.

Chadwick, A. (2004). Stories from the Landscape – Archaeologies of Inhabitation. England: Archaeopress.

Navas, M. L. (1991). Using plant populations biology in weed research: a strategy to improve weed management. Weed Research, 31, 171–179.

Cornea, C. (2007). Science Fiction Cinema - Between Fantasy and Reality. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press

Powles & J. Holtum (eds). (1994). Mechanisms of plant resistance to glyphosate. Herbicide Resistance in Plants: Biology and Biochemistry. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, pp. 229–241.

Dolor, J. (1992). La Reunion de l’extréme. France: Ocean Indien Serge Gelabert Eagletion, T. (2000). The Idea of Culture. New Jersey: Wiley Haraway, D. (1991). ‘A Cyborg Manifesto: Science, Technology and Socialist-Feminism in the Late Twentieth Century’ in Simians, Cyborgs and Women: The Reinvention of Nature. New York: Routledge. Harman, G. (2002). Tool-Being: Heidegger and the Metaphysics of Objects. Chicago: Open Court. Harman, G. (2011). The Quadruple Object. United Kingdom: Zero Books Heidegger, M. (1929). The Essence of Reasons. Evanston: Northwestern University Press. Herodotus [sa]. Herodotus: A New and Literal Version with a Geographical and General Index. New York: Harper & Brothers Jenks, M. (2005). Plant Abiotic Stress. Indiana: Wiley Blackwell. Kidd, P. S. & Proctor, J. (2001). Why plants grow poorly on very acid soils: are ecologists missing the obvious? Journal of Experimental Botany, 52, 791–799. Latour, B. (2012). We Have Never Been Modern Nous n 'avons jamais ete modernes: Essais d'anthropologie symmetrique. Harvard University Press

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Mack, R. N., Simberloff, D., Lonsdale, W. M., Evans, H., Clout, M. & Bazzaz, F. (2000). Biotic invasions: causes, epidemiology, global consequences and control. Ecological Applications, 10(3), 689–710.

Pretty, J. (2002). Agri-culture – Reconnecting People, Land and Nature. London: Earthscan Publications Suvin, D. (1988). Positions and presuppositions in science fiction. Kent: Kent State University Press Tissandier, G. (1867). L’eau . Paris: Louis Hachette et Cie. Todorov, T. (1973). The Fantastic: A Structural Approach to a Literary Genre. New York: Cornell University Press, 1975 Allman, M. (2018). The Effect of Excess Iron in Plants. [O] Available: http://homeguides.sfgate.com/effect-excess-iron-plants-48927.html. Accessed on: 24 January 2019

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Electronic Resources AncientPages. (2018). Zerzura – Lost Ancient Sahara Oasis Guarded By Black Giants. [O]. Available: http://www.ancientpages.com/2018/01/29/zerzura-lost-ancient-sahara-oasisguarded-black-giants/ Accessed on: 27 April 2019 Attenborough, D (writer). Lucas, N (dir). (1995). Private Life of Plants – The Social Struggle [Television programme] BBC. Broadcast: 1 Feb 1995 Battesti, V. (2012). The Power of a Disappearance: Water in the Jerid region of Tunisia. In: Johnston. [O]. Available: https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00569337/file/The_Power_of_a_ Disappearance-_Water_in_the_Jerid_region_of_Tunisia-Battesti_hal-00569337_ v2.pdf Accessed on: 9 September 2019 Bioexpedition. (2015). Flamingo Anatomy. [O]. Available: https://www.bioexpedition.com/flamingo-anatomy/ Accessed on: 9 September 2019 Brockwell, S. (2013). Transcending the Culture–Nature Divide in Cultural Heritage : Views from the Asia–Pacific region. ANU E Press. [O] Available: https://0-ebookcentral-proquest-com.ujlink.uj.ac.za/lib/ujlink-ebooks/reader. action?docID=4585984&query= Accessed on: 9 September 2019 Buffle, E (dir). (2013). What Plants Talk About. [Television programme] PBS. Broadcast: 3 April 2013 Byjus. (2018). Endemic Species. [O] Available: https://byjus.com/biology/endemic-species/ Accessed on: 21 August 2018 Coustillat, E. [sa]. La Reunion the Ultimate Island – The Native Flora [O] Available: https://en.reunion.fr/practical/reunion-island/fauna-and-flora/the-native-flora Accessed on 17 March 2019 Delta Environmental Centre. (2017). Sasol Sensory Trail. [O] Available: https://deltaenviro.org.za/sasol-sensory-trail/ Accessed on: 3 August 2019

Eisenberg, L. (2008). Phylogenetic tree. [O] Available: https://www.evogeneao.com/ Accessed on: 6 August 2018 Encyclopaedia Britannica. (2018). Réunion - Island and Department of France. [O] Available: https://www.britannica.com/place/Reunion Accessed on: 31 July 2018 Fadzrul, W. (2018). Taxonomy - Naming The Branches Of The Tree Of Life. [O] Available: http://ifsa.my/articles/taxonomy-naming-the-branches-of-the-tree-of-life Accessed on: 3 August 2018 Hararian, C. [sa]. Culture of Reunion Island. [O] Available: http://www.everyculture.com/No-Sa/Reunion-Island.html Accessed on 17 March 2019 Educapoles, [sa]: How do migratory birds find their way? [O] Available: http://www.educapoles.org/news/news_detail/how_do_migratory_birds_find_ their_way Accessed on: 19 March 2019 Chapman, R & Wylie, A. (2016). Evidential Reasoning in Archaeology. London: Bloomsbury Academic [O] Available: http://0http://0-web.b.ebscohost.com.ujlink.uj.ac.za/ehost/ebookviewer/ebook/ bmxlYmtfXzEzNTM1MTRfX0FO0?sid=6e17281f-79e9-4d71-b00b-9ae3ba2fced7@ sessionmgr101&vid=0&format=EB&rid=1 Accessed on: 9 September 2019 GlobalAfrica. (2018). Building intelligent, innovative and sustainable cities on the island of Mauritius. [O] Available: https://www.globalafricanetwork.com/2018/07/20/investment-opportunities/ building-intelligent-innovative-and-sustainable-cities-on-the-island-of-mauritius/ Accessed on: 7 August 2018 Hararian, C. [sa]. Culture of Réunion Island. [O] Available: http://www.everyculture.com/No-Sa/Reunion-Island.html Accessed on 17 March 2018

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Harman, G. (2013). Graham Harman on Heidegger & the Arts Object Oriented Philosophy. [O] Available: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W93DtzHCcnM Accessed on: 4 August 2018 Harman, G. (2013). Objecthood #1 [radio interview]. Radio Web Macba. Broadcast 23 September 2013. [O] Available: https://rwm.macba.cat/ Accessed on: 3 August 2018 Harman, G. (2017). Graham Harman on Objects. [O] Available: https://yout.com/video/6kCgc_nLz1w Accessed on: 3 August 2018 Harman, G. (2017). Graham Harman - Object Oriented Ontology. [O] Available: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BmCJUzdVQWM Accessed on: 3 August 2018 ICUN. (2010). The Flora of Réunion Island at Risk: one in three species are threatened with extinction. [O] Available: https://www.iucn.org/content/flora-r%C3%A9union-island-risk-one-three-speciesare-threatened-extinction Accessed on: 2 August 2018 James Hutton Institute. (2018). Brown Earths- profile characteristics. [O] Available: https://www.hutton.ac.uk/learning/exploringscotland/soils/brownearths Accessed on: 7 August 2018 Kriss, S. (2015). Why Slavoj Zizek Is Wrong About the Syrian Refugee Crisis—And Psychoanalysis. [O] Available: http://inthesetimes.com/article/18615/in-defense-of-fantasy-a-response-to-slavojzizek Accessed on: 3 August 2018 La Reunion. [sa]. Sugarcane and its derivatives. [O] Available: https://en.reunion.fr/practical/reunion-island/gastronomy-reunionese/localproducts/sugarcane-and-its-derivatives Accessed on: 7 August 2018 Lokko, L. (2016). ‘In The Skin of a Lion, A Leopard . . . A Man’, in e-flux. [O]. Available: http://www.e-flux.com/architecture/superhumanity/68669/in-the-skin-of-a-lion-aleopard-a-man/ Accessed on: 25 April 2019 157

Minchin, D. (2009). Exotic Species, Introduction of. [O]. Available: https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/earth-and-planetary-sciences/exotic-species Accessed on: 9 September 2019 Morjan CL, Rieseberg LH. (2004). Adaptation, migration or extirpation: climate change outcomes for tree populations. [O]. Available: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3352395/#b74 Accessed on: 9 September 2019 Morris, C. (2014). Birdwatching Paradise in Morocco. [O]. Available: https://www.journeybeyondtravel.com/blog/birdwatching-morocco-paradise.html Accessed on: 27 April 2019 Nationmaster. [sa]. Environment: Proportion of land area under protection. [O] Available: http://www.nationmaster.com/country-info/stats/Environment/Proportion-of-landarea-under-protection Accessed on: 2 August 2018 NationMaster. [sa]. Facts and stats about Reunion. [O] Available: http://www.nationmaster.com/country-info/profiles/Reunion Accessed on: 7 August 2018 Olsen, B. 2012. Archaeology : The Discipline of Things. University of California Press. [O] Available: https://0-ebookcentral-proquest-com.ujlink.uj.ac.za/lib/ujlink-ebooks/reader. action?docID=1046305 Accessed on: 9 September 2019 Oxforddictionaries. [sa]. Horticulture. [O] Available: https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/horticulture Accessed on: 21 August 2018 Parks Victoria. (2016). Mountain Ash - Eucalyptus regnans. [O] Available: https://parkweb.vic.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0011/322202/mountain-ash4.pdf Accessed on: 15 August 2018 Parker B. [sa]. Utopia in deep heaven: Thomas More and C.S. Lewis's cosmic trilogy. Mythlore [serial online]. 2017;(2):115. Available from: Academic OneFile, Ipswich, MA. Accessed: 3 August 3 2018.

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Porte, J. (2011). Jean-pierre de la porte: explicit/implicit. [O] Available: http://kaganof.com/kagablog/category/contributors/jean-pierre-de-la-porte/ Accessed on: 15 August 2018

The Climate Group. (2018). Region of La Reunion. [O] Available: https://www.theclimategroup.org/partner/region-la-reunion Accessed on: 31 July 2018

Potgieter, L. (2012). C.I.B. Volcanic Lava Flow Fuels Tree Invasion on La Reunion. [O] Available: http://academic.sun.ac.za/cib/news/2014/0520_volcanic_lava_fuels_invasion.htm Accessed on: 19 September 2018

Touzeau, O. (2009). General Council of Reunion. [O] Available: https://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/re.html Accessed on: 31 July 2018

Pronin, E. (2004). Objectivity in the eye of the beholder: Divergent perceptions of bias in self versus others. Psychological Review, 111, 781-799. [O] Available: http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/ download?doi=10.1.1.576.6754&rep=rep1&type=pdf Accessed on: 6 August 2018 Rendell, J. (2011). Working (Through) the Field. London: Routledge. [O] Available: http://www.janerendell.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/Working-Through-theField.pdf Accessed on: 9 September 2019 Rubinstein, D. [sa]. Post-human Photography. [O] Available: http://www.academia.edu/31425877/POSTHUMAN_PHOTOGRAPHY Accessed on: 21 August 2018 Simon, M. (2014). Fantastically Wrong: The Scientist who Thought that Birds Migrate to the Moon. [O] Available: https://www.wired.com/2014/10/fantastically-wrong-scientist-thought-birdsmigrate-moon/ Accessed on: 18 March 2019 Swafford, A. [sa]. Carolus Linnaeus: Classification, Taxonomy & Contributions to Biology. [O] Available: https://study.com/academy/lesson/carolus-linnaeus-classification-taxonomycontributions-to-biology.html Accessed on: 4 August 2018

United Nations. (2017). Demographic Profiles. [O] Available: https://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/Graphs/DemographicProfiles/ Access: 31 July 2018 World Climate Guide. (2018). Climate Reunion. [O] Available: https://www.climatestotravel.com/climate/reunion Accessed on: 21 August 2018 Waggoner, B. (1996) ‘Georges Cuvier (1769-1832)’. [O]. Available: http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/history/cuvier.html Accessed on: 25 April 2019 World Fact Book. [sa]. Europe France. [O] Available: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/resources/the-world-factbook/geos/print_ fr.html Accessed on: 2 August 2018 Zimmer, C. (2017). Oldest Fossils of Homo Sapiens Found in Morocco, Altering History of Our Species. [O]. Available: https://www.nytimes.com/2017/06/07/science/human-fossils-morocco.html Accessed on: 27 April 2019 Žižek, S. (2015). The Non-Existence of Norway. [O] Available: https://writing.guimachiavelli.com/non-fiction/notes/the-non-existence-ofnorway_slavoj-zizek.html Accessed on: 9 September 2019

Technopole de La Réunion. (2018). Reunion Island’s Advantages. [O] Available: http://technopole-reunion.com/category/5-innovate-in-reunion-island-en/50-theregion-assets/?lang=en Accessed on: 7 August 2018

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End Part 2 - Thank you

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