Solanum americanum Mill.

/Solanum_americanum/Solanum_nigrum.tif.JPG

🗒 Synonyms

synonym	Solanum adventitium Polg.
synonym	Solanum americanum var. nodiflorum (Jacq.) Edmonds
synonym	Solanum calvum Bitter
synonym	Solanum caribaeum Dunal
synonym	Solanum curtipes Bitter
synonym	Solanum decurrens Wall. ex Dunal, nomen nudum
synonym	Solanum fauriei H.Lév.
synonym	Solanum fistulosum Dunal
synonym	Solanum ganchouenense H.Lév.
synonym	Solanum gollmeri Bitter
synonym	Solanum inconspicuum Bitter
synonym	Solanum indecorum A.Rich.
synonym	Solanum inops Dunal
synonym	Solanum microtatanthum Bitter
synonym	Solanum minutibaccatum Bitter
synonym	Solanum minutibaccatum subsp. curtipedunculatum Bitter
synonym	Solanum nigrum f. glabrum Chiov.
synonym	Solanum nigrum f. violaceum
synonym	Solanum nigrum var. americanum (Mill.) O.E.Schulz
synonym	Solanum nigrum var. nodiflorum (Jacq.) A.Gray
synonym	Solanum nigrum var. pauciflorum Liou
synonym	Solanum nodiflorum Jacq.
synonym	Solanum nodiflorum subsp. nutans R.J.F.Hend.
synonym	Solanum nodiflorum var. acuminatum Chodat
synonym	Solanum nodiflorum var. fauriei (H.Lév.) O.Deg. & O.Deg.
synonym	Solanum nodiflorum var. macrophyllum Dunal
synonym	Solanum nodiflorum var. petiolastrum Dunal
synonym	Solanum nodiflorum var. puberulum Dunal
synonym	Solanum oleraceum Dunal
synonym	Solanum oleraceum var. macrocarpum Dunal
synonym	Solanum pachystylum Polg.
synonym	Solanum pauciflorum (Liou) H.Y.Zhang
synonym	Solanum pentagonocalyx Bitter
synonym	Solanum photeinocarpum Nakam. & Odash.
synonym	Solanum purpuratum Bitter
synonym	Solanum rhinozerothis Blume
synonym	Solanum sciaphilum Bitter
synonym	Solanum tenellum Bitter

🗒 Common Names

Assamese	Koisi Laskosi
English	American black nightshade American Nightshade Apple of sodom Black nightshade Common nightshade Popolo-kikania Small-flowereed Nightshade
Irula	Kakkae dagu
Malayalam	Anakurunthothi Eradakukkeera Karimthakkali Manathakkali Manithakkali Mullakuthakkali Tudavalam
Other	Manatakkali
Tamil	Kaasithazhai Manathakali Milaguthakkali Sirungunni

📚 Overview

Overview

Summary

Brief

Flowering class: Dicot Habit: Herb Distribution notes: Exotic

Dr. N Sasidharan (Dr. B P Pal Fellow), Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi

Attributions	Dr. N Sasidharan (Dr. B P Pal Fellow), Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi
Contributors	D. Narasimhan
Status	UNDER_CREATION
Licenses	CC_BY
References

Diagnostic

Diagnostic Keys

Description

Habit: Herb

G. Renu, Sanjana Julias Thilakar, D. Narasimhan, Centre for Floristic Research, Department of Botany, Madras Christian College, Tambaram

Attributions	G. Renu, Sanjana Julias Thilakar, D. Narasimhan, Centre for Floristic Research, Department of Botany, Madras Christian College, Tambaram
Contributors	D. Narasimhan G Renu Sanjana Julias Thilakar
Status	UNDER_CREATION
Licenses	CC_BY
References

Habit: An erect much branched annual herb, upto 80cm.

Keystone Foundation

Attributions	Keystone Foundation
Contributors	Keystone Foundation
Status	UNDER_CREATION
Licenses	CC_BY
References

Erect annual herbs; stem glabrous or sparsely hispid. Leaves 2-5 x 1-3 cm, ovate or elliptic, base rounded, shortly decurrent on the petiole, subentire, acute to acuminate at apex, membraneous; petiole to 5 cm long. Inflorescence axillary to extra-axillary umbellate cymes; peduncle 1-2 cm long; pedicels 4-6 mm long. Calyx cupular, 5-lobed, minute. Corolla white, 3-4 mm across, subentire. Berry, 4-5 mm across, globose, purplish-black. Seeds c. 1 mm long, discoid, minutely pitted.

Dr. N Sasidharan (Dr. B P Pal Fellow), Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi

Attributions	Dr. N Sasidharan (Dr. B P Pal Fellow), Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi
Contributors	D. Narasimhan
Status	UNDER_CREATION
Licenses	CC_BY
References

SubSpecies Varieties Races

Diagnostic Keys

Description

No Data

📚 Nomenclature and Classification

Nomenclature and Classification

Taxon Record Name

References

Type Information

No Data

📚 Natural History

Natural History

Life Cycle

Cyclicity

Flowering and fruiting: March-November

Dr. N Sasidharan (Dr. B P Pal Fellow), Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi

Attributions	Dr. N Sasidharan (Dr. B P Pal Fellow), Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi
Contributors	D. Narasimhan
Status	UNDER_CREATION
Licenses	CC_BY
References

Flower

In umbellate, 3-5; greenish-white. Flowering from August-January.

Fruit

A globose berry,6-7mm in diameter, depressed, shining black when mature; seeds ovoid. Fruiting September onwards.

Field tips

Branchlets sparsely scabrous, unarmed, zigzag.

Leaf Arrangement

Alternate-subopposite

Leaf Type

Simple

Leaf Shape

Elliptic-ovate

Leaf Apex

Acute

Leaf Base

Truncate-cuneate

Leaf Margin

Bluntly toothed

Keystone Foundation

Attributions	Keystone Foundation
Contributors	Keystone Foundation
Status	UNDER_CREATION
Licenses	CC_BY
References

Miscellaneous Details

Notes: Degraded moist deciduous forest areas, also in Plains, Native of Tropical America

G. Renu, Sanjana Julias Thilakar, D. Narasimhan, Centre for Floristic Research, Department of Botany, Madras Christian College, Tambaram

Attributions	G. Renu, Sanjana Julias Thilakar, D. Narasimhan, Centre for Floristic Research, Department of Botany, Madras Christian College, Tambaram
Contributors	Sanjana Julias Thilakar G Renu D. Narasimhan
Status	UNDER_CREATION
Licenses	CC_BY
References

No Data

📚 Habitat and Distribution

Habitat and Distribution

General Habitat

Degraded moist deciduous forest areas and riversides, also in the plains

Dr. N Sasidharan (Dr. B P Pal Fellow), Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi

Attributions	Dr. N Sasidharan (Dr. B P Pal Fellow), Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi
Contributors	D. Narasimhan
Status	UNDER_CREATION
Licenses	CC_BY
References

Wet places, along margins of puddles, ditches

Dr. Chandra Barooah & Iftikher Ahmed (2014) Assam Science Technology and Environment Council.

Attributions	Dr. Chandra Barooah & Iftikher Ahmed (2014) Assam Science Technology and Environment Council.
Contributors	admin
Status	UNDER_CREATION
Licenses	CC_BY
References

Distribution

Description

Global Distribution

Cosmopolitan

Indian distribution

State - Kerala, District/s: All Districts

Dr. N Sasidharan (Dr. B P Pal Fellow), Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi

Attributions	Dr. N Sasidharan (Dr. B P Pal Fellow), Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi
Contributors	D. Narasimhan
Status	UNDER_CREATION
Licenses	CC_BY
References

Kerala: All districts Tamil Nadu: All districts

G. Renu, Sanjana Julias Thilakar, D. Narasimhan, Centre for Floristic Research, Department of Botany, Madras Christian College, Tambaram

Attributions	G. Renu, Sanjana Julias Thilakar, D. Narasimhan, Centre for Floristic Research, Department of Botany, Madras Christian College, Tambaram
Contributors	G Renu D. Narasimhan Sanjana Julias Thilakar
Status	UNDER_CREATION
Licenses	CC_BY
References

Global Distribution

India: Assam, Kashmir, Gujarat, Odisha, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh; Asia, Australia

Local Distribution

Bongaigaon, Kamrup, Barak Valley

Dr. Chandra Barooah & Iftikher Ahmed (2014) Assam Science Technology and Environment Council.

Attributions	Dr. Chandra Barooah & Iftikher Ahmed (2014) Assam Science Technology and Environment Council.
Contributors	admin
Status	UNDER_CREATION
Licenses	CC_BY
References

Found along roadsides and riverbanks from plains to 700m. Common. Native of North and South America, now widely naturalised throughtout the tropics.

Keystone Foundation

Attributions	Keystone Foundation
Contributors	Keystone Foundation
Status	UNDER_CREATION
Licenses	CC_BY
References

Endemic Distribution

No Data

📚 Occurrence

Occurrence

No Data

📚 Demography and Conservation

Demography and Conservation

Protection Legal Status

No Data

📚 Uses and Management

Uses and Management

Uses

System of Medicines Used In

Ayurveda

Folk medicine

Fruits edible.

Keystone Foundation

Attributions	Keystone Foundation
Contributors	Keystone Foundation
Status	UNDER_CREATION
Licenses	CC_BY
References

System Of Medicines Used In

Ayurveda, Folk medicine

FRLHT's ENVIS Centre on Medicinal Plants: http://envis.frlht.org/plant_details.php?disp_id=1937

Attributions	FRLHT's ENVIS Centre on Medicinal Plants: http://envis.frlht.org/plant_details.php?disp_id=1937
Contributors	FRLHT-ENVIS
Status	UNDER_CREATION
Licenses	CC_BY
References

Medicinal

Dr. N Sasidharan (Dr. B P Pal Fellow), Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi

Attributions	Dr. N Sasidharan (Dr. B P Pal Fellow), Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi
Contributors	D. Narasimhan
Status	UNDER_CREATION
Licenses	CC_BY
References

Folklore

Indigenous Information: The young leaves, flowers and fruits are eaten after cooking.

Keystone Foundation

Attributions	Keystone Foundation
Contributors	Keystone Foundation
Status	UNDER_CREATION
Licenses	CC_BY
References

Management

No Data

📚 Information Listing

Information Listing

Species Resources

Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS)

The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (IUCN)

Encyclopedia of Life (EOL)

Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF)

National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI)

References

Flora of Tamil Nadu, VOL. II, 1987

D K Ved, Suma Tagadur Sureshchandra, Vijay Barve, Vijay Srinivas, Sathya Sangeetha, K. Ravikumar, Kartikeyan R., Vaibhav Kulkarni, Ajith S. Kumar, S.N. Venugopal, B. S. Somashekhar, M.V. Sumanth, Noorunissa Begum, Sugandhi Rani, Surekha K.V., and Nikhil Desale. 2016. (envis.frlht.org / frlhtenvis.nic.in). FRLHT's ENVIS Centre on Medicinal Plants, Bengaluru. http://envis.frlht.org/plant_details.php?disp_id=1937

Solanum nigrum sensu Gamble, Fl. Pres. Madras 936(657). 1923, non L. 1753; Manilal & Sivar., Fl. Calicut 189. 1982; Mohanan, Fl. Quilon Dist. 278. 1984; Ansari, Fl. Kasaragod Div. 252. 1985; Manilal, Fl. Silent Valley 194. 1988; Ramach. & V.J. Nair, Fl. Cannanore Dist. 312. 1988; Antony, Syst. Stud. Fl. Kottayam Dist. 275. 1989; Vajr., Fl. Palghat Dist. 319. 1990; M. Mohanan & Henry, Fl. Thiruvanthapuram 322. 1994; Subram., Fl. Thenmala Div. 241. 1995; Swarup. et al., Shola For. Kerala 72. 1998; Sasidh., Fl. Chinnar WLS 219. 1999.
Solanum americanum Mill., Gard. Dict. (ed. 8) 5. 1768; Babu, Fl. Malappuram Dist. 501. 1990; Sasidh. & Sivar., Fl. Pl. Thrissur For. 316. 1996; Sasidh., Fl. Shenduruny WLS 220. 1997; Sivar. & Mathew, Fl. Nilambur 463. 1997; Sasidh., Fl. Periyar Tiger Reserve 272. 1998; Sasidh., Fl. Parambikulam WLS 212. 2002; Mohanan & Sivad., Fl. Agasthyamala 477. 2002; Sunil & Sivadasan, Fl. Alappuzha Dist. 485. 2009; Ratheesh Narayanan, Fl. Stud. Wayanad Dist. 572. 2009.

Information Listing > References

Flora of Tamil Nadu, VOL. II, 1987
D K Ved, Suma Tagadur Sureshchandra, Vijay Barve, Vijay Srinivas, Sathya Sangeetha, K. Ravikumar, Kartikeyan R., Vaibhav Kulkarni, Ajith S. Kumar, S.N. Venugopal, B. S. Somashekhar, M.V. Sumanth, Noorunissa Begum, Sugandhi Rani, Surekha K.V., and Nikhil Desale. 2016. (envis.frlht.org / frlhtenvis.nic.in). FRLHT's ENVIS Centre on Medicinal Plants, Bengaluru. http://envis.frlht.org/plant_details.php?disp_id=1937
Solanum nigrum sensu Gamble, Fl. Pres. Madras 936(657). 1923, non L. 1753; Manilal & Sivar., Fl. Calicut 189. 1982; Mohanan, Fl. Quilon Dist. 278. 1984; Ansari, Fl. Kasaragod Div. 252. 1985; Manilal, Fl. Silent Valley 194. 1988; Ramach. & V.J. Nair, Fl. Cannanore Dist. 312. 1988; Antony, Syst. Stud. Fl. Kottayam Dist. 275. 1989; Vajr., Fl. Palghat Dist. 319. 1990; M. Mohanan & Henry, Fl. Thiruvanthapuram 322. 1994; Subram., Fl. Thenmala Div. 241. 1995; Swarup. et al., Shola For. Kerala 72. 1998; Sasidh., Fl. Chinnar WLS 219. 1999.
Solanum americanum Mill., Gard. Dict. (ed. 8) 5. 1768; Babu, Fl. Malappuram Dist. 501. 1990; Sasidh. & Sivar., Fl. Pl. Thrissur For. 316. 1996; Sasidh., Fl. Shenduruny WLS 220. 1997; Sivar. & Mathew, Fl. Nilambur 463. 1997; Sasidh., Fl. Periyar Tiger Reserve 272. 1998; Sasidh., Fl. Parambikulam WLS 212. 2002; Mohanan & Sivad., Fl. Agasthyamala 477. 2002; Sunil & Sivadasan, Fl. Alappuzha Dist. 485. 2009; Ratheesh Narayanan, Fl. Stud. Wayanad Dist. 572. 2009.