Flacourtia species are shrubs or trees, armed with simple and branched spines, branches with sympodial growth. Leaves simple, alternate, lanceolate-ovate to elliptic-oblong, margin entire, serrate-dentate to pinnately veined, sometimes 3-5 pliveined at the base, apex acute to acuminate, lateral veins upcurved, thicker near the midrib and diminishing towards the margins, petiolate, stipules minute early caducous or absent. Inflorescence in shortly pedunculate axillary and terminal raceme fascicles, few to many flowers. Flowers unisexual (dioecious) or sometimes bisexual, hypogynous, pedicels articulate, bracts ovate, chartaceous, scalelike, sepals 4-7, imbricate, connate near base, free above, margin ciliate, subpersistent, petals absent, extrastaminal disc, with distinct glands inserted before sepals. Male flowers: Stamens 15-30, filaments filiform, inserted on disk cup, persistent, anthers 2 loculed, globular, dorsifixed, pollen fleshy, tricolporate, reticulate, pistillode absent. Female flowers: Ovary superior, globose, surrounded by disc, carpels 3-10, incompletely loculed, connate, with intruding placentae, ovules often 2 per locule, style connate, free or rarely absent, stigma shortly bilobed or retuse. Fruit indehiscent berry or drupe, ellipsoid-globose when ripe becoming obtusely constricted and ribbed when dried with 2 superposed pyrenes in per locule. Seeds 1-2, ovoid-obovoid, thinly coriaceous, non arillate, cotyledons orbicular.
Flacourtia indica (Burm. f.) Merr.
🗒 Synonyms
synonym | Flacourtia afra Pichi-Serm. |
synonym | Flacourtia balansae Gagnep. |
synonym | Flacourtia cordifolia Roxb. |
synonym | Flacourtia edulis Schum. & Thonn. |
synonym | Flacourtia elliptica (Tul.) Warb. |
synonym | Flacourtia flavescens Willd. |
synonym | Flacourtia gambecola Clos |
synonym | Flacourtia hirtiuscula Oliv. |
synonym | Flacourtia kirkii Burtt Davy |
synonym | Flacourtia lenis Craib |
synonym | Flacourtia lucida Salisb. |
synonym | Flacourtia obcordata Roxb. |
synonym | Flacourtia parvifolia Merrill |
synonym | Flacourtia perrottetiana Clos. |
synonym | Flacourtia ramontchi L'Herit. |
synonym | Flacourtia ramontchi var. renvoizei Fosberg |
synonym | Flacourtia rotundifolia Roxb. |
synonym | Flacourtia sapida Roxb. |
synonym | Flacourtia sepiaria Roxb. |
synonym | Flacourtia thorelii Gagnep. |
synonym | Gmelina indica Burm. f. |
synonym | Gmelina javanica Christm. |
synonym | Mespilus silvestris Burm. |
synonym | Myroxylon dicline Blanco |
synonym | Rhamnopsis sepiaria Rchb. |
synonym | Sideroxylon spinosum Willd. |
synonym | Stigmarota africana Lour. |
synonym | Stigmarota edulis Blanco |
🗒 Common Names
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📚 Overview
Summary
Ganeshaiah, K. N., UAS, Bangalore, India.; Kailash, B. R., ATREE, Bangalore, India.; Royal Norwegian Embassy grants. Indian Bioresource Information Network (IBIN), Department of Biotechnology, New Delhi, India.
Attributions | Ganeshaiah, K. N., UAS, Bangalore, India.; Kailash, B. R., ATREE, Bangalore, India.; Royal Norwegian Embassy grants. Indian Bioresource Information Network (IBIN), Department of Biotechnology, New Delhi, India. |
Contributors | |
Status | UNDER_CREATION |
Licenses | CC_BY_NC_SA |
References |
Description
Dioecious shrubs or small trees, often armed with simple and branched thorns. Leaves variable in shape and size, 1.5-4 x 1-3 cm, elliptic-ovate, obovate, oblong or suborbicular, base cuneate, margins coarsely crenate, apex obtuse or emarginate, subcoriaceous; petiole to 8 mm long. Flowers c. 4 mm across, yellowish green, solitary or in few-flowered axillary racemose clusters. Sepals 4-5, slightly connate at base, ovate. Male flowers: stamens numerous; anthers versatile; disc lobed. Female flowers: ovary c. 1 mm long, globular, 3-locular; ovules 2-per locule; stigma bilobed, recurved. Berries 0.5-1 cm across, subglobose, dark purple when ripe. Seeds obovoid, pale yellow.
Dr. N Sasidharan (Dr. B P Pal Fellow), Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi
Attributions | Dr. N Sasidharan (Dr. B P Pal Fellow), Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi |
Contributors | |
Status | UNDER_CREATION |
Licenses | CC_BY |
References |
Habit: Shrub to Small tree
G. Renu, Sanjana Julias Thilakar, D. Narasimhan, Centre for Floristic Research, Department of Botany, Madras Christian College, Tambaram
Attributions | G. Renu, Sanjana Julias Thilakar, D. Narasimhan, Centre for Floristic Research, Department of Botany, Madras Christian College, Tambaram |
Contributors | |
Status | UNDER_CREATION |
Licenses | CC_BY |
References |
No Data
📚 Nomenclature and Classification
References
Interpr. Herb. Amboin. 377. 1917
Ganeshaiah, K. N., UAS, Bangalore, India.; Kailash, B. R., ATREE, Bangalore, India.; Royal Norwegian Embassy grants. Indian Bioresource Information Network (IBIN), Department of Biotechnology, New Delhi, India.
Attributions | Ganeshaiah, K. N., UAS, Bangalore, India.; Kailash, B. R., ATREE, Bangalore, India.; Royal Norwegian Embassy grants. Indian Bioresource Information Network (IBIN), Department of Biotechnology, New Delhi, India. |
Contributors | |
Status | UNDER_CREATION |
Licenses | CC_BY_NC_SA |
References |
No Data
📚 Natural History
Reproduction
Flacourtia species dioecious, i.e., male (staminate) flowers on one plant, and female (pistillate) flowers on another plant, or sometimes complete, bisexual, i.e., with functional male (androecium) and female (gynoecium), including stamens, carpels. Pollination is entomophilous i.e., by insects, or cleistogamy i.e., by self or allogamy i.e., by cross pollination. Flowering/Fruiting: December-March/May-August.
Ganeshaiah, K. N., UAS, Bangalore, India.; Kailash, B. R., ATREE, Bangalore, India.; Royal Norwegian Embassy grants. Indian Bioresource Information Network (IBIN), Department of Biotechnology, New Delhi, India.
Attributions | Ganeshaiah, K. N., UAS, Bangalore, India.; Kailash, B. R., ATREE, Bangalore, India.; Royal Norwegian Embassy grants. Indian Bioresource Information Network (IBIN), Department of Biotechnology, New Delhi, India. |
Contributors | |
Status | UNDER_CREATION |
Licenses | CC_BY_NC_SA |
References |
Dispersal
Seeds may be dispersed by autochory i.e., self dispersal, anemochory i.e., wind dispersal, zoochory i.e., dispersal by birds or animals, anthropochory i.e., dispersal by humans.
Ganeshaiah, K. N., UAS, Bangalore, India.; Kailash, B. R., ATREE, Bangalore, India.; Royal Norwegian Embassy grants. Indian Bioresource Information Network (IBIN), Department of Biotechnology, New Delhi, India.
Attributions | Ganeshaiah, K. N., UAS, Bangalore, India.; Kailash, B. R., ATREE, Bangalore, India.; Royal Norwegian Embassy grants. Indian Bioresource Information Network (IBIN), Department of Biotechnology, New Delhi, India. |
Contributors | |
Status | UNDER_CREATION |
Licenses | CC_BY_NC_SA |
References |
Morphology
Growth Form
Tree
Deciduous shrubs or small trees, about 3-7 m tall, usually armed with simple and branched spines, branches with sympodial growth. Leaves simple, alternate, variable, obovate-ovate, suborbicular-oblong, about 1.5-6 x 1-3 cm across, base cuneate to obtuse, sometimes 3-5 pliveined, margin lobed to coarsely serrate-crenate, apex acute, obtuse to sometimes slightly emarginate, leaves often clustered towards apices, lateral veins 5-8 on either side of the midrib, impressed above and slightly prominent beneath, glabrous above, glabrous beneath or pubescent to softly tomentose on the veins beneath, thicker near the midrib and diminishing towards the margins, lamina thick to thin, membranous, chartaceous to subcoriaceous, shiny, petiole reddish, minutely hairy, about 5-10 mm long, stipules minute early caducous or absent. Inflorescence in shortly pedunculate axillary and terminal raceme fascicles or panicles, bracteate, few flowered. Flowers unisexual (dioecious), hypogynous, greenish yellow, about 4 mm across, pedicels articulate, glabrous or hairy, about 3-5 mm long, sepals 4-5, imbricate, connate near base, ovate, margin ciliate, apex obtuse, hairy inside, subglabrous outside, petals absent, extrastaminal disc, with distinct glands inserted before sepals. Male flowers: Stamens numerous, filaments filiform, base minutely hairy, about 2.5 mm long, anthers 2 loculed, versatile, globular, dorsifixed, pollen fleshy, tricolporate, reticulate, pistillode absent. Female flowers: Ovary superior, globose, surrounded by disc, carpels 3-6, incompletely loculed, connate, with intruding placentae, ovules often 2 per locule, style 5-6, little or not connate, stigma slightly recurved, shortly bilobed. Fruit indehiscent berry, ellipsoid-globose, about 5-10 mm across, when ripe first red and turning to dark purple, with 2 superposed pyrenes in per locule. Seeds 5-6, ovoid-obovoid, thinly coriaceous, non arillate, pale yellow to brown.
Ganeshaiah, K. N., UAS, Bangalore, India.; Kailash, B. R., ATREE, Bangalore, India.; Royal Norwegian Embassy grants. Indian Bioresource Information Network (IBIN), Department of Biotechnology, New Delhi, India.
Attributions | Ganeshaiah, K. N., UAS, Bangalore, India.; Kailash, B. R., ATREE, Bangalore, India.; Royal Norwegian Embassy grants. Indian Bioresource Information Network (IBIN), Department of Biotechnology, New Delhi, India. |
Contributors | |
Status | UNDER_CREATION |
Licenses | CC_BY_NC_SA |
References |
Diseases
Flacourtia species are susceptible to various insect pests, powdery mildews and moulds.
Ganeshaiah, K. N., UAS, Bangalore, India.; Kailash, B. R., ATREE, Bangalore, India.; Royal Norwegian Embassy grants. Indian Bioresource Information Network (IBIN), Department of Biotechnology, New Delhi, India.
Attributions | Ganeshaiah, K. N., UAS, Bangalore, India.; Kailash, B. R., ATREE, Bangalore, India.; Royal Norwegian Embassy grants. Indian Bioresource Information Network (IBIN), Department of Biotechnology, New Delhi, India. |
Contributors | |
Status | UNDER_CREATION |
Licenses | CC_BY_NC_SA |
References |
Miscellaneous Details
Notes: Western Ghats,Deciduous Forests also in the Plains
G. Renu, Sanjana Julias Thilakar, D. Narasimhan, Centre for Floristic Research, Department of Botany, Madras Christian College, Tambaram
Attributions | G. Renu, Sanjana Julias Thilakar, D. Narasimhan, Centre for Floristic Research, Department of Botany, Madras Christian College, Tambaram |
Contributors | |
Status | UNDER_CREATION |
Licenses | CC_BY |
References |
No Data
📚 Habitat and Distribution
General Habitat
Scrubs, deciduous to mixed forests, altitude 1200 m.
Ganeshaiah, K. N., UAS, Bangalore, India.; Kailash, B. R., ATREE, Bangalore, India.; Royal Norwegian Embassy grants. Indian Bioresource Information Network (IBIN), Department of Biotechnology, New Delhi, India.
Attributions | Ganeshaiah, K. N., UAS, Bangalore, India.; Kailash, B. R., ATREE, Bangalore, India.; Royal Norwegian Embassy grants. Indian Bioresource Information Network (IBIN), Department of Biotechnology, New Delhi, India. |
Contributors | |
Status | UNDER_CREATION |
Licenses | CC_BY_NC_SA |
References |
Swamp forest, cultivated
Deciduous forests, also in the plains
Dr. N Sasidharan (Dr. B P Pal Fellow), Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi
Attributions | Dr. N Sasidharan (Dr. B P Pal Fellow), Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi |
Contributors | |
Status | UNDER_CREATION |
Licenses | CC_BY |
References |
Description
Global Distribution
Asia: India, China, Indonesia, Malaysia, Nepal; Oceanic Islands; Africa: Madagascar; Australasia.
Local Distribution
Andaman & Nicobar Islands, Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Goa, Gujarat, Himachal Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal.
Ganeshaiah, K. N., UAS, Bangalore, India.; Kailash, B. R., ATREE, Bangalore, India.; Royal Norwegian Embassy grants. Indian Bioresource Information Network (IBIN), Department of Biotechnology, New Delhi, India.
Attributions | Ganeshaiah, K. N., UAS, Bangalore, India.; Kailash, B. R., ATREE, Bangalore, India.; Royal Norwegian Embassy grants. Indian Bioresource Information Network (IBIN), Department of Biotechnology, New Delhi, India. |
Contributors | |
Status | UNDER_CREATION |
Licenses | CC_BY_NC_SA |
References |
Global Distribution
India: Andaman & Nicobar Islands, Assam, Bihar, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Maharastra, Odisha, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu; South East Asia, Africa, Malaysia, Polynesia
Indian Distribution
Kamrup, Barak Valley
Global Distribution
Paleotropics
Indian distribution
State - Kerala, District/s: All Districts
Dr. N Sasidharan (Dr. B P Pal Fellow), Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi
Attributions | Dr. N Sasidharan (Dr. B P Pal Fellow), Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi |
Contributors | |
Status | UNDER_CREATION |
Licenses | CC_BY |
References |
Maharashtra: Common throughout
Karnataka: Belgaum, Chikmagalur, Coorg, Hassan, Mysore, N. Kanara, Shimoga, S. Kanara
Kerala: All districts
G. Renu, Sanjana Julias Thilakar, D. Narasimhan, Centre for Floristic Research, Department of Botany, Madras Christian College, Tambaram
Attributions | G. Renu, Sanjana Julias Thilakar, D. Narasimhan, Centre for Floristic Research, Department of Botany, Madras Christian College, Tambaram |
Contributors | |
Status | UNDER_CREATION |
Licenses | CC_BY |
References |
No Data
📚 Occurrence
No Data
📚 Demography and Conservation
Conservation Status
Not evaluated (IUCN).
Ganeshaiah, K. N., UAS, Bangalore, India.; Kailash, B. R., ATREE, Bangalore, India.; Royal Norwegian Embassy grants. Indian Bioresource Information Network (IBIN), Department of Biotechnology, New Delhi, India.
Attributions | Ganeshaiah, K. N., UAS, Bangalore, India.; Kailash, B. R., ATREE, Bangalore, India.; Royal Norwegian Embassy grants. Indian Bioresource Information Network (IBIN), Department of Biotechnology, New Delhi, India. |
Contributors | |
Status | UNDER_CREATION |
Licenses | CC_BY_NC_SA |
References |
No Data
📚 Uses and Management
Uses
System of Medicines Used In
Ayurveda
Folk medicine
Siddha
Sowa-Rigpa
Used in Ayurvedic, Siddha, Tibetian and folk medicine for jaundice and spleen disorders, fruits are edible. Sometimes grown as hedge plants.Photo of the species*:
Flacourtia indica 1, Flacourtia indica (Burm. f.) Merr., Image kind: Photograph. Copyright: Please contact rights holder before commercial use. © Günter Baumann. Supplier: West African Plants. Publisher: Research Institute Senckenberg. Creator: Günter Baumann. Location Created: Malawi. URL: http://160.111.248.28/content/2012/08/24/10/85512_orig.jpg BY-NC-SA
Flacourtia indica 2, Flacourtia indica (Burm. f.) Merr., Image kind: Photograph. Copyright: This image was obtained from the Smithsonian Institution. Unless otherwise noted, this image or its contents may be protected by international copyright laws. © Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, Department of Botany. Supplier: National Museum of Natural History Collections. Creator: Howard, R.A. Location Created: South Florida. URL: http://160.111.248.28/content/2013/03/10/22/29816_orig.jpg BY-NC-SA
Flacourtia indica 3, Flacourtia indica (Burm. f.) Merr., Image kind: Herbarium specimen. Copyright: This image was obtained from the Smithsonian Institution. Unless otherwise noted, this image or its contents may be protected by international copyright laws. © Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, Department of Botany. Supplier: National Museum of Natural History Collections. Creator: Sophia Lee. Location Created: Soledad, Cienfuegos, Province of Santa Clara, Cuba, Cienfuegos, West Indies. URL: http://160.111.248.28/content/2013/09/12/03/77865_orig.jpg BY-NC-SA
METADATA FIELDS
Ganeshaiah, K. N., UAS, Bangalore, India.; Kailash, B. R., ATREE, Bangalore, India.; Royal Norwegian Embassy grants. Indian Bioresource Information Network (IBIN), Department of Biotechnology, New Delhi, India.
Attributions | Ganeshaiah, K. N., UAS, Bangalore, India.; Kailash, B. R., ATREE, Bangalore, India.; Royal Norwegian Embassy grants. Indian Bioresource Information Network (IBIN), Department of Biotechnology, New Delhi, India. |
Contributors | |
Status | UNDER_CREATION |
Licenses | CC_BY_NC_SA |
References |
System Of Medicines Used In
Ayurveda, Sowa-Rigpa, Siddha, Folk medicine
FRLHT's ENVIS Centre on Medicinal Plants: http://envis.frlht.org/plant_details.php?disp_id=1000
Attributions | FRLHT's ENVIS Centre on Medicinal Plants: http://envis.frlht.org/plant_details.php?disp_id=1000 |
Contributors | |
Status | UNDER_CREATION |
Licenses | CC_BY |
References |
Medicinal
Dr. N Sasidharan (Dr. B P Pal Fellow), Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi
Attributions | Dr. N Sasidharan (Dr. B P Pal Fellow), Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi |
Contributors | |
Status | UNDER_CREATION |
Licenses | CC_BY |
References |
No Data
📚 Information Listing
References
- Tropicos, botanical information system at the Missouri Botanical Garden - www.tropicos.org. URL: http://www.tropicos.org/Name/13200005
- The International Plant Names Index (2012). Published on the Internet http://www.ipni.org. URL: http://www.ipni.org/ipni/simplePlantNameSearch.do;jsessionid=C603EE4EA6D0B287170FF9BBB5349046?find_wholeName=Flacourtia+indica+&output_format=normal&query_type=by_query&back_page=query_ipni.html
- The Plant List (2010). Version 1. Published on the Internet; http://www.theplantlist.org/ URL: http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-4813254
- Catalogue of Life: 2015 Annual Checklist. URL: http://catalogueoflife.org/annual-checklist/2015/details/species/id/a546313719ec534ca6fd4e734834d0c8
- Harvard University Herbaria, Publication and Botanist databases (HUH) A© 2001 - 2013 by the President and Fellows of Harvard College.Flora of China, 'eFloras (2008). Published on the Internet http://www.efloras.org [accessed 12 April 2014]*' Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO & Harvard University Herbaria, Cambridge, MA. URL: http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200014454
- Birgitta Bremer et. al. (2009): An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III. From Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 105-121.
- Mark W. chase and James L. Reveal (2009): A Phylogenetic classification of the land plants to accompany APG III. From Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 122-127.
- Saxena, N. B. & Shamindra Saxena (2001) Plant Taxonomy. Reprint by Pragati Prakashan, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh. 229-232.Hooker, J. D., (1872) Flora of British India. Reprint by Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh, Publishers, Dehra Dun. 1: 194.
- Sharma, B. D., Balakrishnan, N. P., Rao, R. R., & Hajra, P. K. (1993), Flora of India, Botanical Survey of India. Deep Printers, New Delhi. Vol. 2: 402.
- ENVIS Centre for Medicinal Plants. URL: http://envis.frlht.org/plant_details.php?disp_id=1000&parname=0
- Encyclopedia of Life. Available from http://www.eol.org. Accessed 15 Jan 2014.IUCN 2013. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloaded on 27 August 2015.
- Plant reproductive morphology. (2014, November 17). In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 08:57, April 9, 2015, from http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Plant_sexual_morphology&oldid=539322400Seed dispersal. (2015, March 29). In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 08:59, April 9, 2015, from, URL: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Seed_dispersal&oldid=572442927License*:
- Flacourtia indica (Burm. f.) Merr., Interpr. Rumph. Herb. Amboin. 377. 1917; Manilal & Sivar., Fl. Calicut 35. 1982; Mohanan, Fl. Quilon Dist. 73. 1984; Ansari, Fl. Kasaragod Div. 64. 1985; Manilal, Fl. Silent Valley 9. 1988; Ramach. & V.J. Nair, Fl. Cannanore Dist. 49. 1988; Babu, Fl. Malappuram Dist. 26. 1990; Vajr., Fl. Palghat Dist. 60. 1990; R.L. Mitra in B.D. Sharma & N.P. Balakr., Fl. India 2: 402. 1993; M. Mohanan & Henry, Fl. Thiruvanthapuram 61. 1994; Sasidh., Fl. Chinnar WLS 23. 1999; Anil Kumar et al., Fl. Pathanamthitta 58. 2005; N.P. Balakr. in P. Daniel, Fl. Kerala 1: 269. 2005; Sunil & Sivadasan, Fl. Alappuzha Dist. 97. 2009; Ratheesh Narayanan, Fl. Stud. Wayanad Dist. 122. 2009.
- Gmelina indica Burm. f., Fl. Ind. 132. t.39, f. 5. 1768.
- Flacourtia sepiaria Roxb., Pl. Corom. t. 68. 1795; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 1: 194. 1872; Gamble, Fl. Pres. Madras 54(39). 1915.
- D K Ved, Suma Tagadur Sureshchandra, Vijay Barve, Vijay Srinivas, Sathya Sangeetha, K. Ravikumar, Kartikeyan R., Vaibhav Kulkarni, Ajith S. Kumar, S.N. Venugopal, B. S. Somashekhar, M.V. Sumanth, Noorunissa Begum, Sugandhi Rani, Surekha K.V., and Nikhil Desale. 2016. (envis.frlht.org / frlhtenvis.nic.in). FRLHT's ENVIS Centre on Medicinal Plants, Bengaluru. http://envis.frlht.org/plant_details.php?disp_id=1000
- Flora of Karnataka, Sharma B. D, 1984, Biodiversity Documentation for Kerala Part 6: Flowering Plants, N. Sasidharan, 2004, Flora of Maharastra State Dicotyledones, Vol I, Lakshminarasimhan P. & Prasanna P. V, 2000, Flora of Kolhapur District, Yadav S. R & Sardesai M. M, 2002
Information Listing > References
- Tropicos, botanical information system at the Missouri Botanical Garden - www.tropicos.org. URL: http://www.tropicos.org/Name/13200005
- The International Plant Names Index (2012). Published on the Internet http://www.ipni.org. URL: http://www.ipni.org/ipni/simplePlantNameSearch.do;jsessionid=C603EE4EA6D0B287170FF9BBB5349046?find_wholeName=Flacourtia+indica+&output_format=normal&query_type=by_query&back_page=query_ipni.html
- The Plant List (2010). Version 1. Published on the Internet; http://www.theplantlist.org/ URL: http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-4813254
- Catalogue of Life: 2015 Annual Checklist. URL: http://catalogueoflife.org/annual-checklist/2015/details/species/id/a546313719ec534ca6fd4e734834d0c8
- Harvard University Herbaria, Publication and Botanist databases (HUH) A© 2001 - 2013 by the President and Fellows of Harvard College.Flora of China, 'eFloras (2008). Published on the Internet http://www.efloras.org [accessed 12 April 2014]*' Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO & Harvard University Herbaria, Cambridge, MA. URL: http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200014454
- Birgitta Bremer et. al. (2009): An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III. From Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 105-121.
- Mark W. chase and James L. Reveal (2009): A Phylogenetic classification of the land plants to accompany APG III. From Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 122-127.
- Saxena, N. B. & Shamindra Saxena (2001) Plant Taxonomy. Reprint by Pragati Prakashan, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh. 229-232.Hooker, J. D., (1872) Flora of British India. Reprint by Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh, Publishers, Dehra Dun. 1: 194.
- Sharma, B. D., Balakrishnan, N. P., Rao, R. R., & Hajra, P. K. (1993), Flora of India, Botanical Survey of India. Deep Printers, New Delhi. Vol. 2: 402.
- ENVIS Centre for Medicinal Plants. URL: http://envis.frlht.org/plant_details.php?disp_id=1000&parname=0
- Encyclopedia of Life. Available from http://www.eol.org. Accessed 15 Jan 2014.IUCN 2013. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloaded on 27 August 2015.
- Plant reproductive morphology. (2014, November 17). In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 08:57, April 9, 2015, from http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Plant_sexual_morphology&oldid=539322400Seed dispersal. (2015, March 29). In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 08:59, April 9, 2015, from, URL: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Seed_dispersal&oldid=572442927License*:
- Flacourtia indica (Burm. f.) Merr., Interpr. Rumph. Herb. Amboin. 377. 1917; Manilal & Sivar., Fl. Calicut 35. 1982; Mohanan, Fl. Quilon Dist. 73. 1984; Ansari, Fl. Kasaragod Div. 64. 1985; Manilal, Fl. Silent Valley 9. 1988; Ramach. & V.J. Nair, Fl. Cannanore Dist. 49. 1988; Babu, Fl. Malappuram Dist. 26. 1990; Vajr., Fl. Palghat Dist. 60. 1990; R.L. Mitra in B.D. Sharma & N.P. Balakr., Fl. India 2: 402. 1993; M. Mohanan & Henry, Fl. Thiruvanthapuram 61. 1994; Sasidh., Fl. Chinnar WLS 23. 1999; Anil Kumar et al., Fl. Pathanamthitta 58. 2005; N.P. Balakr. in P. Daniel, Fl. Kerala 1: 269. 2005; Sunil & Sivadasan, Fl. Alappuzha Dist. 97. 2009; Ratheesh Narayanan, Fl. Stud. Wayanad Dist. 122. 2009.
- Gmelina indica Burm. f., Fl. Ind. 132. t.39, f. 5. 1768.
- Flacourtia sepiaria Roxb., Pl. Corom. t. 68. 1795; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 1: 194. 1872; Gamble, Fl. Pres. Madras 54(39). 1915.
- D K Ved, Suma Tagadur Sureshchandra, Vijay Barve, Vijay Srinivas, Sathya Sangeetha, K. Ravikumar, Kartikeyan R., Vaibhav Kulkarni, Ajith S. Kumar, S.N. Venugopal, B. S. Somashekhar, M.V. Sumanth, Noorunissa Begum, Sugandhi Rani, Surekha K.V., and Nikhil Desale. 2016. (envis.frlht.org / frlhtenvis.nic.in). FRLHT's ENVIS Centre on Medicinal Plants, Bengaluru. http://envis.frlht.org/plant_details.php?disp_id=1000
- Flora of Karnataka, Sharma B. D, 1984, Biodiversity Documentation for Kerala Part 6: Flowering Plants, N. Sasidharan, 2004, Flora of Maharastra State Dicotyledones, Vol I, Lakshminarasimhan P. & Prasanna P. V, 2000, Flora of Kolhapur District, Yadav S. R & Sardesai M. M, 2002
Structural and compositional variations in undisturbed and disturbed tropical forests of Bhuban hills in south Assam, India
DN
Dr. Nepolion BorahWild edible plants of Hassan District, Karnataka: A role in ayurvedic formulation
DG
Dr. G. M. Prashanth KumarTree species diversity in the Eastern Ghats of northern Andhra Pradesh, India
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Journal of Threatened TaxaNo Data
🐾 Taxonomy
Root | Root |
Kingdom | Plantae |
Phylum | Tracheophyta |
Class | Equisetopsida C. Agardh |
Order | Malpighiales Juss. ex Bercht. & J. Presl |
Family | Salicaceae |
Genus | Flacourtia |
Species | Flacourtia indica (Burm. f.) Merr. |
📊 Temporal Distribution
📷 Related Observations
👥 Groups