Ximenia americana L.

Accepted

Ximenia americana tree

Ximenia americana seeds

Ximenia americana leaf

Ximenia americana fruit

Ximenia americana flower

Ximenia americana bark

🗒 Synonyms

synonym	Amyris arborescens P. Br.
synonym	Pimecaria odorata Raf.
synonym	Ximenia aculeata Crantz
synonym	Ximenia americana f. inermis (Aubl.) Engl.
synonym	Ximenia americana var. oblonga DC.
synonym	Ximenia americana var. ovata DC.
synonym	Ximenia americana var. oxyprena Chiov.
synonym	Ximenia americana var. sphaerica Chiov.
synonym	Ximenia arborescens Tussac ex Walp.
synonym	Ximenia elliptica G.Forst.
synonym	Ximenia exarmata F.Muell.
synonym	Ximenia fluminensis M. Roem.
synonym	Ximenia inermis L.
synonym	Ximenia laurina Delile
synonym	Ximenia loranthifolia Span.
synonym	Ximenia montana Macfad.
synonym	Ximenia multiflora Jacq.
synonym	Ximenia oblonga Lam. ex Hemsl.
synonym	Ximenia russeliana Wall.
synonym	Ximenia spinosa Salisb.
synonym	Ximenia subscandens Griff.
synonym	Ximenia verrucosa M. Roem.
synonym	Zizyphus littorea Teysm. ex Hassk.

🗒 Common Names

English	Hog plum Tallow-wood
Hin	--
Kannada	Nagare
Other	Kadal azhinji Siru-illanthai

📚 Overview

Overview

Summary

Brief

Flowering class: Dicot Habit: Tree

Dr. N Sasidharan (Dr. B P Pal Fellow), Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi

Attributions	Dr. N Sasidharan (Dr. B P Pal Fellow), Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi
Contributors	D. Narasimhan
Status	UNDER_CREATION
Licenses	CC_BY
References

Diagnostic

Diagnostic Keys

Description

Habit: Shrub

G. Renu, Sanjana Julias Thilakar, D. Narasimhan, Centre for Floristic Research, Department of Botany, Madras Christian College, Tambaram

Attributions	G. Renu, Sanjana Julias Thilakar, D. Narasimhan, Centre for Floristic Research, Department of Botany, Madras Christian College, Tambaram
Contributors	G Renu D. Narasimhan Sanjana Julias Thilakar
Status	UNDER_CREATION
Licenses	CC_BY
References

Shrubs or trees, 2-4 m tall; branchlets usually spiny. Levaes alternate, crowded, 3-5 × 2-3 cm,ovate, elliptic, or obovate, more or less leathery, base obtuse, apex obtuse, apiculate, mucronulate, or sometimes emarginate; secondary veins 3-5 on each side of midvein; petiole 3-5 mm. Cymes or racemes 1.5-2.5 cm, 3-6-flowered. Pedicel 2-3 mm. Calyx cupular, ca. 1 mm. Petals 4 or 5, white or greenish, oblong, 5-7 mm, inside white-barbate. Stamens 8 or 10. Ovary ovoid-conica Drupe orange, ± globose to ovoid, 2-3 cm in diam.

Dr. N Sasidharan (Dr. B P Pal Fellow), Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi

Attributions	Dr. N Sasidharan (Dr. B P Pal Fellow), Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi
Contributors	D. Narasimhan
Status	UNDER_CREATION
Licenses	CC_BY
References

Small tree. Bark dark brown. Flowers white, hairy, fragrant. Axillary spines.

Kavitha, A., N. Deepthi, R. Ganesan, S. C. Gladwin Joseph. Common Dryland Trees of Karnataka: Bilingual Field Guide. Ashoka Trust for Research in Ecology and the Environment, 2093

Attributions	Kavitha, A., N. Deepthi, R. Ganesan, S. C. Gladwin Joseph. Common Dryland Trees of Karnataka: Bilingual Field Guide. Ashoka Trust for Research in Ecology and the Environment, 2093
Contributors	A Kavitha Deepthi Narasimhaiah Ganesan R gladwin joseph
Status	UNDER_CREATION
Licenses	CC_BY_NC
References

SubSpecies Varieties Races

Diagnostic Keys

Description

No Data

📚 Nomenclature and Classification

Nomenclature and Classification

Taxon Record Name

References

Type Information

No Data

📚 Natural History

Natural History

Life Cycle

Cyclicity

Flowering and fruiting: March-June

Dr. N Sasidharan (Dr. B P Pal Fellow), Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi

Attributions	Dr. N Sasidharan (Dr. B P Pal Fellow), Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi
Contributors	D. Narasimhan
Status	UNDER_CREATION
Licenses	CC_BY
References

Leaf Fall

Flowering

February--April

Fruiting

June--October

Kavitha, A., N. Deepthi, R. Ganesan, S. C. Gladwin Joseph. Common Dryland Trees of Karnataka: Bilingual Field Guide. Ashoka Trust for Research in Ecology and the Environment, 2093

Attributions	Kavitha, A., N. Deepthi, R. Ganesan, S. C. Gladwin Joseph. Common Dryland Trees of Karnataka: Bilingual Field Guide. Ashoka Trust for Research in Ecology and the Environment, 2093
Contributors	A Kavitha Deepthi Narasimhaiah Ganesan R gladwin joseph
Status	UNDER_CREATION
Licenses	CC_BY_NC
References

Reproduction

Propagation Techniques

Direct sowing of seeds/ Stem cuttings.

Kavitha, A., N. Deepthi, R. Ganesan, S. C. Gladwin Joseph. Common Dryland Trees of Karnataka: Bilingual Field Guide. Ashoka Trust for Research in Ecology and the Environment, 2093

Attributions	Kavitha, A., N. Deepthi, R. Ganesan, S. C. Gladwin Joseph. Common Dryland Trees of Karnataka: Bilingual Field Guide. Ashoka Trust for Research in Ecology and the Environment, 2093
Contributors	A Kavitha Deepthi Narasimhaiah Ganesan R gladwin joseph
Status	UNDER_CREATION
Licenses	CC_BY_NC
References

Migration

Dispersal

Dispersers

Dispersers: Bird, Other Mammals

Pollinators

Pollinators: Bee,Insect

Kavitha, A., N. Deepthi, R. Ganesan, S. C. Gladwin Joseph. Common Dryland Trees of Karnataka: Bilingual Field Guide. Ashoka Trust for Research in Ecology and the Environment, 2093

Attributions	Kavitha, A., N. Deepthi, R. Ganesan, S. C. Gladwin Joseph. Common Dryland Trees of Karnataka: Bilingual Field Guide. Ashoka Trust for Research in Ecology and the Environment, 2093
Contributors	A Kavitha Deepthi Narasimhaiah Ganesan R gladwin joseph
Status	UNDER_CREATION
Licenses	CC_BY_NC
References

Life Expectancy

Size

Seed Size

2 cm.

Tree Height

5 m.

Kavitha, A., N. Deepthi, R. Ganesan, S. C. Gladwin Joseph. Common Dryland Trees of Karnataka: Bilingual Field Guide. Ashoka Trust for Research in Ecology and the Environment, 2093

Attributions	Kavitha, A., N. Deepthi, R. Ganesan, S. C. Gladwin Joseph. Common Dryland Trees of Karnataka: Bilingual Field Guide. Ashoka Trust for Research in Ecology and the Environment, 2093
Contributors	A Kavitha Deepthi Narasimhaiah Ganesan R gladwin joseph
Status	UNDER_CREATION
Licenses	CC_BY_NC
References

Growth

Moderate

Competitiveness

Medium

Where To Plant

Field border

Growth Rate

fast growing

Drought Tolerance

High

Drainage

Poor

Kavitha, A., N. Deepthi, R. Ganesan, S. C. Gladwin Joseph. Common Dryland Trees of Karnataka: Bilingual Field Guide. Ashoka Trust for Research in Ecology and the Environment, 2093

Attributions	Kavitha, A., N. Deepthi, R. Ganesan, S. C. Gladwin Joseph. Common Dryland Trees of Karnataka: Bilingual Field Guide. Ashoka Trust for Research in Ecology and the Environment, 2093
Contributors	A Kavitha Deepthi Narasimhaiah Ganesan R gladwin joseph
Status	UNDER_CREATION
Licenses	CC_BY_NC
References

Morphology

Tree Type

Evergreen

Canopy

Semi

Leaf Type

Halasu like

Kavitha, A., N. Deepthi, R. Ganesan, S. C. Gladwin Joseph. Common Dryland Trees of Karnataka: Bilingual Field Guide. Ashoka Trust for Research in Ecology and the Environment, 2093

Attributions	Kavitha, A., N. Deepthi, R. Ganesan, S. C. Gladwin Joseph. Common Dryland Trees of Karnataka: Bilingual Field Guide. Ashoka Trust for Research in Ecology and the Environment, 2093
Contributors	A Kavitha Deepthi Narasimhaiah Ganesan R gladwin joseph
Status	UNDER_CREATION
Licenses	CC_BY_NC
References

Miscellaneous Details

Notes: Western Ghats & Eastern Ghats, Evergreen Forests

G. Renu, Sanjana Julias Thilakar, D. Narasimhan, Centre for Floristic Research, Department of Botany, Madras Christian College, Tambaram

Attributions	G. Renu, Sanjana Julias Thilakar, D. Narasimhan, Centre for Floristic Research, Department of Botany, Madras Christian College, Tambaram
Contributors	G Renu Sanjana Julias Thilakar D. Narasimhan
Status	UNDER_CREATION
Licenses	CC_BY
References

Interesting Facts

Also called false sandalwood, because of its fragrant wood. Used to make charcoal. Fruit is rich in vitamins. Leaves and fruits contain cyanide glycoside so should not be eaten in large quantities.

Kavitha, A., N. Deepthi, R. Ganesan, S. C. Gladwin Joseph. Common Dryland Trees of Karnataka: Bilingual Field Guide. Ashoka Trust for Research in Ecology and the Environment, 2093

Attributions	Kavitha, A., N. Deepthi, R. Ganesan, S. C. Gladwin Joseph. Common Dryland Trees of Karnataka: Bilingual Field Guide. Ashoka Trust for Research in Ecology and the Environment, 2093
Contributors	A Kavitha Deepthi Narasimhaiah Ganesan R gladwin joseph
Status	UNDER_CREATION
Licenses	CC_BY_NC
References

No Data

📚 Habitat and Distribution

Habitat and Distribution

General Habitat

Dry deciduous forests

Dr. N Sasidharan (Dr. B P Pal Fellow), Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi

Attributions	Dr. N Sasidharan (Dr. B P Pal Fellow), Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi
Contributors	D. Narasimhan
Status	UNDER_CREATION
Licenses	CC_BY
References

Distribution

Description

Global Distribution

Throughout the tropics

Indian distribution

State - Kerala, District/s: Palakkad

Dr. N Sasidharan (Dr. B P Pal Fellow), Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi

Attributions	Dr. N Sasidharan (Dr. B P Pal Fellow), Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi
Contributors	D. Narasimhan
Status	UNDER_CREATION
Licenses	CC_BY
References

Tamil Nadu: Coimbatore, Salem, Tiruvannamalai, Viluppuram

G. Renu, Sanjana Julias Thilakar, D. Narasimhan, Centre for Floristic Research, Department of Botany, Madras Christian College, Tambaram

Attributions	G. Renu, Sanjana Julias Thilakar, D. Narasimhan, Centre for Floristic Research, Department of Botany, Madras Christian College, Tambaram
Contributors	Sanjana Julias Thilakar G Renu D. Narasimhan
Status	UNDER_CREATION
Licenses	CC_BY
References

Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Maharastra, Madhya Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Orissa.

Kavitha, A., N. Deepthi, R. Ganesan, S. C. Gladwin Joseph. Common Dryland Trees of Karnataka: Bilingual Field Guide. Ashoka Trust for Research in Ecology and the Environment, 2093

Attributions	Kavitha, A., N. Deepthi, R. Ganesan, S. C. Gladwin Joseph. Common Dryland Trees of Karnataka: Bilingual Field Guide. Ashoka Trust for Research in Ecology and the Environment, 2093
Contributors	A Kavitha Deepthi Narasimhaiah Ganesan R gladwin joseph
Status	UNDER_CREATION
Licenses	CC_BY_NC
References

Endemic Distribution

Nativity

Native

Kavitha, A., N. Deepthi, R. Ganesan, S. C. Gladwin Joseph. Common Dryland Trees of Karnataka: Bilingual Field Guide. Ashoka Trust for Research in Ecology and the Environment, 2093

Attributions	Kavitha, A., N. Deepthi, R. Ganesan, S. C. Gladwin Joseph. Common Dryland Trees of Karnataka: Bilingual Field Guide. Ashoka Trust for Research in Ecology and the Environment, 2093
Contributors	A Kavitha Deepthi Narasimhaiah Ganesan R gladwin joseph
Status	UNDER_CREATION
Licenses	CC_BY_NC
References

No Data

📚 Occurrence

Occurrence

No Data

📚 Demography and Conservation

Demography and Conservation

Not Evaluated

Kavitha, A., N. Deepthi, R. Ganesan, S. C. Gladwin Joseph. Common Dryland Trees of Karnataka: Bilingual Field Guide. Ashoka Trust for Research in Ecology and the Environment, 2093

Attributions	Kavitha, A., N. Deepthi, R. Ganesan, S. C. Gladwin Joseph. Common Dryland Trees of Karnataka: Bilingual Field Guide. Ashoka Trust for Research in Ecology and the Environment, 2093
Contributors	A Kavitha Deepthi Narasimhaiah Ganesan R gladwin joseph
Status	UNDER_CREATION
Licenses	CC_BY_NC
References

Threats

Legislation

Protection Legal Status

No Data

📚 Uses and Management

Uses and Management

Uses

System of Medicines Used In

Folk medicine

Siddha

System Of Medicines Used In

Folk medicine, Siddha

FRLHT's ENVIS Centre on Medicinal Plants: http://envis.frlht.org/plant_details.php?disp_id=2549

Attributions	FRLHT's ENVIS Centre on Medicinal Plants: http://envis.frlht.org/plant_details.php?disp_id=2549
Contributors	FRLHT-ENVIS
Status	UNDER_CREATION
Licenses	CC_BY
References

Medicinal :

Medicinal : Bark,Leaf,Fruit,Root

Food:

Food: Fruit

Fodder:

Fodder: goat

Fuelwood:

Good fuelwood

Services And Uses

Live fence, Nectar source, Green manure, Tanning and dyeing

Kavitha, A., N. Deepthi, R. Ganesan, S. C. Gladwin Joseph. Common Dryland Trees of Karnataka: Bilingual Field Guide. Ashoka Trust for Research in Ecology and the Environment, 2093

Attributions	Kavitha, A., N. Deepthi, R. Ganesan, S. C. Gladwin Joseph. Common Dryland Trees of Karnataka: Bilingual Field Guide. Ashoka Trust for Research in Ecology and the Environment, 2093
Contributors	A Kavitha Deepthi Narasimhaiah Ganesan R gladwin joseph
Status	UNDER_CREATION
Licenses	CC_BY_NC
References

Folklore

Management

No Data

📚 Information Listing

Information Listing

Species Resources

Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS)

The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (IUCN)

Encyclopedia of Life (EOL)

Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF)

National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI)

References

Ximenia americana L., Sp. Pl. 1193 1753; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 1: 574. 1875; Gamble, Fl. Pres. Madras 190(135). 1915; N.P. Balakr. in P. Daniel, Fl. Kerala 1: 678. 2005.

D K Ved, Suma Tagadur Sureshchandra, Vijay Barve, Vijay Srinivas, Sathya Sangeetha, K. Ravikumar, Kartikeyan R., Vaibhav Kulkarni, Ajith S. Kumar, S.N. Venugopal, B. S. Somashekhar, M.V. Sumanth, Noorunissa Begum, Sugandhi Rani, Surekha K.V., and Nikhil Desale. 2016. (envis.frlht.org / frlhtenvis.nic.in). FRLHT's ENVIS Centre on Medicinal Plants, Bengaluru. http://envis.frlht.org/plant_details.php?disp_id=2549

Flora of Tamil Nadu, VOL. I, 1983; Gamble, 1957; Matthew, 1983

Information Listing > References

Ximenia americana L., Sp. Pl. 1193 1753; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 1: 574. 1875; Gamble, Fl. Pres. Madras 190(135). 1915; N.P. Balakr. in P. Daniel, Fl. Kerala 1: 678. 2005.
D K Ved, Suma Tagadur Sureshchandra, Vijay Barve, Vijay Srinivas, Sathya Sangeetha, K. Ravikumar, Kartikeyan R., Vaibhav Kulkarni, Ajith S. Kumar, S.N. Venugopal, B. S. Somashekhar, M.V. Sumanth, Noorunissa Begum, Sugandhi Rani, Surekha K.V., and Nikhil Desale. 2016. (envis.frlht.org / frlhtenvis.nic.in). FRLHT's ENVIS Centre on Medicinal Plants, Bengaluru. http://envis.frlht.org/plant_details.php?disp_id=2549
Flora of Tamil Nadu, VOL. I, 1983; Gamble, 1957; Matthew, 1983

UTILIZATION OF ETHNO-VETERINARY MEDICINAL PLANTS IN HASSAN DISTRICT OF KARNATAKA, INDIA

Dr. G. M. Prashanth Kumar

Images

No Data

📚 Meta data

Meta data

Ximenia-americana_map.tif
Ximenia americana_LC.tif
3.2 Halasu-like leaf.tif

Kavitha, A., N. Deepthi, R. Ganesan, S. C. Gladwin Joseph. Common Dryland Trees of Karnataka: Bilingual Field Guide. Ashoka Trust for Research in Ecology and the Environment, 2093

Attributions	Kavitha, A., N. Deepthi, R. Ganesan, S. C. Gladwin Joseph. Common Dryland Trees of Karnataka: Bilingual Field Guide. Ashoka Trust for Research in Ecology and the Environment, 2093
Contributors	A Kavitha Deepthi Narasimhaiah Ganesan R gladwin joseph
Status	UNDER_CREATION
Licenses	CC_BY_NC
References

No Data

🐾 Taxonomy

Root	Root
Kingdom	Plantae
Phylum	Tracheophyta
Class	Magnoliopsida
Order	Santalales
Family	Ximeniaceae
Genus	Ximenia
Species	Ximenia americana L.

📊 Temporal Distribution

📷 Related Observations

👥 Groups

India Biodiversity Portal