Hymenodictyon orixense (Roxb.) Mabb.

Accepted

Lamina shape

🗒 Synonyms

synonym	Benteca rheedei Roem. & Schult.
synonym	Cinchona excelsa Roxb.
synonym	Cinchona orixensis Roxb.
synonym	Cinchona thyrsiflora Roxb., nom. nud.
synonym	Exostema philippicum Schult.
synonym	Hymenodictyon excelsum (Roxb.) Wall.
synonym	Hymenodictyon excelsum var. canescens Pierre ex Pit.
synonym	Hymenodictyon excelsum var. subglabrum Pierre ex Pit.
synonym	Hymenodictyon excelsum var. velutinum Pierre ex Pit.
synonym	Hymenodictyon rheedei (Roem. & Schult.) M.R.Almeida & S.M.Almeida
synonym	Hymenodictyon thyrsiflorum Wall., nom. altern.
synonym	Hymenodictyon utile Wight

🗒 Common Names

Assamese	Baja-phuti Bhur-kundi Kodam Pani-kadam Paroli
Bengali	Latikarum
English	Kuthan
Gujarati	ભમ્મર છાલ Bhammar Chaal મધમહુડો Madhamahudo લુણીયો Luniyo
Hindi	काला बचनाग Kala Bachnag भुरकुर Bhurkur
Kannada	ಡೊಲಿ ಮರ Doli Mara ದಿಡ್ಡಿ ಮರ Diddi Mara ದೊಡ್ಡಿ ಮರ Doddi Mara
Khasi	Dieng Dohlbong Sir
Konkani	दाम्डेली Damdeli
Malayalam	Chakkathekku Ithil Itthilei Ittiyila Malamkall Malam Kall Nicham Nicham Kadambu Perantholi Perumtholi Peruntholi Vellakadamba Vellakdamabu
Marathi	कुडा Kuda कंबळ Kambal दोंद्रु Dondru भोरसाल Or भोरसाळ Bhorsal भौरसाळ Bhoursal भ्रमरसाळी Bhramarsali
Oriya	Dudupa Guliya
Other	Barthoa Bodi Kiru Chongipa Bridal Couch Plant Bridal Couch Tree Chakkathekku Ilaimael kai Kadav Kala Kaddu Malai thanakku Mountain Sage Peruncholi Velleikadambu लति कर्मा Lati Karma ഇത്തിള്‍ Iththil ചക്കതേക്ക് Cakkatheekk പെരുന്തൊലി Peruntholi
Rajasthani	Lunia
Sanskrit	उग्रगन्ध Ugragandha भृङ्गःवृक्ष Bhringah-vriksha भ्रमरछल्ली Bhramarchalli
Tamil	Kadappu Nirkadambam Vellai-kadambu வெள்ளைக்கடம்பு Vellai-k-katampu
Telugu	బందారుచెట్టు Bandaaru-chettu

📚 Overview

Overview

Summary

Subcanopy trees in semievergreen forests up to 500 m.

B. R. Ramesh, N. Ayyappan, Pierre Grard, Juliana Prosperi, S. Aravajy, Jean Pierre Pascal, The Biotik Team, French Institute of Pondicherry.

Attributions	B. R. Ramesh, N. Ayyappan, Pierre Grard, Juliana Prosperi, S. Aravajy, Jean Pierre Pascal, The Biotik Team, French Institute of Pondicherry.
Contributors	ayyappan Narayanan
Status	UNDER_CREATION
Licenses	CC_BY
References

Brief

Flowering class: Dicot Habit: Tree

Dr. N Sasidharan (Dr. B P Pal Fellow), Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi

Attributions	Dr. N Sasidharan (Dr. B P Pal Fellow), Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi
Contributors	D. Narasimhan
Status	UNDER_CREATION
Licenses	CC_BY
References

Diagnostic

Diagnostic Keys

Description

Habit: Tree

G. Renu, Sanjana Julias Thilakar, D. Narasimhan, Centre for Floristic Research, Department of Botany, Madras Christian College, Tambaram

Attributions	G. Renu, Sanjana Julias Thilakar, D. Narasimhan, Centre for Floristic Research, Department of Botany, Madras Christian College, Tambaram
Contributors	Sanjana Julias Thilakar G Renu D. Narasimhan
Status	UNDER_CREATION
Licenses	CC_BY
References

Habit

Deciduous trees, up to 20 m tall.

Trunk\bark

Bark dark grey, fissured; blaze reddish.

Branchlets

Young branchlets terete, minutely pubescent.

Leaves

Leaves simple, opposite, decussate; stipule lanceolate, interpetiolar, caducous and leaving scar, glabrous; petiole ca. 1.2-2.2 cm long, planoconvex in cross section, glabrous; lamina 14.5-21 x 7.5-12.5 cm, broadly ovate to elliptic-ovate, apex acute to shortly acuminate, base acute-attenuate to truncate, margin entire, chartaceous, glabrous; midrib raised above; secondary nerves ca. 10 pairs; tertiary nerves broadly obliquely percurrent.

Flowers

Inflorescence axillary or terminal racemes; flowers subsessile.

Fruit& seed

Capsule, elliptic, pendulous, 2-valved; seeds many, narrowly winged.

B. R. Ramesh, N. Ayyappan, Pierre Grard, Juliana Prosperi, S. Aravajy, Jean Pierre Pascal, The Biotik Team, French Institute of Pondicherry.

Attributions	B. R. Ramesh, N. Ayyappan, Pierre Grard, Juliana Prosperi, S. Aravajy, Jean Pierre Pascal, The Biotik Team, French Institute of Pondicherry.
Contributors	ayyappan Narayanan
Status	UNDER_CREATION
Licenses	CC_BY
References

Deciduous trees, to 20 m high, bark 2 cm thick, grey to greyish-brown, rough, vertically fissured and cracked; blaze orange red; branches pubescent. Leaves simple, opposite, decussate; stipules interpetiolar, leafy, membranous, cauducous; petiole 3-20 cm long, stout, flattened, pubescent, slightly grooved above; lamina 10-25 x 8-20 cm, ovate or elliptic-ovate, base attenuate, apex acute or acuminate, margin entire, pubescent on both sides, chartaceous; lateral nerves 7-11 pairs, pinnate, prominent; intercostae reticulate, prominent. Flowers bisexual, pale green, 5-6 mm long, in axillary and terminal racemes; bracts 2, leafy, persistent; bracteoles linear; calyx tube short, truncate to globose, lobes 5, puberulous without, acute, deciduous; corolla tube slender, elongate, limb expanding, lobes 5, puberulous without; stamens 5, attached on the corolla limb; anthers lanceolate-sagitate; ovary 2-celled, inferior, ovules many; style long, slender, stigma fusiform. Fruit a capsule, 2.5 cm long, flat, elliptic, pendulous, 2 valved, brown; seeds many, broadly winged.

Dr. N Sasidharan (Dr. B P Pal Fellow), Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi

Attributions	Dr. N Sasidharan (Dr. B P Pal Fellow), Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi
Contributors	D. Narasimhan
Status	UNDER_CREATION
Licenses	CC_BY
References

SubSpecies Varieties Races

Diagnostic Keys

Description

No Data

📚 Nomenclature and Classification

Nomenclature and Classification

Taxon Record Name

References

Type Information

No Data

📚 Natural History

Natural History

Life Cycle

Cyclicity

Flowering and fruiting: July-January

Dr. N Sasidharan (Dr. B P Pal Fellow), Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi

Attributions	Dr. N Sasidharan (Dr. B P Pal Fellow), Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi
Contributors	D. Narasimhan
Status	UNDER_CREATION
Licenses	CC_BY
References

Growth Form

Tree

Look Alikes

Physiology

Ecology

Subcanopy trees in semievergreen forests up to 500 m.

B. R. Ramesh, N. Ayyappan, Pierre Grard, Juliana Prosperi, S. Aravajy, Jean Pierre Pascal, The Biotik Team, French Institute of Pondicherry.

Attributions	B. R. Ramesh, N. Ayyappan, Pierre Grard, Juliana Prosperi, S. Aravajy, Jean Pierre Pascal, The Biotik Team, French Institute of Pondicherry.
Contributors	ayyappan Narayanan
Status	UNDER_CREATION
Licenses	CC_BY
References

Miscellaneous Details

Notes: Western Ghats , Dry Deciduous Forests

G. Renu, Sanjana Julias Thilakar, D. Narasimhan, Centre for Floristic Research, Department of Botany, Madras Christian College, Tambaram

Attributions	G. Renu, Sanjana Julias Thilakar, D. Narasimhan, Centre for Floristic Research, Department of Botany, Madras Christian College, Tambaram
Contributors	G Renu Sanjana Julias Thilakar D. Narasimhan
Status	UNDER_CREATION
Licenses	CC_BY
References

No Data

📚 Habitat and Distribution

Habitat and Distribution

General Habitat

Deciduous forests, also in the plains

Dr. N Sasidharan (Dr. B P Pal Fellow), Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi

Attributions	Dr. N Sasidharan (Dr. B P Pal Fellow), Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi
Contributors	D. Narasimhan
Status	UNDER_CREATION
Licenses	CC_BY
References

Distribution

Description

Global Distribution

India: Assam, Meghalaya, Odisha

Local Distribution

Barak Valley, Kamrup, Nagaon, Dima Hasao, Sivasagar

Dr. Chandra Barooah & Iftikher Ahmed (2014) Assam Science Technology and Environment Council.

Attributions	Dr. Chandra Barooah & Iftikher Ahmed (2014) Assam Science Technology and Environment Council.
Contributors	admin
Status	UNDER_CREATION
Licenses	CC_BY
References

Global Distribution

Indo-Malesia

Indian distribution

State - Kerala, District/s: All Districts

Dr. N Sasidharan (Dr. B P Pal Fellow), Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi

Attributions	Dr. N Sasidharan (Dr. B P Pal Fellow), Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi
Contributors	D. Narasimhan
Status	UNDER_CREATION
Licenses	CC_BY
References

Indomalayasia; in the Western Ghats- throughout.

B. R. Ramesh, N. Ayyappan, Pierre Grard, Juliana Prosperi, S. Aravajy, Jean Pierre Pascal, The Biotik Team, French Institute of Pondicherry.

Attributions	B. R. Ramesh, N. Ayyappan, Pierre Grard, Juliana Prosperi, S. Aravajy, Jean Pierre Pascal, The Biotik Team, French Institute of Pondicherry.
Contributors	ayyappan Narayanan
Status	UNDER_CREATION
Licenses	CC_BY
References

Maharashtra: Dhule, Nasik, Pune, Raigad, Satara, Thane Kerala: All districts Tamil Nadu: Coimbatore, Dindigul, Kanniyakumari, Madurai, Nilgiri, Tirunelveli, Tiruvannamalai

G. Renu, Sanjana Julias Thilakar, D. Narasimhan, Centre for Floristic Research, Department of Botany, Madras Christian College, Tambaram

Attributions	G. Renu, Sanjana Julias Thilakar, D. Narasimhan, Centre for Floristic Research, Department of Botany, Madras Christian College, Tambaram
Contributors	Sanjana Julias Thilakar G Renu D. Narasimhan
Status	UNDER_CREATION
Licenses	CC_BY
References

Endemic Distribution

No Data

📚 Occurrence

Occurrence

No Data

📚 Demography and Conservation

Demography and Conservation

Protection Legal Status

No Data

📚 Uses and Management

Uses and Management

Uses

System of Medicines Used In

Folk medicine

Siddha

System Of Medicines Used In

Folk medicine, Siddha

FRLHT's ENVIS Centre on Medicinal Plants: http://envis.frlht.org/plant_details.php?disp_id=2530

Attributions	FRLHT's ENVIS Centre on Medicinal Plants: http://envis.frlht.org/plant_details.php?disp_id=2530
Contributors	FRLHT-ENVIS
Status	UNDER_CREATION
Licenses	CC_BY
References

Medicinal

Dr. N Sasidharan (Dr. B P Pal Fellow), Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi

Attributions	Dr. N Sasidharan (Dr. B P Pal Fellow), Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi
Contributors	D. Narasimhan
Status	UNDER_CREATION
Licenses	CC_BY
References

Folklore

Management

No Data

📚 Information Listing

Information Listing

Species Resources

Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS)

The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (IUCN)

Encyclopedia of Life (EOL)

Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF)

National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI)

References

D K Ved, Suma Tagadur Sureshchandra, Vijay Barve, Vijay Srinivas, Sathya Sangeetha, K. Ravikumar, Kartikeyan R., Vaibhav Kulkarni, Ajith S. Kumar, S.N. Venugopal, B. S. Somashekhar, M.V. Sumanth, Noorunissa Begum, Sugandhi Rani, Surekha K.V., and Nikhil Desale. 2016. (envis.frlht.org / frlhtenvis.nic.in). FRLHT's ENVIS Centre on Medicinal Plants, Bengaluru. http://envis.frlht.org/plant_details.php?disp_id=2530

Flora of Tamil Nadu, VOL. II, 1987

Cinchona orixensis Roxb., Bot. Descr. Swietenia 21. 1793 & in Med. Facts Obs. 6: 152. 1795.
Hymenodictyon excelsum (Roxb.) Wall. in Roxb., Fl. Ind. 2: 149. 1824; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 3: 35. 1880; Gamble, Fl. Pres. Madras 589(416). 1921.
Cinchona excelsa Roxb., Pl. Corom. t. 106. 1799.
Hymenodictyon orixense (Roxb.) Mabb., Taxon 31: 66. 1982; Antony, Syst. Stud. Fl. Kottayam Dist. 194. 1989; Ansari, Fl. Kasaragod Div. 194. 1985; Vajr., Fl. Palghat Dist. 233. 1990; M. Mohanan & Henry, Fl. Thiruvanthapuram 233. 1994; Sasidh. & Sivar., Fl. Pl. Thrissur For. 223. 1996; Sasidh., Fl. Shenduruny WLS 153. 1997; Sivar. & Mathew, Fl. Nilambur 329. 1997; Sasidh., Fl. Periyar Tiger Reserve 175. 1998; Sasidh., Fl. Chinnar WLS 150. 1999; Sasidh., Fl. Parambikulam WLS 151. 2002; Mohanan & Sivad., Fl. Agasthyamala 320. 2002; Sunil & Sivadasan, Fl. Alappuzha Dist. 355. 2009; Ratheesh Narayanan, Fl. Stud. Wayanad Dist. 420. 2009.

Information Listing > References

D K Ved, Suma Tagadur Sureshchandra, Vijay Barve, Vijay Srinivas, Sathya Sangeetha, K. Ravikumar, Kartikeyan R., Vaibhav Kulkarni, Ajith S. Kumar, S.N. Venugopal, B. S. Somashekhar, M.V. Sumanth, Noorunissa Begum, Sugandhi Rani, Surekha K.V., and Nikhil Desale. 2016. (envis.frlht.org / frlhtenvis.nic.in). FRLHT's ENVIS Centre on Medicinal Plants, Bengaluru. http://envis.frlht.org/plant_details.php?disp_id=2530
Flora of Tamil Nadu, VOL. II, 1987
Cinchona orixensis Roxb., Bot. Descr. Swietenia 21. 1793 & in Med. Facts Obs. 6: 152. 1795.
Hymenodictyon excelsum (Roxb.) Wall. in Roxb., Fl. Ind. 2: 149. 1824; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 3: 35. 1880; Gamble, Fl. Pres. Madras 589(416). 1921.
Cinchona excelsa Roxb., Pl. Corom. t. 106. 1799.
Hymenodictyon orixense (Roxb.) Mabb., Taxon 31: 66. 1982; Antony, Syst. Stud. Fl. Kottayam Dist. 194. 1989; Ansari, Fl. Kasaragod Div. 194. 1985; Vajr., Fl. Palghat Dist. 233. 1990; M. Mohanan & Henry, Fl. Thiruvanthapuram 233. 1994; Sasidh. & Sivar., Fl. Pl. Thrissur For. 223. 1996; Sasidh., Fl. Shenduruny WLS 153. 1997; Sivar. & Mathew, Fl. Nilambur 329. 1997; Sasidh., Fl. Periyar Tiger Reserve 175. 1998; Sasidh., Fl. Chinnar WLS 150. 1999; Sasidh., Fl. Parambikulam WLS 151. 2002; Mohanan & Sivad., Fl. Agasthyamala 320. 2002; Sunil & Sivadasan, Fl. Alappuzha Dist. 355. 2009; Ratheesh Narayanan, Fl. Stud. Wayanad Dist. 420. 2009.

A checklist of the flowering plants of Katerniaghat Wildlife Sanctuary, Uttar Pradesh, India

Journal of Threatened Taxa

Tree species diversity in the Eastern Ghats of northern Andhra Pradesh, India

Journal of Threatened Taxa

The family Rubiaceae in southern Assam with special reference to endemic and rediscovered plant taxa

Journal of Threatened Taxa

Butterfly diversity in tropical moist deciduous sal forests of Ankua Reserve Forest, Koina Range, Saranda Division, West Singhbhum District, Jharkhand, India

Journal of Threatened Taxa

Images

No Data

📚 Meta data

Meta data

No Data

🐾 Taxonomy

Root	Root
Kingdom	Plantae
Phylum	Tracheophyta
Class	Magnoliopsida
Order	Gentianales
Family	Rubiaceae
Genus	Hymenodictyon
Species	Hymenodictyon orixense (Roxb.) Mabb.

📊 Temporal Distribution

📷 Related Observations

👥 Groups

India Biodiversity Portal

TreesIndia

The Western Ghats

PlantsIndia

Northeast India Biodiversity

Medicinal Plants

Assam Biodiversity Portal