Pavetta crassipes. Tree Leaves fruits Origin and Distribution

Transcription

1 Pavetta crassipes General description Scientific Name with Author Pavetta crassipes K. SCHUM Synonyms Pavetta barteri Dawe;. Pavetta utilis Hua Family Rubiaceae Vernacular Names Mokbiisri (Mooré); kurkadé (Peul); kumuba, kumbafura (Bambara) Botanical Description Shrub or small tree 1-8 m tall; young branches glabrous, stout, angled; older branches covered with thin greyish, buff or rarely blackish cracking bark. Leaves usually clustered near the apices of the branches, paired, or occasionally ternate or quadrate, glabrous; blades cm, linear to narrowly elongate-oblong or oblanceolate, rounded or sometimes obtuse at the apex, obtuse to attenuate at the base; lateral nerves in 8-11 main pairs. Inflorescences corymbose, crowded, (3) cm across (excluding corollas). Flowers white and green, pedicellate, with shortly dentate, glabrous tubular calyx, glabrous tubular corolla about mm long. Fruit black, shiny, 6-8 mm in diameter; pedicels slightly accrescent; calyx limb persistent. Seeds greyish-brown, mm wide, slightly rugulose on convex face (Nacoulma, 1996; Arbonnier, 2002). Tree Leaves fruits rigin and Distribution 1

2 Benin, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Central African Republic, Côte ivory, Ethiopia, Ghana, Guinea, Malawi, Mali, Mozambique, Niger, Nigeria, Tanzania, Zambia. From senegal to Cameroon, as far as Sudan, tropical Africa (Nacoulma, 1996; Arbonnier, 2002). Plant Part Used Medicinal uses Leaves: schistosomiasis or haematuria, malaria, splenosis, fever, conjunctivitis, syphilis sores, diarrhoea, stiffness, weakness, respiratory diseases, hypertension. Roots: laxative, constipation, gonorrhoea. Bark: snake bite, febrifuge, thyroid stimulating. Roots + leaves: fever, vitamin deficiency, kwashiorkor. Fruit: vermifuge. ther uses Leaves: condiment. Fruit: consumed fresh (Nacoulma, 1996; Arbonnier, 2002, Aliyu et al., 2008) Possible Alternative Source Species Ethnobotanical information Major Ethnopharmacological Uses In Malawi, dried ground leaves of Pavetta crassipes are claimed to be used to increase libido in men, roots are used for snakebites and bark as purgative. The leaves are also used in Tanzania in the treatment of gonorrhoeae. In Central Africa, the acid infusion of the leaves is taken as a cough remedy. The leaves are eaten by some native tribes pounded up with other food, or boiled in the slightly fermented water in which cereals have been left to steep, and mixed with porridge. The plant has various other ethnomedical uses for instance, the boiled leaf powder is used to treat blood in the urine, fevers and abdominal disorders. In Nigeria, the leaves of this plant are used medicinally in the management of respiratory infections and abdominal disorders. 2

3 Toxicology ther Relevant Uses Chemical constituents Compounds Leaves: Tannins, saponins, alkaloids, flavonoids, reducing sugars,, carbohydrates, proteins, amino acids (Asp, Glu, Leu), organic acids (citric, ascorbic), sterols, anthraquinones and terpenes/ steroids (Nacoulma, 1996; Amos et al., 1998; Ibekwe et al., 2012). Identified compounds Leaves: Quercetin-3--rutinoside (Bello et al., 2011; Mponda, 2012), chlorogenic acid, methyl chlorogenate (Mponda, 2012) Stem barks: Dimeric and trimeric proanthocyanidins: aceatats of cinnamtannin B1, pavetannin B1, B3, B4 and B5 (Mponda, 2012) H H H H H H H H H H H H H Pavetamin B1 Pavetamin B2 Pavetamin B3, B4 3

4 H H H HC H 3 C Chlorogenic acid H Quercetin-3-rutoside H H 3 C Methyl-chlogenate Quality control Identification rganoleptic Properties (couleur, goût, odeur) Macroscopic Characteristics (description des bottes vendues dans les marchés) Solubility (leaves Me extract yield %, Root-Me extract: 6.2% acetone, eau, éthanol) cf Aline Moisture Content (Leaves: %, Root: 3.60%) Total ash (leaves: %) 4

5 TLC / HPLC / GC Leaves methanol extract A: 365 nm, B: Anisaldehyde under UV 365nm, Leaves Aqueous extract Anisaldehyde under UV 365nm Adulterants and Adulterations (Pavetta barteri Dawe; Pavetta utilis Hua) Standard Preparations (decoction, maceration) Pharmacological properties Pharmacodynamie Properties ln Vitro Experiments Antiplasmodial activity The alkaloid extracts of leaves are effective against W2 chloroquine-resistant strain and the D6 chloroquine-sensitive strain with IC 50 values of ng/ml and ng/ml, respectively (Sanon, et al., 2003). The alkaloid extracts of leaves (PcF3) and its fraction (PcF3.4) exhibited antimalarial activity with an IC 50 of 2.2 and 0.71 µg/ml, respectively, against Plasmodium falciparum (Baldé et al., 2010). The alkaloid leaf extract has also demonstrated to possess an interesting antiplasmodial activity (IC 50 of 5 μg/ml) (uattara et al., 2014). Antileishmanial and antitrypanosomal activity The antileishmanial IC 50 values were similar for the PcF3.2 (2.03 µg/ml) and PcF3.4 (2.0 µg/ml) fractions obtained from alkaloid extracts of leaves, whereas PcF3.4 had greater selectivity (SI of 2.71). Trypanosoma cruzi, was more sensitive to the PcF3.2 and PcF3.4 extract fractions (IC 50 of µg/ml) than Leishmania infantum (IC 50 of µg/ml). Both PcF3.2 and PcF3.4 were significantly more active against Trypanosoma brucei (IC 50 of 1.0 and 0.25 µg/ml, respectively) (Baldé et al., 2010). Antimicrobial activity The aqueous extract of leaves inhibited the growth of some pathogenic microorganisms which included Streptococcus pyogenes (MIC 12.5 mg/ml), Corynebacterium ulcerans (MIC 6.25 mg/ml), Klebsiella pneumoniae (12.5 mg/ml), Neisseria gonorrhoeae (12.5 mg/ml), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (6.25 mg/ml), and Escherichia coli (6.25 mg/ml) (Bello et al., 2014). The alkaloid extracts of leaves (PcF3) 5

6 and its fraction (PcF3.1, PcF3.2 and PcF3.4) exhibited antibacterial activity in Staphylococcus aureus and had an MIC range of µg/ml (Baldé et al., 2010). Antitumor activity The alkaloid fraction (PcF3.4) and its equivalent fraction PcF2.2.2, obtained from the methanol extract, exhibited inhibition of PC3 cell growth (10 µg/ml < IC 50 <50 µg/ml) (Baldé et al., 2010). ln Vivo Experiments Leaf aqueous extract was presented anti-inflammatory and anti-asthma activity in rats (ip) at concentrations of 250 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg (Amos and al. 1998). It seems that its activities could involve an inhibitory effect on calcium influx or the release of prostaglandin (Amos et al. 1998). The same authors also report that in vivo, the ethanolic extract has hypotensive properties and that these effects are mediated via β-adrenergic receptors or a synergistic mechanism with these receptors (Amos et al. 2003). Leaves extract presented a sedative effect on the central nervous system with a probable direct action on dopamine receptors or GABBA (Amos et al., 2004). Ex vivo studies The effects of the aqueous extract of Pavetta crassipes leaves were studied on gastrointestinal and uterine smooth muscle preparations isolated from rabbit jejunum, guinea pig ileum and rat uterus. The extract produced a concentration-dependent inhibition of the spontaneous motility or elevated tone in these preparations. The inhibitory effects of the extract were not affected by pre-treatment with propranolol or yohimbine, but were completely blocked by verapamil pre-treatment (Amos et al. 1998). Clinical Studies Pharmacokinetic Properties Safety data Ethnie Use Safety Data Root bark and leaves extract have been used for many years with no side effects. Preclinical Safety Data: none Single Dose Toxicity: none 6

7 Repeated Dose Toxicity: none Mutagenic Potential : none Carcinogenicity: none Sensitizing Potential: none Clinical Safety Data: none Key (proposed) usage Therapeutic Indications (malaria, maceration) Dosage Method and Duration of Administration (until healing) Contraindications Special Warnings and Precautions for Use Effects on Ability to Drive and Use Machines Interactions Pregnancy and Lactation: none Adverse Effects (vomiting) verdose (vomiting)) Evaluation of Efficacy (None) Trade information Volume of production in the country: none Volume of domestic consumption: none Volume of export: none Average price: none Nature of plant material (everytime) Conservation status: vulnerable (reference) Nature of plant products Processing and Storage (leaves, stem bark, dry in shade or sun, store in plastic References Aliyu, A.B., Musa, A.M., Abdullahi, M.S., yewale, A.., Gwarzo, U.S., Activity of plant extracts used in northern Nigerian traditional medicine against Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Nigerian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 7,

8 Amos, S., kwuasaba, F.K., Gamaniel, K., Akah, P., Wambebe, C., Inhibitory effects of the aqueous extract of Pavetta crassipes leaves on gastrointestinal and uterine smooth muscle preparations isolated from rabbits, guinea pigs and rats. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 61, Amos, S., Akah, P.A., Binda, L., Enwerem, N.M., Abiodun gundaini, A., Wambebe, C., Hussaini, I.M., Gamaniel, K.S., Hypotensive Activity of the Ethanol Extract of Pavetta crassipes Leaves. Biological Pharmacological Bulletin 26, Arbonnier, M., Arbres, arbustes et lianes des zones d Afrique de l ouest. CIRAD-MNHN- UICN, 541p. Baldé, E.S., Megalizzi, V., Traoré, M.S., Cos, P., Maes, L., Decaestecker, C., Pieters, L., Baldé, A.M., In vitro antiprotozoal, antimicrobial and antitumor activity of Pavetta crassipes K. Schum leaf extracts. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 130, Bello, I.A., Ndukwe, G.I., Audu,.T., Habila, J.D., A bioactive flavonoid from Pavetta crassipes K. Schum. rganic and Medicinal Chemistry Letters 1:14. Bello, I.A., Ndukwe, G.I., Audu,.T., Phytochemical analysis and biological activity of a precipitate from Pavetta crassipes. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 8, Ibekwe, N.N., rishadipe, A.T., Boshoff, H., Adesomoju, A.A., kogun, J.I., Barry, C.E., In vitro antimycobacterial studies on the leaf extracts and fractions of Pavetta crassipes K. Schum. African Journal of Pure and Applied Chemistry 6, pp Mponda, J.S., Study of ethnobotany and phytochemistry of Pavetta crassipes leaves and Calotropis procera bark from Malawi. Master's degree thesis. Taipei Medical University, 104p. Nacoulma,., Plantes médicinales et pratiques médicales traditionnelles au Burkina Faso Cas du plateau central.tme II. Thèse d Etat. Univ uaga, 332p. uattara, L.P., Sanon, S., Mahiou-Leddet, V., Gansané, A., Baghdikian, B., Traoré,A., Nébié, I., Traoré, A.S., Azas, N., llivier, E., Sirima, S.B., In vitro antiplasmodial activity of some medicinal plants of Burkina Faso. Parasitology Research 113, Sanon, S., Azas, N., Gasquet, M., llivier, E., Mahiou, V., Barro, N., Cuzin-uattara, N., Traore, A.S., Esposito, F., Balansard, G., Timon-David, P., Antiplasmodial activity of alkaloid extracts from Pavetta crassipes (K. Schum) and Acanthospermum hispidum (DC), two plants used in traditional medicine in Burkina Faso. Parasitology Research 90,