A MONOGRAPH ON STROPHANTHUS DC. (APOCYNACEAE)

Transcription

1 H. J. BEENTJE : (6) A MONOGRAPH ON STROPHANTHUS DC. (APOCYNACEAE) Proefschrift ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor in de landbouwwetenschappen, op gezag van de rector magnificus, dr. C. C. Oosterlee, hoogleraar in de veeteeltwetenschap, in het openbaar te verdedigen op vrijdag 3 december 1982 des namiddags te vier uur in de aula van de Landbouwhogeschool te Wageningen H. VEENMAN & ZONEN B. V.-WAGENINGEN- 1982

2 STELLINGEN 1. Strophanthus is nauw verwant met Nerium en Adenium. 2. De morfologie van antheren, clavuncula, en de verbindingen hiertussen, vormt een goed kenmerk ter opsplitsing van de Apocynaceae in onderfamilies en tribus. (P. T. NGAN (1965)-A revision of the genus Wrightia, Ann. Missouri Bot. Garden 52,2; ) 3. De Sangha Rivier Interval gaat niet op voor de verspreiding van Strophanthus soorten. (F. WHITE (1979) - The Guineo-Congolian Region and its relationships to other phytochoria, Bull. Jard. Bot. Belg. 49: 11-55) 4. Sloten vormen een bij uitstek Nederlands biotoop; daarom dient getracht te worden cultuurtechnische maatregelen in typische slootgebieden meer in overeenstemming te brengen met de biologische waarden van deze sloten. (Uitvoeringsbesluit ruilverkavelinggiethoorn/wanneperveen 1982) 5. Waterpeilverlaging in veengebieden is vergelijkbaar met Sisyphus-arbeid en dient daarom te worden afgeraden. 6. Hoewel de bijzonder fraaie slootvegetaties van Noordwest Overijssel bestaan dankzij het beheer van de boeren, dreigen zij door overmatige industrialisatie van de landbouw tot afvalgreppels te vervallen. 7. In de duinen van Europa dient meer naaldhout te worden vervangen door hier van nature voorkomende vegetaties. 8. Op toeristenkaarten van Nederland dient het weinige relief, dat ons land kent, duidelijker te worden weergegeven. (ANWB kaarten 1: )

3 9. De rechten van de mens gaan vergezeld van de plicht de rechten der dieren te erkennen; walvisachtigen en mensapen dienen rechten te krijgen, vergelijkbaar met de rechten van de mens. 10. Het mooiste wat we kunnen beleven, is het mysterie. (A. EINSTEIN (1937) - What I believe) De ware reiziger loopt. 11. H. J. BEENTJE - A monograph on the genus Strophanthus (Apocynaceae) Wageningen, 3 december 1982

4 ABSTRACT 1. This monograph is written on the genus Strophantus, and is mainly based on the study of herbarium material. 2. The genus occurs in Africa including Madagascar, and in South Asia. 3. From the 141 taxonomic names existing, 38 species are recognized, one of which has 2 varieties. Forty-five names are reduced to synonyms for the first time. 4. The general part of the monograph consists of short paragraphs on various subjects. 5. The systematic part consists of a genus description, a discussion of the relationships within the genus, separate keys for flowering and fruiting specimens, and species diagnoses with lists of synonyms, uses and local names, phenology, notes on systematics, and illustrations. Lists of doubtful species, intermediates, nomina nuda, exluded species, old commercial names, and a index of exsiccatae are provided.

5 SAMENVATTING Deze publicatie is een taxonomische revisie van het genus Strophanthus, op monografische wijze samengesteld. De auteur heeft van 7 soorten zelf veldstudies gemaakt en herbarium verzameld; tevens heeft hij enkele soorten levend in de kas geobserveerd. In deze revisie is voor alle soorten materiaal geanalyseerd en zijn compleet nieuwe beschrijvingen opgesteld. De determinatietabellen zijn door verschillende collegae getest. Van de 141 taxa, die beschreven waren binnen het genus, zijn in deze publicatie 38 soorten gehandhaafd; een soort telt 2 varieteiten. 45 namen worden hier voor het eerst tot synoniem gereduceerd. De revisie bestaat uit een algemeen en een taxonomisch gedeelte. Het algemene gedeelte bevat hoofdstukken over geschiedenis, geografie, enige biologische aspecten, chemie en medicinale eigenschappen, palynologie, chromosomen, locale namen en verwantschappen met andere genera. Het taxonomische gedeelte bevat een genusbeschrijving, een bespreking van de verwantschappen binnen het genus, determinatietabellen voor bloeiende of vruchtdragende planten, diagnoses voor de soorten inclusief verspreidingskaartjes en tekeningen en aan het eind van de revisie zijn lijsten opgenomen van soortsnamen, waarvan de identiteit niet te achterhalen is, van tussenvormen, nomina nuda, soorten die tot andere genera behoren en van oude handelsnamen; tot slot een index van exsiccatae.

6 CURRICULUM VITAE Henk Jaap Beentje werd op 7 november 1951 geboren te Bakkum (NH). Na het gymnasium /? diploma te Alkmaar behaald te hebben, legde hij aan de Universiteit van Amsterdam het doctoraal examen in de biologie in 1978 met goed gevolg af, met als hoofdvak: plantensystematiek van de tropen en de subtropen, waaraan hij vooral te Wageningen werkte; en als bijvakken vegetatiekunde en milieukunde. Van 1979 tot 1982 was hij werkzaam bij de vakgroep Plantensystematiek en -geografie van de Landbouwhogeschool te Wageningen, op een promotiebeurs van genoemde installing. Hij is getrouwd en heeft een zoon.

7 CONTENTS INTRODUCTION AND ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 1 GENERAL PART: History of the genus 3 Geographical distribution and ecology 3 Habit and growth 6 Morphology 7 Flowering and fruiting seasons 7 Pollination 8 Dispersal of seeds 9 Anatomy 10 Chemistry and pharmacology 10 Palynology 11 Chromosome numbers, by J. C. ARENDS and F. M. VAN DER LAAN. 11 Local names 12 Uses and economic importance 12 Relationships with other genera 14 Citation of specimens 15 Definitions 15 TAXONOMIC PART: Genus diagnosis 17 Sectional arrangement 20 Discussion of the relationships within the genus 21 Key for flowering specimens 24 Key for specimens with leaves and mature fruits 31 Species diagnoses * 35 Intermediates (possible hybrids) 164 Doubtful species 164 Nomina nuda 164 Excluded species 165 Old commercial names 166 List of names and synonyms not cited elsewhere in this revision Index of exsiccatae. 167 REFERENCES 183 REGISTER 189

8 INTRODUCTION AND ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The present publication is a monograph on the genus Strophanthus, represented by 30 species in continental Africa, 1 on Madagascar, and 7 species in Asia. This monograph is based on the study of approximately 4700 herbarium specimens preserved in 54 herbaria. Living plants of 9 species were studied in the field and in cultivation. The last revision of Strophanthus as a whole was made by GILG (1903), who studied about 250 herbarium specimens. At present flowering specimens abound, but of some species fruiting material is scarce, and of 3 species no fruits are known. Fortunately, most of the type material could be traced. In many cases lectotypes were designated by the present author, while 5 neotypes had to be chosen. Of 100 species and 41 infraspecific taxa previously published, 38 species and 2 infraspecific taxa are maintained. The distribution maps are the first ever made for Strophanthus (except for some country-specific maps for Ghana and South Africa). Nine species are illustrated for the first time, and new drawings were made for all the other species. Two keys are provided, one based on flowering and one on fruiting specimens. Specimens without either flowers or fruits proved to be very difficult to identify. The author is very grateful to the following persons and institutions: Dr. A. J. M. LEEUWENBERG for his invaluable professional guidance throughout the course of this monograph, and his thorough checking of the final text; Miss Y. F. TAN and Miss J. WILLIAMSON for their professional drawings and their advice for his own drawings. Plates were made by Miss TAN; plates and parts of plates were made by Miss WILLIAMSON; plates and parts of plates were made by the author; Mrs. J. BEENTJE, Ir. J. J. Bos and Mr. F. VAN STEENHOVEN for trimming and polishing the English text; Mrs. Drs. F. J. H. VAN DILST for trimming and correcting the manuscript and proofs; Prof. Dr. H. C. D. DE WIT for his stimulating interest and critical remarks; Everybody at the Herbarium Vadense for all their kind help in connection with this monograph; The Wageningen Agricultural University for providing the 3-year grant that enabled me to carry out the studies connected with this monograph; The Netherlands Foundation for the Advancement of Tropical Research (WOTRO) for providing the grant that enabled me to carry out field work in Cameroun; The Director and staff of the National Herbarium of Yaounde, and the General Delegate for Scientific and Technical Research (DGRST) in Cameroun for their collaboration during my stay in their country; Meded. Landbouwhogeschool Wageningen 82-4 (1982) 1

9 The Embassy of The Netherlands at Yaounde for their friendly assistance; Mr. C. VAN WEERT for his cooperation and companionship during the trip to Cameroun; Dr. P. BAMPS of the Brussels Herbarium, Dr. N. G. BISSET of the Chelsea College of Science and Technology, Dr. M. JACOBS of the Leiden Rijksherbarium, Dr. S. NILSSON of the Palynological Laboratory of Stockholm, and Prof. Dr. R. A. A. OLDEMAN of the Sylviculture Department of the Agricultural University of Wageningen for interesting and informative discussions; The directors and curators of the herbaria cited below, for putting their material at my disposal: A, AAU, B, BM, BOL, BP, BR, C, CAL, COI, E, EA, FHO, FI, G, GB, GENT, GOET, HAL, HBG, K, L, LD, LE, LINN, LISC, LISJC, LISU, M, MAU, MO, MPU, NH, NY, OXF, P, PRE, S, SAM, SING, SRGH, TCD, U, UC, UPS, US, W, WAG, WU, YA, Z, ZT. Meded. Landbouwhogeschool Wageningen 82-4 (1982)

10 GENERAL PART HISTORY OF THE GENUS A. P. DE CANDOLLE (1802) described the genus Strophanthus, basing it on S. hispidus, S. sarmentosus and one of its synonyms, and on S. caudatus which had already been described in Echites by LINNAEUS (1767). A. P. DE CANDOLLE placed Strophanthus between Nerium and Echites, as he considered these genera the most related ones. The name Strophanthus comes from the Greek Gipbfyoq, twisted band, and HvOog, flower, referring to the twisted corolla tails. G. DON (1837) enumerated 9 species, and A. DE CANDOLLE (1844) 11; between 1870 and 1903 the number of new names increased rapidly, due to the large amount of taxonomic work done on the genus. This was a result of pharmaceutical interest, as seed extracts were used for the regulation, and slowing, of the heartbeat. Important revisions of these years were those by PAX (1892) with 25 species, FRANCHET (1893b) with 34 species, and SCHUMANN (1897,1900) with 29 species; STAPF (1902, 1904) recognized 29 species from continental Africa, and GILG (1903) made the last complete revision, treating 43 species: 31 from continental Africa, 2 from Madagascar, and 10 from Asia. By this time the genera Cercocoma, Christya, Roupellia and Zygonerion had been reduced into the synonymy of Strophanthus. GILG supposed that not many new species were to be discovered, but after 1903, 24 new species and 12 infra-specific taxa have been described. After 1903 two important regional revisions were published: HUTCHINSON & DALZIEL (1931) and HUBER (1963) for West Africa, and STANER & MICHOTTE (1934) for Zaire. PICHON (1950) reviewed Strophanthus on the genus level, and attributed 40 African and 12 Asian species to it. He based two monotypic genera, Christya from S. Africa, and Roupelliha from Madagascar, on species formerly placed in Strophanthus. In the years , interest in the genus grew again, when seeds of Strophanthus species were considered to be the main source of the anti-arthritic drug cortisone. Six separate expeditions were organized to comb Africa for Strophanthus, and large amounts of herbarium material were gathered; but as the seeds varied considerably in quality, even within the same species, interest faded, and cortisone was soon synthesized from other plants. KRUKOFF & LETOUZEY (1950) published on the material from one of those expeditions, and MONACHINO (1950, 1951, 1953) studied more than 3000 specimens: he named a new section and two new species, while rejecting some superfluous names. The last comprehensive key was published by GILG (1903). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION ANETECOLOGY The distribution of the genus is shown on MAP 1. Strophanthus is found in Meded. LandbouwhogeschoolWageningen 82-4 (1982) 3

11 MAP 1. Distribution of the genus Strophanthus DC. the tropics of the Old World; none of the species is represented in both Africa and Asia. The distribution areas of the species show a great range of variation. Six species are widely distributed: in Africa, S. amboensis, S. eminii, S. hispidus and S. sarmentosus var. sarmentosus occur in more than one phytochorion sensu WHITE 1979 and also, except for S. eminii, sensu DENYS 1980 (a phytochorion is a phytogeographical unit with at least 50% of its species confined to it, and with at least one thousand endemic species). In Asia, S. caudatus and S. wallichii seem to occur in more than one main phytogeographical unit, but correlation between African and Asian distribution areas is difficult. 10 species occur in Africa in a single phytochorion as well as in one or more transition zones or regional mosaics (sensu WHITE 1979). 22 species are endemic to a single phytochorion or (in 3 cases) to a single transition zone; in Africa 10 species are endemic to the Guineo-Congolian Region, 1 to the Zambezian Region, 3 to the Afromontane Region (sensu DENYS 1980), and 1 species is endemic to the Guineo-Congolia/Zambezia Transition Zone. MAP 2 illustrates the number of sympatric species per area. The largest numbers of sympatric species are correlated with the areas with the highest rainfall. Only 2 species, S. amboensis and S. mirabilis, grow in very dry areas. S. arnoldianus, S. bequaertii, S. puberulus and S. sarmentosus var.glabriflorus have, according to the studied material, a very restricted distribution area. Some species show gaps in their currently known areas of distribution. In some cases, this is due to very incomplete botanic knowledge of certain areas, as for example the western part of the border between Tanzania and Mozambique, and large parts of Kalimantan (Borneo). Other gaps are probably caused by areas of comparatively low rainfall (e.g. S. congoensis, S.mortehanii), or to 4 Meded. Landbouwhogeschool Wageningen 82-4 (1982)

12 MAP 2. Number of sympatric species per area. Meded. Landbouwhogeschool Wageningen 82-4 (1982)

13 gaps in the rain forest itself (e.g. S. gratus, S. barteri). The areas of distribution of S. hispidus and S. sarmentosus presumably have become smaller due to the encroachment of the desert in the Sahel, for no more plants were collected in their formerly northernmost distribution area in the last fifty years. Also, S. parviflorus and S. sarmentosus were collected in a part of their distribution area in Congo and adjacent Zaire much less frequently in the last fifty years than previously. Three pairs of closely related vicarious species are to be found in Africa. S. gardeniiflorus from Central Africa is morphologically close to S. thollonii from West Africa; S. hispidus from Western and Central Africa is related to S. kombe from Eastern Africa; and S. sarmentosus from Western and Central Africa is related to S. petersianus from Eastern Africa. Most Strophanthus species, and especially those from the forest, are relatively rare in their distribution area. Several species, predominantly from woodland habitats, may be frequently encountered within their area, but only S. divaricatus, S. eminii, and S. nicholsonii are common in part of their area. S. eminii is the only species reported as abundant in places (BUSSE 1900, 1912). HABIT AND GROWTH Most Strophanthus species are sarmentose and lianescent, and even species which usually grow as shrubs are occasionally lianescent. The only species that is exclusively a shrub or tree is S. boivinii from Madagascar. Predominantly shrubby species grow in the drier woodlands and Acacia steppes: i.e. S. eminii, S. hypoleucos, S. mirabilis, S. nicholsonii, S. vanderijstii and probably S. sarmentosus var. glabriflorus. All other species are either exclusively lianas, or sarmentose shrubs in more open habitats which become lianescent when support is available. Lianas wind either to the right or to the left, or support themselves on lateral branches. Lianas of over 100 m long and with a diameter of 25 cm have been observed. The architecture of Strophanthus is not very clear. S. boivinii branches exclusively dichotomously, and shows elements of the models of KWAN-KORIBA and LEEUWENBERG (HALLE, OLDEMAN & TOMLINSON 1978). Other species (e.g. 5. sarmentosus, S. welwitschii) show distinct affinities with the model of CHAMPAG- NAT. Flowering takes place terminally, often on short lateral branches which bear 2-5 pairs of leaves below the inflorescence. But several species (e.g. S. mortehanii, S. sarmentosus, and S. welwitschii) often show short inflorescence-bearing lateral branches, where flowers appear before the leaves, even when other parts of the plant are already bearing leaves. Short inflorescence-bearing branches occur in general on long sarmentose shoots. Meded. Landbouwhogeschool Wageningen 82-4 (1982)

14 MORPHOLOGY Roots: very few data are available on the underground parts of Strophanthus. A few species from woodland habitats were reported to have thick, fleshy, and moniliform roots (Fig. 1). S. vanderijstii produces many shoots from a subterran* eous rootstock running parallel to the surface. In other species (e.g. S. gratus, S. nicholsonii) taproots were reported. Trunk and branches: in several species the lenticels become larger and lignified on older branches, forming knobs or, as in S. gratus and S. sarmentosus, longitudinal corky ridges. In S. courmontii, S. gerrardii and S. petersianus, triangular corky protuberances may form at the nodes, and in S. gerrardii these protuberances lengthen and combine with the lignified lenticels to form long corky ridges. In some plants the latex has been observed to be white in the roots, trunk, and older branches, while it was clear in the younger branchesand leaves. Stipules: true stipules do not occur in Strophanthus, although several authors (e.g. LUBBOCK 1891, GILG 1903, and GLUCK 1919) have interpreted the small colleters in the axil of the petiole as such. These colleters are situated at the very base of the petiole, and remain on the stem when the leaf is shed; but in S. speciosus they are situated on the base of petiole, and are shed with the leaf (Fig. 1). These colleters resemble the colleters in the axil of the bracts and sepals. Corolla: the tube may widen near its base (in S. gerrardity'or near its mouth (in S. bullenianus) or at various levels in between. The 10-lobed corona with partly fused pairs of lobes is typical for the genus, but varies considerably in shape and size. The corolla lobes also vary considerably; one extreme is S. gratus, with nearly orbicular lobes, and at the other end of the range is S. preussii, with lobes that narrow at their apex into linear tails up to 30 cm long/several species from Asia bear very small flowers, with lobes which may be only 4 mm long in S. singaporianus; four species from Africa have large untailed lobes which are acute at the apex; and S. boivinii has long undulate lobes which are obtuse at the apex. Seeds: in some species the beak of the grain may bear the coma over its whole length, but in most species the part of the beak next to the grain is glabrous, and the coma is borne on the apical part of the beak. Only in S. bullenianus the coma is implanted on the grain itself as well as on the beak. The shape of the grain, as well as the length of the beak and the coma, are influenced to some degree by the relative position of the seed in the follicle. FLOWERING AND FRUITING SEASONS If distinct dry and rainy seasons alternate in their distribution area, Strophanthus species flower towards the end of the dry and the beginning of the rainy season; fruits are then mature in the dry season. If no distinct dry period occurs, Meded. Landbouwhogeschool Wageningen 82-4 (1982) 1

15 FIG Strophanthus kombe Oliver: moniliform roots of a young plant, x; 2. Strophanthus thotionii Franch.: leaf scar with colleters, 6 x; 3. Strophanthus speciosus (Ward & Harvey) Reber: base of petiole with colleters, 6 x. (1. after FRASER 1890; 2. Beentje 1551; 3. Beentje 1619). some species flower the whole year round with a peak in the relatively driest period, and others in this driest period. In ten woodland species the flowers appear before the leaves, but flowering continues when the leaves appear at the beginning of the rainy season. POLLINATION Except for a report of the butterfly Danais chrysippus visiting flowers of a cultivated S. speciosus (MARLOTH 1932), no data on pollinators of Strophanthus seems to exist. Indications for psichophily or butterfly pollination can be found in the morphology of the flowers, the fragrance reported for many species, and the predominant colour pattern: white or yellow outside, sometimes contrasted with pink, red, or purple, and white or yellow inside with a corona that is most often red or purple, with red or purple streaks and spots leading from the corona lobes to the base of the anther cone (Fig. 2). Movements of the corolla tails in the wind could also be attractive to possible pollinators (FAEGRI & VAN DER PIJL 1979). 8 Meded. Landbouwhogeschool Wageningen 82-4 (1982)

16 FIG Strophanthus sarmentosus DC: corolla from above, \\ x ; 2. Strophantus preussii Engl. & Pax: corolla from above, \\ x. (1. Beentje 1621; 2. Beentje 1548). The anther cone seals off the clavuncula and stigma from above and from the sides. In experiments carried out with cultivated S. gratus by WIT (1941), pollination where pollen was applied to the apex of the clavuncula and the stigma led to fertilization in 1% of all flowers; but when pollen was applied to the base of the clavuncula, this led to fertilization in 60% of the flowers. This supports the thesis of SCHUMANN (1897) that the inner side of the reflexed frill at the base of the clavuncula is the receptive zone. DISPERSAL OF SEEDS The mature fruit splits along the adaxial side longitudinally, exposing the seeds to the wind (Fig. 3). The seed coma reacts mechanically to changes in atmospheric humidity, being almost erect and pressed closely together in damp air, and spreading in dry air; by this motion the seeds move, to some extent, out of the fruit. In Cameroun I observed Strophanthus seeds floating at treetop level for considerable distances. FIG. 3. Strophanthus sarmentosus DC: cross sections of follicle, to show opening of follicle; only exo- and endocarp drawn; f x. {Beentje 248). Meded. Landbouwhogeschool Wageningen 82-4 (1982) 9

17 ANATOMY According to METCALFE & CHALK (1950) the leaf stomata are of the rubiaceous type, and small accessory bundles are present in the petiole, as in Nerium and Wrightia. CHI (1957) described the xylem anatomy, and mentions as distinguishing generic characters: the presence of irregular, ragged marginal parenchyma; the absence of septate fibres; and the 1-3-seriate rays. Details of seed-, fruit-, and leaf anatomy were described and illustrated by BLONDEL (1888a), FRASER (1890), PLANCHON (1894), and TSIRCH & OESTERLE (1900). The vascular anatomy of the flower was described in WOODSON & MOORE (1938). CHEMISTRY AND PHARMACOLOGY REICHSTEIN (1963) observed "Strophanthus is a particularly unfavourable object in which to study the connection between chemistry and taxonomy'. However, he published many articles on its chemistry, and proved that differences in glycoside composition in the seed are genetically determined within four chemical forms of S. sarmentosus; these forms are geographically and ecologically separate, and show minor morphological differences in the fruit. Most chemical studies are on the composition of the seed glycosides; studies comparing several species are those of BISSET (1953, 1955), HEFTMANN et al. (1954), and WATT & BREYER-BRANDWYCK (1962). Based on their results, four groups of species can be distinguished according to their seed glycosides: OUABAIN GROUP S. gardeniiflorus S. gratus S. thollonii SARMENTOGENIN/SARVEROGENIN GROUP S. welwitschii (this species has some affinities with the Ouabain group) S. amboensis S. gerrardii S. congoensis S. petersianus S. courmontii S. sarmentosus STROPHANTHIDIN/STROPHANTHIDOL/PERIPLOGENIN GROUP S. arnoldianus S. hispidus S. mirabilis S. barteri S. hypoleucos S. mortehanii S.eminii S. kombe S. nicholsonii S. gracilis S. ledienii S. preussii DIVARICOSIDE/CAUDOSIDE GROUP S. caudatus S. divaricatus S. wightianus Meded. Landbouwhogeschool Wageningen 82-4 (1982)

18 Other chemical constituents, e. g. triterpenes, saponins, and alkaloids, have hardly been investigated. Bibliographies on chemical and pharmaceutical investigations within the genus, covering large numbers of publications, are given in DE VISSER SMITS (1951), BISSET (1953, 1955) and REICHSTEIN (1963). Serious doubts should be cast on the determination of material consisting only of seeds. Investigations carried out with such material do not have a very firm base. PALYNOLOGY The pollen of 17 species has been studied by Dr. S. NILSSON of the Palynological Laboratory of the Naturhistoriska Riksmuseet of Stockholm. Although there is a certain variability in pore size and -number, as well as in the inner surface, this does not seem systematically significant (personal communication by Dr. NILSSON, 24 May 1982). CHROMOSOME NUMBERS (by J. C. ARENDS and F. M. VAN DER LAAN) Squash preparations of root tips of S. divaricatus (voucher van der Laan 340), S. gratus (voucher Leeuwenberg 12030), S. hispidus (voucher Leeuwenberg 12365), and S. sarmentosus (voucher Beentje 1621), all four plants belonging to the living plant collection of the Department of Plant Taxonomy and Plant Geography, yielded 2n = 18 chromosomes. Photographs 1 and 2 show the chromosomes as observed in the root tip cells of S. divaricatus and S. sarmentosus respectively. Some of the chromosomes always show a centromere region which is relatively long when compared to those of the other chromosomes (see arrows). This feature is particularly evident when chromosomes are observed in late prometaphase. It explains why WITKUS (1951) invariably published 2n = 20 for all species he investigated. It is often possible to indicate in the photographs given by WIT KUS several chromosomes which in fact represent two arms of a single chromosome. The record of 2n = 18 by SNOAD (1952), MANGENOT & MANGENOT (1962), and MIEGE (1962) is corraborated by this investigation. A number of 2n = 18 is not frequent within the Apocynaceae: the majority of species have numbers based on x = 11. Nevertheless a number of 2n = 22 for 5. caudatus is given by ROY TAPADAR & SEN (1960), and n = 11 for S. wallichii (voucher Bedi 25488, not seen) by BEDI et al. (1981). Most countings in literature are not supported by vouchers, and therefore of doubtful value. Meded. Landbouwhogeschool Wageningen 82-4 (1982) 11

19 ^ PHOTO 1. Somatic chromosomes in the root tip PHOTO 2. Somatic chromosomes in the root tip cells of S. divaricates. cells of S. sarmentosus. Arrows indicate chromosomes with a relatively long centromere. Both photographs x Hydroxyquinolin pretreatment, orcein staining, phase contrast. Photographs by J. C. ARENDS. LOCAL NAMES From thefield notes on the herbarium labels, an extensive, very heterogenous list of local names was compiled, covering nearly all species. Sometimes a name is used for more than one species: in the Turumbu language (Zaire) 'Libobo' is used for 5 species, sometimes with a specific epithet as ii tokembe' for S. hispidus, or 'li baina' for S. preussii. Names with the root '-bulembe' are used for 6 species in nine different languages in Angola, Zaire, and Zambia. With the descriptions of the individual species, local names are given only when such names were reported at least twice and by different collectors. USES AND ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE Since time immemorial, Strophanthus seeds and latex were used in Africa and Asia for the preparation of arrow poison (MAP 3). The poison acts quickly, and even very small quantities are effective: the usual practice was to crush a single seed and to smear the resulting pulp on the tip or barbs of an arrow, sometimes with an adhesive added. The arrow was launched by blowpipe, bow, or crossbow, and when the poison entered the bloodstream, death resulted, in humans usually within a quarter of an hour, in large animals like the elephant after a longer time. When the animal killed in this manner was to be eaten, the meat directly around the wound was cut away. 12 Meded. Landbouwhogeschool Wageningen 82-4 (1982)

20 MAP 3. Strophanthus as main source of arrow poison (adapted from PERROT & VOGT 1912). The active component of the poison is one of a group of glycosides called ouabain, sarmentogenin, strophanthidin, and divaricoside. These glycosides affect the muscular fibres of the body and especially those of the heart; the heartbeat slows and soon the heart contracts permanently in systole. As an antidote tannic acid, vinegar, or the decoction of the bark of the baobab {Adansonia digitata) may be employed by smearing one of these onto the wound; presumably, any strong acid will serve as an antidote. The possible use of these glycosides in medicine was discovered by KIRK (LIV INGSTONE 1865): he had, with difficulty, obtained some seeds of S. kombe which are used for the preparation of arrow poison in East Africa. He kept these seeds in the pocket where he also kept his toothbrush. He was running a slight fever at the time, and discovered that whenever he brushed his teeth, his heartbeat slowed and his temperature dropped. From the bitter taste he concluded that this was the action of the seeds. In Western Africa S. hispidus and S. sarmentosus have been cultivated and protected for a long time in order to provide a steady supply of poison, and the plants were highly valued. The former colonial administrations tried to eradicate the plants from 1920 onwards, and as a result the plants seemed to become scarce; but when in 1949 a British expedition was sent to Nigeria to collect Strophanthus sarmentosus for research on cortisone, the Emir of Katsina ordered the collection of 'Kwankwani' (S. sarmentosus), and in four days ten thousand follicles were gathered. Nearly a third of all species are reported as having been used for arrow poison. Medicinal use for the treatment of a wide range of afflictions is also reported for many species: rheumatism, venereal diseases, worms, fever, and snakebite are repeatedly named as treatable afflictions. Extracts of S. gratus and S. kombe are used in modern medicine, either obtained from forest dwelling peoples (e.g. Pygmies) who gather the seeds in the forest, or taken from cultivated plants. Around 1970, 3-5 tons a year were imported by France, mainly from Cameroun, to a value of FF In other Meded. Landbouwhogeschool Wageningen 82-4 (1982) 13

21 countries the drug strophanthin is also used, but figures of amounts were not available. The drug is prescribed for acute heart conditions, e.g. cardial asthma and myocardinal infarct. RELATIONSHIPS WITH OTHER GENERA Strophanthus shows stamens which are adherent to the upper part of the gynoecium, and anthers with sterile basal tails. Therefore it is placed in the subfamily Apocynoideae (Echitoideae). The subdivision of this subfamily is still under discussion. PICHON (1948a, 1950) proposes 4 tribes, based mainly on the morphology of the retinacle (the organ by which the anthers adhere to the clavuncula), and supported by other more fragmentary evidence. NGAN (1965) rejects this subdivision on the ground that the morphology of the retinacle is not of sufficient constancy, and cannot be observed in dried specimens. PICHON divides his tribe Nerieae into 9 subtribes, of which the subtribe Strophanthinae consists of Strophanthus and its synonyms Christy a and Roupellina; he suggests (PICHON 1950) with his sequence of the nine subtribes relationships between Strophanthus and Nerium, Vallaris, Beaumontia, Mascarenhasia, Alafia, and Farquharia. NGAN proposes a subtribe Neriinae (as Neriineae) consisting of Nerium, Wrightia, Pleioceras and Strophanthus, based on the presence of a corona and the lack of a disk. ALLORGE et al. (1981) follow, in this subfamily, the sequence of tribes by PI CHON. ZWETSLOOT (1981) suggests relationships between Strophanthus and Beaumontia, Vallaris, Wrightia, Pleioceras and Farquharia. While agreeing with PICHON in his use of the retinacle for the subdivision of the Apocynoideae, I consider his subtribes as too small in scope. Most of PICHON'S subtribes consist of one or two genera; his largest subtribe, the Neriinae (which PICHON calls Amphineuriinae), consists of five genera, of which Amphineurion and Dewevrella should be placed in other tribes. Most authors consider Strophanthus to be allied to Nerium. I agree for the following reasons: similarities in the morphology of the corolla, the presence of a corona, and the similarities in gynoecium and androecium; several species of Strophanthus show characteristics of Nerium, e.g. verticellate leaves, suprapetiolar colleters, and a long acumen of the anther. I also consider Strophanthus to be allied to Adenium, Wrightia, and Pleioceras, mainly because of the presence of a corona, the absence of a disk, and the morphology of the clavuncula. Superficial similarities exist with Funtumia and Kibatalia, as the seeds of these genera show a seed beak which is glabrous in its basal part; but while in Strophanthus the beaked coma is directed towards the apex of the follicle, in Funtumia and Kibatalia it points the other way. * Meded. Landbouwhogeschool Wageningen 82-4 (1982)

22 Fruits of Parquetina nigrescens (Asclepiadaceae) have been confused with those of Strophanthus, and indeed closely resemble them; but the seeds of Parquetina are completely different, as the coma is not borne on a beak but directly on the grain. The Asclepiad genus Cryptolepis has flowers which in some species are tailed at the lobes, and these species are often confused with Strophanthus. S. radcliffei S. Moore turned out to be C. sanguinolenta, and S. divaricatus G. Don (not [Lour.] Hook. & Arn.) is C. sinensis. Distinction of the two genera is made by comparison of the corolla lobes, overlapping to the right in Strophanthus, and to the left in Cryptolepis. CITATION OF SPECIMENS An Index of Exsiccatae is provided, because when a species is represented by more than 50 collections, only a selection of specimens has been cited with the species diagnoses. These selections are based on the distribution maps: for each dot or cluster of dots, one specimen is cited. Fortunately nearly all type specimens could be traced; only a few were not seen and are indicated as such. Lectotypes, unless marked as 'designated by', were designated by the present author. In five cases neotypes were designated. DEFINITIONS All sizes are from dried material. The filaments are measured, when curved, over their height and not over their length (Fig. 4). Meded. Landbouwhogeschool Wageningen 82-4 (1982) 15

23 FIG Strophanthus caudatus (L.) Kurz: section of flower, 2 x; 2. S. bullenianus Mast.: section of flower, 3 x; 3-5. S. sarmentosus DC: 3. position of sepals, schematic; 4. longitudinal section of ovary, 8 x; 5. cross section of ovary, 8 x; 6. S. petersianus Klotzsch: stamen with straight filament, 6 x; 7. S. preussii Engl. & Pax: stamen with curved filament, 6 x; S. sarmentosus DC: 8. anther cone, one stamen removed to show clavuncula, 8 x; 9. cross section of anthers and clavuncula at the apex of the clavuncula; 10. cross section of anthers and clavuncula at retinacle level.(1. vanbeusekom&phenghlai377;2. Leeuwenberg8646; 3-5. Leeuwenberg 11952; 6. Neves Rosa 79; 7. Beentje 352; Leeuwenberg 11952). 16 Meded. Landbouwhogeschool Wageningen 82-4 (1982)

24 TAXONOMICPART THE GENUS STROPHANTHUS DC. Strophanthus DC. 1802: 122; G. Don 1837: 84; A. de Candolle 1844: 417; Bentham & Hooker f. 1876: 714; Baillon 1889: 198; Franchet 1893b: 249; K. Schumann 1897: 180; Stapf 1902: 167; Gilg 1903: 7; Pichon 1950: 63; Codd 1963: 289; Dyer 1975: 469. Lectotype species: S. sarmentosus DC. Homotypic synonyms: sect. Eustrophanthus Baill. 1888: 198. Subsect. Sarmentosi Pax 1892: 372. Subsect. Strophanthemum Gilg 1903: 8. Heterotypic synonyms: Cercocoma Wall, ex G. Don 1837: 83, except for C. wallichii; A. de Candolle 1844:432; Miquel 1856:445. Type species: C. singaporiana G. Don (= S. singaporianus (G. Don) Gilg). Christya Ward & Harvey 1842: 134; A. de Candolle 1844: 416; Pichon 1949: 63, 1950: 62. Type species: C. speciosa Ward & Harvey [= S. speciosus (Ward & Harvey) Reber]. Homotypic synonym: subsect. Christya (Ward & Harvey) Pax 1892: 376. Roupellia Wall. & Hook. 1849: t. 4466; Walpers 1852: 36; Bentham & Hooker f. 1876: 713; Backer & Bakhuizen van den Brink jr. 1965: 240. Type species: R. grata Wall. & Hook. (= S. gratus (Wall. & Hook.) Baill.). Homotypic synonyms: sect. Roupellia (Wall. & Hook.) Baill. 1888: 757. Subsect. Roupellia (Wall. & Hook.) Gilg 1903; 8. Zygonerion Baill. 1888: 758; K. Schumann 1897: 194. Type species: Z. welwitschii Baill. (= S. welwitschii (Baill.) K. Schum.). Sect. RoupellinaBaill 1888:758; Pax 1892:381; Franchet 1893b: 249; K. Schumann 1897: 182; Gilg 1903: 7. Type species: S. boivinii Baill. Homotypic synonym: Roupellina Pichon 1949: 64, 1950: 62; Markgraf 1976: 243. Sect. Strophanthellus Pax 1892: 376; K. Schumann 1897: 182; Pichon 1950: 65. Type species: S. caudatus (L.) Kurz (lectotype). Homotypic synonyms: subsect. DichotomiFax 1892: 379; subsect. Strophanthellus (Pax) Gilg 1903: 8. Subsect. Acuminati Pax 1892: 367. Type species: S. ledienii Stein (lectotype). Subsect. Divergentes Pax 1892:377. Type species: S. divaricatus (Lour.) Hook. & Arn. (lectotype). Subsect. Graciles Pax 1892: 368. Type species: S. gracilis K. Schum. & Pax (lectotype). Subsect. Hispidi Pax 1892: 365. Type species: S. hispidus DC. (lectotype). Subsect. Tomentosi Pax 1892: 371. Type species: 5. schuchardtii Pax (lectotype). Sect. Synclinocarpus Monach. 1950:370, syn. nov. Type species: S. bullenianus Mast. Sect. Intermedii Hess 1952: 101, syn. nov. Type species: S. amboensis (Schinz) Engl. & Pax (lectotype). Afeded. Landbouwhogeschool Wageningen 82-4 (1982) 17

25 Erect or sarmentose shrubs, lianas, or rarely trees; latex present, often sticky. Trunk dichotomously or rarely trichotomously branched or with single or opposite lateral branches; diameter up to 25 cm in lianas, up to 40 cm in trees or shrubs; bark often rough, sometimes corky; branches unarmed, terete, smooth or sulcate, sometimes with corky protuberances, lenticellate; branchlets green or pale (reddish) brown, sometimes lenticellate. Stipules reduced to straight rims connecting the bases of the petioles. Leaves decussate or less often ternate, rarely quaternate, those of a pair or whorl (sub-)equal; petiolate or less often subsessile, often inserted on distinct leaf cushions; petioles rounded below, channeled above when dry; in the axil with 2-20 colleters, with the outer 2 larger than the inner, or rarely with 5 colleters on the upper base of the petiole itself; blade entire, ovate, elliptic, or obovate, acuminate or rarely rounded at the apex, papyraceous or coriaceous, smooth or bullate; midrib straight and distinct, prominent beneath; secondary veins mostly distinct and more or less prominent beneath, in 3 14( 20) pairs, anastomizing at the leaf margin; tertiary venation reticulate, sometimes conspicuous; leaf size on short lateral flowering branches increasing towards the apex, often with the basal leaves emarginate at the apex. Inflorescence terminal, rarely axillary or apparently so, often on short leafy or less often leafless lateral branches, or in forks of the branches; single- to many-flowered, in simple or compound mostly dichasial cymes, sessile or pedunculate; bracts persistent or deciduous, mostly erect, the apical smaller than the basal, (sub-) opposite or rarely ternate, sepal-like or scarious, with a distinct midrib, with 2-8 colleters at the base inside. Flowers 5-merous, actinomorphic or with only the sepals unequal, sometimes fragrant. Calyx mostly deciduous when the fruit develops; sepals mostly erect, equal or unequal, imbricate-quincuncial, free or connate at the extreme base, linear, ovate, or less often obovate; rounded, acute, or rarely emarginate at the apex, sometimes undulate, frequently with a thick midrib and membranaceous margins, less often scarious, sometimes carinate; inside at the base with 0-8(-14) colleters per sepal, sometimes concentrated on the inner sepals, and, if few, than situated at the margins; occasionally eglandulose; colleters simple or lobed. Corolla consisting of tube, corona, and lobes which often narrow into filiform, involute tails; colour pattern based on white, turning yellow, and red, turning purple with age; thin or more or less fleshy; tube with a lower cylindrical part, and an upper part wider than the lower and cylindrical, infundibuliform, or cup-shaped; corona inserted at the base of the corolla lobes, 10-lobed with the lobes erect or rarely spreading, arranged in partly connate pairs at the margins of the corolla lobes or rarely with all 10 lobes connate at the base, Ungulate or narrowly triangular, often concave, obliquely inserted at the base, rounded or acute at the apex, often fleshy, smooth or minutely papillose; corolla lobes alternating with the sepals, overlapping to the right, open flowers spreading or recurved; basal part of the lobe ovate, rarely orbicular or narrowly oblong, and, when not tailed, acute or rounded at the apex; tails - if present - spreading or pendulous. Stamens included or partly exserted; filaments inserted at the level where the corolla tube widens, shorter than the anthers, straight or curved, sometimes with an abaxial swelling, mostly densely 18 Meded. Landbouwhogeschool Wageningen 82-4 (1982)

26 pubescent inside near the apex and there adhering to the style, at the base continuing down the corolla tube as more or less conspicuous ridges, mostly tapering towards the base but occasionally ending abruptly and obtusely; anthers connivent in a closed cone around the clavuncula and stigma, connate to each other, basifixed, introrse, auriculate or slightly sagittate at the base, mucronate or acuminate at the apex, glabrous or variously hairy on the abaxial side, near the base of the connective with a retinacle, a vertical ridge of stiff connate hairs by which the anthers adhere to the middle of the clavuncula; cells 2, discrete, parallel, fertile in the apical part only and there dehiscent throughout by a longitudinal slit, with at the base of the fertile part a small knob that fits between 2 lobes of the clavuncular crown. Disk absent. Pistil: ovary 2-celled, hemi-inferior or rarely superior, ovoid and abruptly narrowing into the style; cells connate at the base for 10-60% of their length, each cell with one axial placenta, adnate to the wall of the cell at the base and the apex, ovuliferous on the abaxial side only, with 8-16 transverse rows of ovules; style terete, consisting of 2 connate strands, often widening towards the apex, smooth or blistered, glabrous; clavuncula consisting of a basal reflexed, lobed, membranaceous frill, then a central ridged column, and at the apex with a 10-lobed crown surrounding the central stigma, the crown solid or composed entirely of hairs; stigma minute or almost as large as the clavuncula, bifid, slender, and papillose. Only the calyx and ovary remain on the inflorescence when the corolla is shed; style and clavuncula remain attached to the filaments and anthers, and are shed with the corolla. Infrutescence bearing a single fruit or rarely two fruits on a claviform, woody pedicel; fruit composed of 2 follicles, divergent at an angle of , rarely at a more acute angle or parallel, rigid or rarely pendulous, connate at the extreme base, adaxially dehiscent throughout by a longitudinal slit, almost fusiform with the largest diameter in the basal half, 8-58 cm long, hardly narrowing or rarely tapering towards the base, either with a broad and obtuse apex or tapering towards the apex and ending in a narrow and obtuse tip or in a knob, many-, or sometimes few-seeded; exocarp thick and hard (1.5-8 mm thick) or thin and brittle (less than 0.5 mm thick), woody, smooth, sulcate, or rarely with protuberances, glabrous or less often variously hairy; endocarp at maturity detached from the exocarp and adherent only at the base and the apex, stiff, yellowish, and parchmentaceous, smooth, glabrous. Seeds (Fig. 5) with a deciduous basal coma and a beaked apical coma, grain almost fusiform, more or less flattened, often flat or concave on one side and convex on the other, 8-26 mm long and mm wide at or below the middle, acute or rounded at the base, narrowing into a beak at the apex; basal coma 5-40 mm long; apical beak glabrous in its basal part or bearing the coma over its whole length; beak slender, whitish, and brittle; coma erect, spreading, or reflexed; testa thin, smooth, and densely pubescent or puberulous, less often glabrous and slightly rough; hilum central on one side of the grain with a raphe ascending to the apex of the grain; endosperm in a thin layer completely surrounding the embryo; embryo spatulate, straight, cotyledons longer than the terete radicle, parallel, flat, more or less elliptic, cuneate or auriculate at the base, rounded or acute at the apex, Meded. Landbouwhogeschool Wageningen 82-4 (1982) 19

27 jg^j/ttw pact FIG. 5. Strophanthus kombe Oliver: seed, 1 x (Chase 5814). sometimes with a conspicuous midrib. Seedling sometimes with a swollen primary root, cotyledons elliptic or ovate, obtuse at the apex, primary and first leaves resembling mature leaves but often more narrow. SECTIONAL ARRANGEMENT A. DE CANDOLLE (1844) made the first sectional arrangement of the genus, although without naming the sections: one for the Asian species and another for the African ones, the subdivision, apart from geography, being based on the length of the acumen of the anthers. 5. speciosus appears twice, once in a monotypic genus Christya (as C. speciosa), and once under Strophanthus as S. capensis. BENTHAM & HOOKER F. (1876) reduced the genera Cercocoma and Christya to synonyms of Strophanthus, and emphasized the relationship between Strophanthus and Roupellia (= S. gratus). BAILLON (1889) reduced Roupellia to a synonym. He also made a new section Roupellina, based on S. boivinii and one of its synonyms. This section was distinguished by the shape of the corolla lobes and the position of the inflorescence. BAILLON considered it to be intermediate between his section Roupellia (S. gratus) and the other continental African species, housed in section Eustrophanthus. He also described the monotypic genus Zygonerion, based on Z. welwitschii ( = S. welwitschii). PAX (1892) distinguished the sections Eustrophanthus (which he subdivided into 6 subsections) and Roupellina, and described a new section Strophanthellus (subdivided in 2 subsections) consisting of all Asian species. Neither S. gratus nor Zygonerion were taken into account. 20 Meded. Landbouwhogeschool Wageningen 82-4 (1982)

28 FRANCHET (1893) united Eustrophanthus, Strophanthellus, and Roupellia; only the section Roupellina was considered to be distinct from the section Eustrophanthus sensu lato. SCHUMANN (1897) reinstated the old sections Eustrophanthus sensu stricto, Strophanthellus, Roupellia, and Roupellina; this last section consisted of S. boivinii and a synonym of S. welwitschii. STAPF (1902) only treated the continental African species, and recognized the sections Eustrophanthus and Roupellia; this last section consisted of S. gratus and S. thollonii. GILG (1903) distinguished two sections: Roupellina sensu Baillon, and Eustrophanthus, which he subdivided into 3 subsections: Strophanthellus with the Asian species; Roupellia with S. gratus, S. thollonii, and S. gardeniiflorus; and Strophanthemum with the remaining African species, including S. welwitschii. Distinctive characters were the size of the flowers and sepals, the shape of the corolla lobes, the acumen of the anthers, and the indumentum of the seed. PICHON (1950) placed S. speciosus in a monotypic genus Christy a, and S. boivinii in a monotypic genus Roupellina; in the genus Strophanthus he distinguished the sections Eustrophantus, Strophanthellus, and Roupellia sensu Gilg. MONACHINO (1950) described a new section Synclinocarpus, consisting of S. bullenianus, one of its synonyms, and S. parviflorus. This section was based on fruit characters, although fruits of S. parviflorus were unknown. HESS (1952) described a new section Intermedii, consisting of S. amboensis and its synonyms, S. vanderijstii, and S. bequaertii, although he knew these two last species only from descriptions. This section was distinguished mainly on characters derived from corolla and bracts. In this revision the genus is not divided into sections, as all characters used previously for the delimitation of sections turned out to be inconsistent; the only clearcut character would seem to be the apex of the corolla lobes, but even here there is a range of variation from the orbicular lobes of S. gratus, via the acute lobes of S. welwitschii and the acuminate lobes of S. courmontii, to the tailed lobes of most Strophanthus species. Sections for African and Asian species would be mainly based on geographical data, which is not considered desirable. DISCUSSION OF THE RELATIONSHIPS WITHIN THE GENUS The more or less reticulate relationship is illustrated in Chart 1. Relevant characters used for the composition of groups of species or for indicating relationships through dotted lines are: 1. the shape of the corolla lobes. Most species have tailed lobes, but those of S. gratus are orbicular. S. courmontii, S. gardeniiflorus, S. thollonii, and S. welwitschii have acute or acuminate lobes. 5. singaporianus is one of two small- Meded. Landbouwhogeschool Wageningen 82-4 (1982) 21

29 ^. y CHART 1. Relationships within Strophantus. 22 Meded. Landbouwhogeschool Wageningen 82-4 (1982)

30 flowered species and has acute lobes, while the other, S. perakensis, has shorttailed lobes. 2. the acumen of the anthers. All Asian species and the African S. gardeniiflorus, S. gratus and S. thollonii have a long acumen; S. amboensis, S. barteri, S. petersianus and S. sarmentosus have an acumen the length of which is intermediate between the long acumen of the above-mentioned species and the the short mucro of the majority of African species. 3. the shape of the filaments. In most species, the filaments are straight or nearly so, but in several species they are curved and nearly S-shaped: i.e. S. arnoldianus, S. barteri, S. gracilis, S. hispidus, S. kombe, S. luteolus, S. mortehanii, and S. zimmermannianus. 4. the base of the filament ridges. While the filament gradually merges with the wall of the tube in most species, it ends abruptly in a short obtuse spur in S. bequaertii, S. caudatus, S. perakensis, S. puberulus, S. singaporianus, S. wallichii, and S. wightianus; it is merely obtuse, and not ending in a short spur, in S. divaricatus, S. gratus, and S. speciosus; and in S. courmontii, S. gardeniiflorus, and S. thollonii it ends rather abruptly and nearly obtusely. 5. a large abaxial swelling near the apex of the filament. This is present in S. bequaertii, S. eminii, S. holosericeus, S. hypoleucos, S. ledienii, S. mirabilis, and S. nicholsonii. A small abaxial swelling near the base of the filament is present in S. bullenianus, S. caudatus, S. divaricatus, S. gracilis, S. hispidus, S. kombe, S. parviflorus, S. perakensis, S. singaporianus, S. wallichii, and S. wightianus. In S. puberulus this remains doubtful due to the lack of adequate material. 6. the indumentum of the ovary. The species mentioned under 3 show an ovary that may be puberulous or pubescent; this is also the case in S. boivinii, S. eminii, S. holosericeus, S. hypoleucos, S. ledienii, S. mirabilis, S. nicholsonii, S. puberulus, S. sarmentosus, S. speciosus, and S. wallichii. The ovary of S. amboensis and S. perakensis may be either glabrous or puberulous to pubescent. 7. the shape of the corona lobes. This is squat and lingulate in the same species as mentioned under 3, with the exception of S. mortehanii, where it is more slender. The corona lobes are also squat and lingulate in 5. bullenianus, S. hypoleucos, S. nicholsonii, and S. parviflorus. In S. amboensis, S. bequaertii, S. boivinii, S. congoensis, S. courmontii, S. divaricatus, S. eminii, S. gerrardii, S. holosericeus, S. ledienii, S. mirabilis, S. speciosus, and S. vanderijstii the lobes are more slender, while in the remaining species they are narrowly triangular. The following additional characters were used: the level at which the corolla tube widens; the indumentum of the seedcoat and the length of the glabrous part of the beak; the indumentum of the anthers; and the ending of the follicles in a knob. Aberrant in a single character are: S. bullenianus as regards the insertion of the coma on the seed; S. eminii as regards the structure of the exocarp; S. holosericeus and S. ledienii show a tendency towards this structure. S. speciosus as regards the petiolar colleters. Closely allied species are: Meded. Landbouwhogeschool Wageningen 82-4 (1982) 23

31 S. amboensis and S. vanderijstii; S. caudatus, S. puberulus, and S. wallichii; S. eminii, S. holosericeus, and S. ledienii; S. kombe and S. hispidus; S. perakensis and S. singaporianus; S. preussii, S. barieri, S. gracilis, and S. zimmermannianus; S. sarmentosus and S. petersianus; S. thollonii and S. gardeniiflorus. The chemical investigations, summarized in the chapter on chemistry and pharmacology, confirm this proposed grouping. It would be interesting to know how 5*. bequaertii, S. boivinii, and S. speciosus relate chemically to the other species. KEY FOR FLOWERING SPECIMENS Notes: the tails of the corolla lobes are sometimes broken off in dried material. The 'widening of the corolla tube' refers to the more or less abrupt transition of the lower, cylindrical part of the tube into the wider upper part. 'Anther acumen' refers to the filiform, sterile apical part present in most species. 1. Corolla lobes rounded or obtuse 2 Corolla lobes acute, acuminate, or tailed 3 2. Corolla lobes nearly orbicular, mm wide; corona lobes 5-15 mm long; anther acumen 6-12 mm long. West and Central Africa 15. S. gratus Corolla lobes narrowly oblong, mm wide; corona lobes mm long; anther acumen less than 0.5 mm long. Madagascar 5. S. boivinii 3. Corolla lobes acute or acuminate, not tailed 4 Corolla lobes tailed, the linear part at least as long as the ovate part of the.lobe 9 4. Corolla tube less than 10 mm long, at the mouth less than 6 mm wide; corolla lobes smaller than 10 x 4 mm 5 Corolla tube more than 15 mm long, at the mouth more than 11 mm wide; corolla lobes larger than 17 x 10 mm Leaves with 8-16 pairs of secondary veins which are straight and form an angle of with the midrib; corolla lobes 5-10 mm long; anther acumen mm long. Burma to Malaysia 26. S. perakensis Leaves with 5-9 pairs of secondary veins which are curved and form an angle of with the midrib; corolla lobes mm long; anther acumen mm long. Malaysia 31. S. singaporianus 6. Anthers exserted for 8-18 mm, anther acumen mm long; corona lobes long-pubescent; corolla tube glabrous inside; narrow, lower part of tube mm long 7 Meded. Landbouwhogeschool Wageningen 82-4 (1982)

32 Anthers included for 2-16 mm, anther acumen long; corona lobes puberulous; corolla tube puberulous or pubescent inside; narrow, lower part of tube 3-12 mm long 8 7. Calyx mm long; sepals 1.8-3(-5) x as long as wide; leaves acute or acuminate, acumen up to 13 mm long. Nigeria to Gabon 33. S. thollonii Calyx mm long; spelas x as long as wide; leaves rounded or acuminate, acumen up to 3 mm long. South-East Zaire, Zambia S. gardeniiflorus 8. Branchlets glabrous; older branches with corky, laterally compressed protuberances at the nodes; corona lobes obtuse, 2-6 mm long; petiole 3-11 mm long. East and Southern Central Africa 9. S. courmontii Branchlets minutely puberulous; older branches without corky protuberances; corona lobes acute, 5-23 mm long; petiole 1-5 mm long. Southern Central and East Africa 36. S. welwitschii 9. Leaves and flowers present 10 Only flowers present, as they appear before the leaves Leaves glabrous 11 Leaves with indumentum Corolla, including the tails, in the mature bud less than 25 mm long; pedicel mm long 12 Corolla, including the tails, in the mature bud more than 28 mm long or - when shorter - then with a 6-21 mm long pedicel Corona lobes 1-2 mm long; corolla lobes 5-10 mm long; anthers and ovary pubescent; anther acumen mm long. Burma to Malaysia S. perakensis Corona lobes mm long; corolla lobes 8-15 mm long; anthers and ovary glabrous; anther acumen mm long. South-West India S. wightianus 13. Anther acumen more than 5.5 mm long, forming more than 75% of the length of the anther. Asia 14 Anther acumen less than 4.5 mm long, forming less than 60% of the length of the anther. Asia or Africa Corolla puberulous outside; anther acumen mm long. Indonesia. 29. S. puberulus Corolla glabrous outside, or puberulous near the mouth only; anther acumen mm long Bracts and sepals erect or suberect; corolla lobes including the tails x mm; anthers pubescent near the apex; style 9-15 mm long. Thailand to Indonesia S. caudatus Bracts and sepals erect or recurved; corolla lobes including the tails x 3-6 mm; anthers pubescent from base to apex; style mm long. India to Malaysia S. wallichii 16. Leaves ternate, or on the same plant both opposite and ternate, occasionally also quaternate 17 Leaves opposite 19 Meded. Landbouwhogeschool Wageningen 82-4 (1982) 25

33 17. Corolla tube more than 17.5 mm long and at the mouth more than 15 mm wide; filaments more than 3 mm long, with ridges tapering towards the base. West and Central Africa 30. S. sarmentosus Corolla tube less than 16 mm long and at the mouth less than 12 mm wide; filaments less than 2 mm long, with ridges with an obtuse base Petiolar colleters situated on the margin of petiole and stem; anthers and ovary glabrous; pedicel 2-7 mm long. China, Viet-nam 10. S. divaricatus Petiolar colleters situated on the adaxial side of the basal part of the petiole; anthers pubescent, ovary puberulous; pedicel 6-21 mm long. Zimbabwe, S. Africa 32. S. speciosus 19. Corolla glabrous outside Corolla puberulous or sparsely pubescent outside, at least near the mouth Corolla lobes in their lower part 6-18 mm wide; tube at the mouth (8-)10-30 mm wide; corona lobes 5-22 x mm; filaments inserted at mm from the base of the tube 21 Corolla lobes in their lower part 3-7 mm wide; tube at the mouth 5-13 mm wide; corona lobes x 1-2 mm; filaments inserted at mm from the base of the tube Ovary puberulous in the upper half; corolla lobes minutely puberulous inside; sepals 1.5-4(-8) x as long as wide. West and Central Africa S. sarmentosus Ovary glabrous; corolla lobes glabrous inside; sepals (1.5-)3-8 x as long as wide. East and Southern Central Africa 27. S. petersianus 22. Secondary leaf veins at an angle of with the midrib; filaments inserted at 7-8 mm from the base of the tube, with ridges with an obtuse base. Eastern Zaire, Rwanda 4. S. bequaertii Secondary leaf veins at an angle of with the midrib; filaments inserted at mm from the base of the tube, with ridges that taper towards the base Older branches with corky protuberances; anther acumen mm long; petiole 1-6 mm long; mature leaves less than 2 cm wide. Mozambique, S' Africa 13. S. gerrardii Older branches without protuberances; anther acumen up to 1.1 mm long; petiole 5-15 mm long; mature leaves more than 2 cm wide. Cameroun -, * ^aire 8. S. congoensis Z4. (iy.) Leaves and flowers often situated on short shoots; leaves obtuse or mucronate, with very inconspicuous secondary venation; anthers exserted, with mm long filaments. Somalia, Kenya 22. S. mirabilis Leaves and flowers never situated on short shoots; leaves acuminate or - it rounded - with conspicuous secondary venation; anthers included or - H exserted - with filaments less than 1.8 mm long Corolla tube at the mouth mm wide; corona lobes 5-17 mm long, narrowly triangular; older branches with corky protuberances. West and Of* Meded. Landbouwhogeschool Wageningen 82-4 (1982)

34 Central Africa 30. S. sarmentosus Corolla tube at the mouth less than 14 mm wide, or - if up to 17 mm wide - with corona lobes less than 3 mm long and Ungulate; older branches without protuberances Corolla tube widening in the lower 33% of its length; bracts less than 6 mm long; anthers glabrous 27 Corolla tube widening above 40% of its length, or - if widening between 33 and 40% - then with bracts more than 6 mm long and puberulous or pubescent anthers Shrub or liana, more than 1 m high; tertiary venation of leaves conspicuous; anthers mm long. Zaire to Namibia 1. S. amboensis Shrublet, less than 30 cm high; tertiary venation of leaves inconspicuous; anthers mm long. Zaire and Angola S. vanderijstii 28. Anthers at least partly exserted 29 Anthers included Corolla lobes including tails more than 120 mm long, only rarely shorter; sepals unequal, the outer much wider than the inner; anthers and ovary densely pubescent. West and Central Africa 28. S. preussii Corolla lobes including the tails less than 100 mm long; sepals subequal or equal; anthers and ovary glabrous Leaf base cuneate or decurrent into the petiole, leaf acumen less than 8 mm long; anthers only exserted by their acumen, which is mm long; filament ridges obtuse at base. China, Viet-nam S. divaricatus Leaf base cuneate or rounded, leaf acumen 5-22 mm long; anthers nearly completely exserted, with an acumen less than 0.4 mm long; filament ridges tapering towards the base. Africa Leaves with (6 )7 13 pairs of secondary veins; corolla lobes including the tails mm long; upper, wider part of corolla tube mm long. Nigeria to Zaire 6. S. bullenianus Leaves with 4-6 pairs of secondary veins; corolla lobes including the tails mm long; upper, wider part of corolla tube 4-6 mm long. Gabon to Angola 25. S. parviflorus 32. Branchlets puberulous; anthers puberulous around the insertion on the filaments only. Mozambique, S. Africa 21. S. luteolus Branchlets glabrous, rarely scabrous or sparsely pubescent; anthers glabrous or puberulous to pubescent for more than half their length Anthers puberulous or pubescent, with an acumen of more than 0.5 mm long; outer sepals much wider than the inner, or sepals undulate.. 34 Anthers glabrous, with an acumen of less than 0.2 mm long; outer and inner sepals nearly equal, never undulate Corolla lobes including the tails more than 120 mm long, only rarely shorter; anther acumen mm long, pubescent as the rest of the anther; corolla tube widening at 40-60% of its length. West and Central Africa S. preussii Corolla lobes including the tails less than 100 mm long; anther acumen more Meded. Landbouwhogeschool Wageningen 82-4 (1982) 27

35 than 2 mm long, puberulous when the anther is puberulous or glabrous when the anther is pubescent; corolla tube widening at 33-50% of its 35 length 35. Sepals undulate; leaves with 4-6 pairs of secondary veins; anthers puberulous. West Africa 3. S. barteri Sepals straight; leaves with 5-8 pairs of secondary veins; anthers pubescent, with a glabrous acumen. Kenya, Tanzania. 38. S. zimmermannianus 36. Leaf base cuneate or decurrent into the petiole; anther acumen mm long; filament ridges obtuse at base. China, Viet-nam 10. S. divaricatus Leaf base rounded, rarely cuneate; anther acumen less than 0.4 mm long; filament ridges tapering towards the base Corolla lobes including the tails more than 70 mm long; petiole 3-7 mm long; ovary hispid. Zaire 2. S. arnoldianus Corolla lobes including the tails less than 75 mm long; petiole 1-3 mm long; ovary glabrous. Gabon to Angola 25. S. parviflorus 38. (10). Corolla tube glabrous outside; corona lobes 6-15 mm long and acute; anther acumen 1-4 mm long. East Africa 27. S. petersianus Corolla tube at least near the mouth with indumentum; corona lobes less than 7.5 mm long and obtuse or - if acute - the anthers with an acumen of less than 0.5 mm long Corolla tube widening in the lower 36% of its length; anthers glabrous; leaves soft to the touch beneath 40 Corolla tube widening either above 45% of its length, or, - if widening between 40 and 45% - then anthers pubescent and leaves rough to the touch Leaves with 7-11 pairs of secondary veins; bracts 5-19 mm long; anthers mm long and with an acumen of less than 0.3 mm. Cameroun to Zaire 23. S. mortehanii Leaves with 3-8 pairs of secondary veins; bracts 2-6 mm long; anthers mm long and with an acumen of (0.5) mm. Zaire to Namibia 1. S. amboensis 41. Leaves glabrous, sparsely puberulous, sparsely hispid, or scabrid Leaves densely puberulous, densely pubescent, densely hispid, or tomentose, at least beneath Anthers included, and puberulous or pubescent at least for 1 mm above the filaments 43 Anthers at least 1 mm exserted, and glabrous Leaves glabrous or puberulous and soft to the touch, and mucronate or acuminate for less than 3 mm; anthers puberulous around the insertion on the filaments only. Mozambique, S. Africa 21. S. luteolus Leaves scabrous, rough to the touch, and with a 3-12 mm long (or rarely shorter) acumen; anthers densely pubescent for the whole length. Nigeria to Gabon 14. S. gracilis 44. Petiole 0-2(-3) mm long; mature leaves up to 3.6 x 1 cm, with an obtuse or mucronate apex and 3-5 secondary veins; peduncle absent. Somalia, ^ Meded. Landbouwhogeschool Wageningen 82-4 (1982

36 Kenya 22. S. mirabilis Petiole 2-7 mm long; mature leaves more than 5x2 cm, with a 7-22 mm long acumen and 6-13 secondary veins; peduncule (0-)5-48 mm long. Nigeria to Zaire 6. S. bullenianus 45. (40) Branchlets and leaves hispid, with 1-2 mm long stiff hairs Branchlets and leaves puberulous or pubescent, with supple hairs which are less than 1 mm long Upper, wider part of corolla tube mm long; anthers exserted; ovary glabrous. Nigeria to Zaire 6. S. bullenianus Upper, wider part of corolla tube mm long; anthers included; ovary hispid Sepals 9-20(-27) x mm, about equal and 4-12 x as long as wide; corolla tube x as long as the calyx; peduncle 2 14( 25) mm long. East and Southern Central Africa 19. S. kombe Sepals x mm, unequal, the outer x as long as wide and much wider than the inner; corolla tube x as long as the calyx; peduncle 0-55 mm long. West and Central Africa 16. S. hispidus 48. Leaves medium green beneath, indumentum puberulous; filaments curved, mm high; anthers puberulous around the insertion on the filaments only; inner petiolar colleters 2-4. Mozambique, S. Africa S. Iuteolus Leaves pale yellow-green or silvery beneath by the tomentum or tomentellum; filaments straight, mm long; anthers glabrous; inner petiolar colleters Mature leaves more than 10 cm long, with an acute or acuminate apex, rarely obtuse; calyx mm long; corolla tube mm long. 58 Mature leaves less than 7.5 cm long, with an obtuse, acute, or emarginate apex; calyx mm long; tube mm long Corolla lobes mm long; filaments mm long; bracts 2-5 x 1-2 mm; petiole 1-3 mm long. Southern Central Africa 24. S. nicholsonii Corolla lobes mm long; filaments mm long; bracts 4-16 x mm; petiole mm long. Tanzania, Northern Mozambique. 18. S. hypoleucos 51. (9) Corolla tube widening below the middle; ovary glabrous or puberulous; anther acumen (0.5-)l-4 mm long 52 Corolla tube widening at or above the middle; ovary pubescent or hispid;.anther acumen mm long Corolla tube at the mouth 6-13 mm wide; corona lobes mm long, obtuse or acute 53 Corolla tube at the mouth mm wide; corona lobes 5-22 mm long, acute Corolla glabrous outside; older branches with corky protuberances. Mozambique, S. Africa 13. S. gerrardii Corolla puberulous outside, at least near the mouth; older branches without Meded. Landbouwhogeschool Wageningen 82-4 (1982) 29

37 protuberances. Zaire to Namibia 1- s - amboensis 54 Corolla lobes glabrous on both sides; ovary glabrous. East and Southern Central Africa 27. S. petersianus Corolla lobes puberulous near the mouth on both sides; ovary puberulous in the upper part. West and Central Africa 30. S. sarmentosus 55. Inflorescence with a single flower; filaments inserted at 4-6 mm from the base of the tube; anthers 3-4 mm long; inner petiolar colleters 0-2(-5). Somalia and Kenya 22. S. mirabilis Inflorescence single- to many-flowered; filaments inserted at mm from the base of the tube; anthers 4-7 mm long; inner petiolar colleters Sepals mm long; anthers mm long; corolla tube mm long; corolla lobes less than 60 mm, or - if mm long - then style 6-10 mm long " Sepals 8-25 mm long; anthers 5-7 mm long; corolla tube mm long; corolla lobes mm long, style mm long Corolla lobes mm long; filaments mm long; bracts 4-16 x mm; sepals 2-9 mm wide; Tanzania, Northern Mozambique. 18. S. hypoleucos Corolla lobes mm long; filaments mm long; bracts 2-5 x 1-2 mm; sepals mm wide. Southern Central Africa 24. S. nicholsonii 58. Bracts 4-15 x mm; corona lobes mm long, subulate; calyx mostly eglandulose, rarely with 10 colleters; petiole 1-10 mm long; branches often semi-succulent. East and Central Africa. 11. S. eminii Bracts 5-12 x mm; corona lobes mm long, subulate or Ungulate; calyx with 5 colleters, distributed over the inner sepals only; petiole 1-5 mm long; branches never semi-succulent Pedicels 3-15 mm long; style mm long; corona lobes mm long. Western Zaire, Angola 20. S. ledienii Pedicels 3-6 mm long; style mm long; corona lobes mm long. Zambia, South-East Zaire 17. S. holosericeus Note: it is difficult to distinguish S. eminii, S. holosericeus, and S. ledienii when fruits and seeds are not present. Meded. Landbouwhogeschool Wageningen 82-4 (1982)

38 KEY FOR SPECIMENS WITH LEAVES AND MATURE FRUITS Note: identification of fruiting specimens without leaves, or of seed samples is impossible; leaves are indispensable for naming. A few species, however, can be recognized from fruits alone (e.g. S. eminii, S. bullenianus); also, it is possible to identify species with seeds that are glabrous or nearly so from their seeds. Fruits and seeds are still unknown for S. perakensis, S. puberulus, and S. wightianus. Of S. mortehanii, the seed grains are known, but not the coma. Material with fruits and/or seeds is scarce for the following species: S. barteri, S. bequaertii, S. bullenianus, S. caudatus, S. gracilis, S. ledienii, S. luteolus, S. parviflorus, S. preussii, S. sarmentosus var. glabriflorus, S. singaporianus, S. vanderijstii, S. wallichii, and S. zimmermannianus; of all these species, less than 5 collections with fruits and/or seeds are known. With these restrictions, the following key is proposed; for seed terminology, see Fig. 5 (p. 20). 1. Follicles shaggy with pubescent protuberances. East and Central Africa. 11. S. eminii Follicles glabrous or with indumentum, but without or nearly without protuberances 2 2. Seeds with a coma which is inserted on the grain as well as on the beak; follicles supple, pendulous. Nigeria to Zaire 6. S. bullenianus Seeds with a coma which is inserted only on the beak; follicles rigid, divergent from each other 3 3. Branchlets and leaves densely scabrid; follicles cm long, less than 7 mm thick at the base. West Africa S. gracilis Branchlets and leaves glabrous or with various indumentum, but not scabrid, or - if scabrid - then with follicles cm long and more than 8 mm thick at the base 4 4. Seed grains glabrous or microscopically puberulous 5 Seed grains densely puberulous or pubescent 9 5. Seed beak glabrous for mm; leaves with inconspicuous tertiary venation. Eastern Zaire, Rwanda 4. S. bequaertii Seed beak glabrous for more than 5 mm, or - if less - then leaves beneath with conspicuous tertiary venation 6 6. Older branches with thick corky bark; follicles densely lenticellate; seed beak bearing a coma for mm. West and Central Africa 15. S. gratus Older branches without corky bark; follicles sparsely lenticellate, or - if densely lenticellate - then with seed beak bearing a coma for mm (Asiatic species) 7 7. Follicles divergent at an angle of ; seed beak glabrous for l-5(-7) mm; coma reflexed or suberect, mm long. China, Viet-nam S. divaricatus Meded. Landbouwhogeschool Wageningen 82-4 (1982) 31

39 Follicles divergent at an angle of ; seed beak glabrous for 5-15 mm; coma suberect, mm long 8 8. Follicles sparsely to densely lenticellate; seed grain glabrous or microscopically puberulous, mm long; seed beak bearing a coma for mm. Thailand to Indonesia 7. S. caudatus Follicles densely lenticellate; seed grain glabrous, mm long; seed beak bearing a coma for mm. India to Malaysia S. wallichii 9. Follicles rounded at the apex or tapering into a narrow, obtuse tip.. 10 Follicles with a knob at the apex Follicles not lenticellate 11 Follicles sparsely or densely lenticellate Seed beak glabrous for more than 20 mm 12 Seed beak glabrous for 0-12 mm Older branches with corky protuberances; follicles tapering towards the apex; coma (38-)60-90 mm long. East and Southern Central Africa S. petersianus Older branches without protuberances; follicles broad at the apex, not tapering; coma mm long. Zaire to Namibia S. amboensis 13. Seed beak glabrous for 3-12 mm; coma more than 58 mm long. Malaysia, Singapore 31, S. singaporianus Seed beak glabrous for 0-2 mm; coma less than 52 mm long Leaves ternate or quaternate. South-East Africa S. speciosus Leaves opposite. Angola, Zaire 34. S. vanderijstii 15. Seed beak glabrous for less than 9 mm.' 16 Seed beak glabrous for more than 10 mm Leaves with (10-)12-20 pairs of secondary veins. Madagascar 5. S. boivinii Leaves with 3-9(-l 1) pairs of secondary veins. Continental Africa Follicles with a broad, obtuse apex, and more than 30 mm in diameter. Cameroun to Zaire 8. s. congoensis Follicles tapering towards a narrow, obtuse tip, and less than 28 mm in diameter jg 18. Leaves chartaceous, with secondary veins at an angle of with the midrib. Eastern Zaire, Rwanda 4. S. bequaertii Leaves coriaceous, with secondary veins at an angle of with the midnb Follicles cm long; seed beak glabrous for 0-2(-6) mm. Guinee. ' " * 30. S. sarmentosus var. glabriflorus Folhcles cm long; seed beak glabrous for mm U. Fruit wall thin, rather brittle; seed grain mm long; coma reflexed or suberect and mm long. Nigeria to Gabon S. thollonii Fruit wall thick, woody; seed grain mm long; coma reflexed or suberect and mm long. South-East Zaire, Zambia i\ ne\ T> Yi * * * ' * S. gardeniiflorus zi. US) Branchlets sparsely or densely puberulous Meded. Landbouwhogeschool Wageningen 82-4 (1982)

40 Branchlets glabrous -. '.: Leaves with conspicuous tertiary venation ; Leaves with inconspicuous tertiary venation Older branches with corky protuberances.24 Older branches without protuberances Follicles with a broad, obtuse apex. West and Central Africa S. sarmentosus Follicles tapering towards a narrow tip. East Africa S. petersianus 25. Follicles rather densely lenticellate; leaves yellowish-green beneath. Southern Central and East Africa 36. S. webvitschii Follicles sparsely lenticellate; leaves pale green beneath. Zaire to Namibia. 1. S. amboensis 26. Leaves densely puberulous above, tomentose beneath. Southern Central Africa 24. S. nicholsonii Leaves glabrous or sparsely puberulous Petiole 1-5 mm long; seed grains mm wide; seed beak bearing a coma for mm. Southern Central and East Africa. 36. S. welwitschii Petiole 0-2(-3mm) long; seed grains mm wide; seed beak bearing a coma for mm. Somalia, Kenya 22. S. mirabilis 28. Leaves with conspicuous tertiary venation Leaves with inconspicuous tertiary venation Older branches with corky protuberances 30 Older branches without protuberances It is almost impossible to distinguish fruiting specimens of S. courmontii, S. petersianus, and S. sarmentosus var. sarmentosus. The latter is geographically seperated from the former two; these two can to some extent be distinguished by the density of the lenticels on the branches (very dense in S. petersianus, sparse to dense in S. courmontii) and on the follicles (very dense in S. courmontii, sparse to dense in S. petersianus). 31. Follicles with a broad, obtuse apex; seed beak glabrous for mm and bearing a coma for mm. Zaire to Namibia.. 1. S. amboensis Follicles rather long-tapering into a narrow, obtuse apex; seed beak glabrous for mm and bearing a coma for mm. Zaire 2. S. arnoldianus 32. Older branches with corky protuberances; mature leaves up to 6 x 2 cm; seed beak glabrous for mm and bearing a coma for mm. Mozambique, S. Africa 13. S. gerrardii Older leaves without protuberances; mature leaves up to cm; seed beak glabrous for mm and bearing a coma for mm Leaves with an acumen of 0-13 mm; exocarp thin (1-2 mm) and brittle; seed grain mm long. Nigeria to Gabon S. thollonii Leaves with an acumen of 0-3 mm; exocarp thick (2 mm or more) and woody; seed grain mm long; coma reflexed or mm long. South-East Zaire, Zambia 12. S. gardeniiflorus 34. (9) Leaves glabrous K s.. 35 Meded. Landbouwhogeschool Wageningen 82-4 (1982) 33

41 Leaves with indumentum Seed beak glabrous for more than 18 mm 36 Seed beak glabrous for less than 15 mm Branchlets glabrous; older branches with corky protuberances. East and Southern Central Africa 27. S. petersianus Branchlets puberulous; older branches without protuberances Leaves membranaceous or papyraceous, with conspicuous tertiary venation; seed beak bearing a coma for mm. Mozambique, S. Africa. 21. S. luteolus Leaves coriaceous, with inconspicuous tertiary venation; seed beak bearing a coma for mm. Somalia, Kenya 22. S. mirabilis 38. Follicles more than 32 cm long. Kenya, Tanzania 38. S. zimmermannianus Follicles less than 29 cm long Seed beak glabrous for less than 2 mm 40 Seed beak glabrous for more than 3 mm Follicles not lenticellate; seed beak bearing a coma for 7-15 mm; petiolar colleters inserted on the petiole. Zimbabwe, S. Africa 32. S. speciosus Follicles sparsely to rather densely lenticellate; seed beak bearing a coma for mm; petiolar colleters inserted on the margin of the stem and the petiole. Eastern Zaire, Rwanda 4. S. bequaertii 41. Follicles sparsely lenticellate, lenticels small and orbicular; petiole 1-3 mm long. Gabon to Angola 25. S. parviflorus Follicles rather densely lenticellate, lenticels elongate; petiole 1-9 mm long Exocarp thin and brittle; seed beak glabrous for 8-15 mm and bearing a coma for mm. West Africa 3. S. barteri Exocarp rather thick and woody; seed beak glabrous for 3-8 mm and bearing a coma for mm. West and Central Africa S. preussii 43. (34) Branchlets puberulous or pubescent. 44 Branchlets hispid Leaves with conspicuous tertiary venation on at least one side Leaves with inconspicuous tertiary venation Leaves tomentellous beneath 46 Leaves puberulous beneath Petiole 2-8 mm long; follicles without protuberances, and with orbicular lenticels. Cameroun to North-West Zaire 23. S. mortehanii Petiole mm long; follicles with sparse protuberances, and with rather elongate lenticels Follicles divergent at an angle of ; seed beak glabrous for mm and bearing a coma for mm; coma mm long. South-East Zaire, Zambia 17> s holosericeus Follicles divergent at an angle of ; seed beak glabrous for mm and bearing a coma for mm; coma mm long. West Zaire and North Angola 20. S. ledienii 34 Meded. Landbouwhogeschool Wageningen 82-4 (1982)

42 48. Older branches with corky protuberances; branches densely lenticellate; petiole (2 )3 13 mm long; follicles cm in diameter. East Africa S. petersianus Older branches without protuberances; branches sparsely to rather densely lenticellate; petiole 1-5 mm long; follicles cm in diameter. Mozambique, S. Africa 21. S. luteolus 49. Leaves beneath with sparse indumentum 50 Leaves beneath tomentose or tomentellous Petiole 2-14 mm long; seed beak glabrous for 3-8 mm and bearing a coma for mm; mature leaves up to 18.5 x 7.5 cm, with an acuminate apex. West and Central Africa 28. S. preussii Petiole 0-2(-3) mm long; seed beak glabrous for mm and bearing a coma for mm; mature leaves up to 3.6 x 1 cm, with an obtuse apex. Somalia, Kenya 22. S. mirabilis 51. Mature leaves up to 16 x 9 cm, with 7-12 pairs of secondary veins; follicles cm long. Western Zaire, Angola 20. S. ledienii Mature leaves up to 8 x 5(-8) cm, with 4-9 pairs of secondary veins; follicles cm long Petiole 1-3 mm long; seed grains lanate or pubescent, mm long; seed beak glabrous for mm and bearing a coma for mm. Southern Central Africa 24. S. nicholsonii Petiole mm long; seed grains pubescent, mm long; seed beak glabrous for mm and bearing a coma for mm. Tanzania and North Mozambique 18. S. hypoleucos 53. (43) Divergence of follicles 180 ; seed grains mm wide; seed beak glabrous for mm. East and Southern Central Africa 19. S. kombe Divergence of follicles ; seed grains 2-3 mm wide; seed beak glabrous for 8-34 mm. West and Central Africa 16. S. hispidus SPECIES DESCRIPTIONS OF STROPHANTHUS 1. S. amboensis (Schinz) Engl. & Pax 1892: 376; Franchet 1893b: 289, pi. 14; Stapf 1902: 185; Gilg 1903: 33; Hess 1952: 91; Codd 1963: 293; Merxmuller 1967:7. Fig. 6; Map 4 Basionym: S. petersianus var. amboensis Schinz 1888: 259. Type: Namibia, Amboland, Cunene R., Schinz 222 (Z, holotype; isotypes: K, ZT). Heterotypic synonyms: S. intermedins Pax 1892: 375; Franchet 1893: 287; Stapf 1902: 185; Gilg 1903: 31, fig. 3; Staner & Michotte 1934: 54; Hess 1952: 89; Watt & Breyer-Brandwijk 1962: fig. 103, syn. nov. Type: Angola, Cuanza Sul: Golungo Alto, near the Capopa Spring, Welwitsch 5999a (holotype des- Meded. Landbouwhogeschool Wageningen 82-4 (1982) 35

43 2x' 6 3 vtns"2x m itn" Pf inz l En^&Pax: L Bering branches,! x; 2. openedflower, Meded. Landbouwhogeschool Wageningen 82-4 (1982)

44 troyed in B; lectotype: G; isotypes: BM, BR, C, K, LD, LE, LISU, MO, NY, P, PRE). S. schuchardtiifax 1892:371 (asschuchardti); Franchet 1893b: 276; Stapf 1902: 184; Gilg 1903: 40, pi. 1; Hess 1952: 85, syn. nov. Type: Angola, Huila: between Ferrao de Sola and Nene, Welwitsch 5992 (holotype destroyed in B; lectotype: LISU; isotypes: BM, G, K, LISU, P). 5. demeusei Dewevre 1894: 431; Stapf 1902: 184; Gilg 1903: 32, fig. 4. Type: Zaire, Bas-Zai're: Buana, Demeuse 518 (BR, holotype; istotype: K). S. gossweileri Hess 1952: 94, syn. nov. Type: Angola, Huila: near Humpata, alt m, Hess 19 Sept (ZT, holotype). S. hirsutus Hess 1952: 88, syn. nov. Type: Angola, Huila: Quilengues, Hess 27 Sept (ZT, holotype; isotype: BR). S. longicalyx Hess 1952: 92, syn. nov. Type: Angola, Huila: 30 km S of Quilengues, Hess 22 Sept (ZT, holotype; isotype: NY). S. paxii Hess 1952: 86, syn. nov. Type: Angola, Benguela: 40 km S of Ganda, Hess 30 Aug (ZT, holotype; isotype: ZT). S. gossweileri x schuchardtii Hess 1952: 98, syn. nov. Type: Angola, Huila: Humpata, Hess 19 Sept (ZT, holotype; isotype: NY). S. hirsutus x intermedius Hess 1952: 97, syn. nov. Type: Angola, Huila: Quilengues, Hess 509 (ZT, holotype; isotype: NY). S. intermedius x paxii Hess 1952: 96, syn. nov. Type: Angola, Benguela: 40 km S of Ganda, Hess 30 Aug (ZT, holotype). Sarmentose shrub, 1-4 m high, or liana, up to 20 m high, deciduous, flowers appearing before or with the leaves; latex clear or white. Trunk up to 20 cm in diameter, bark pale grey; branches pale brown or purple-brown, sparsely or densely lenticellate; branchlets glabrous, puberulous, or densely short-pubescent. Leaves: petiole 2-19 mm long, with 2 outer and 2-14 inner axillary colleters; blade ovate or broadly ovate, x as long as wide, in mature leaves x cm, cuneate, rounded, or subcordate at the base, rounded or acuminate at the apex (acumen 2-15 mm long), sometimes slightly undulate at the margin, papyraceous or thinly coriaceous, glabrous, puberulous, or densely short-pubescent, with translucent dots; 3-8 pairs of slightly curved secondary veins at an angle of with the midrib; tertiary venation conspicuous. Inflorescence on long or short branches or in the forks, 1-12-flowered (1-5 flowers open at a time), sessile or pedunculate, lax or congested, glabrous, puberulous, or densely short-pubescent in all parts; peduncle - if present - up to 10 mm long; branches 0-20(-30) mm long; pedicels 3 17( 27) mm long; bracts deciduous, ovate, narrowly ovate, or narrowly triangular, 2-6 x mm, acute, subscarious. Calyx: sepals subequal or with the inner longer than the outer, ovate or obovate, 1.5 4( 5.5) x as long as wide, 3-11 x mm, obtuse or acute, glabrous, puberulous, or densely short-pubescent; with 2-4 colleters per sepal. Corolla: tube x as long as the calyx, orange-yellow and turning purple via dark red on both sides, white-streaked inside, (13 -) mm long, widening at 16-33% of its length into a cylindrical or slightly infundi- Meded. Landbouwhogeschool Wageningen 82-4 (1982) 37

45 amboensis). HESS called these S. gossweileri and S. paxii. S. amboensis s.l. is closely related to S. vanderijstii, and Young 901 resembles both; but I prefer to treat S. vanderijstii as specifically different, because of its peculiar habit, its narrow leaves, and the very short beak of the seed. 2. S. arnoldianus De Wild. & Th. Dur. 1899: 206; Stapf 1902: 179; Gilg 1903: 26, pi. 5; De Wildeman 1907: pi. 145; Staner & Michotte 1934: 44. Fig. 7; Map 5 Type: Zaire, Bas-Zai're: Kitobola, Kindt anno 1899 (BR, holotype). Liana, 3-5 m high, evergreen. Trunk bark grey; branches red-hrown or dark brown, sparsely or densely lenticellate; branchlets glabrous. Leaves: petiole 3-7 mm long, with 2 outer and inner axillary colleters; blade shiny and (when dry) reddish-brown above, elliptic, ovate, or rarely obovate, l-2.2(-2.5) x as long as wide, x cm, rounded, rarely cuneate or subcordate at the base, acuminate at the apex (acumen 2-12 mm long), slightly undulate at the margin, papyraceous, glabrous on both sides, with or without translucent dots; 5-7(-9) pairs of slightly curved secondary veins at an angle of with the midrib; tertiary venation conspicuous beneath. Inflorescence on short branches or in the forks, 3-8-fiowered (1-2flowersopen at a time), pedunculate or rarely sessile, congested, glabrous in all parts or rarely with some hairs; peduncle (0-)5-16 mm long, lenticellate; branches 5-30 mm long; pedicels mm ong; bracts deciduous, linear or narrowly elliptic, 6-17 x 1-2 mm, acute, sepallike. Calyx: sepals subequal, the outer slightly larger than the inner, narrowly ovate or linear, 5-10 x as long as wide, 9-21 x mm, acute, glabrous; TK no, T C, 0lleterS ' concentrate d mainly on the inner sepals. Corolla: tube x as long as the calyx, white and turning yellow outside, yellow r^nlr!! mslde ' 1(M9 mm l0ng ' wideni "g at % ofits length into a cup shaped upper part, at the mouth 6-14 mm wide, puberulous on both sides, corona lobes yellow and red-spotted, Ungulate, 2-3 x mm, rounded bo hl^y? th( ; mar S in ' fleshy ' P ube l< ; corolla lobes white on both sides, taming pale yellow, with yellow tails; lobes ovate, 6-10 x SaUs f 7 f l0 n 8 ar i 6O m8 WMe T ^ ^ Pendul US tails ; lobes indudi "S Smmen\\inrh2«7 nt! ^ P uberulous on both sides, except for the tails. Sle tubet,t H i 5^3 filaments inserted at T'' 9-10 ^ o m the base anther 3 6 4To «T ^? UbeSCent inside ' with U P to 2 mm long ridges; CZlpiJ n Tf', g abr0us; tails mm long; acumen St 9?o?mt7 ary ; 3 ~ u T high ' densely hispid with lo g erect hairs ; 0 4nl hlh TjSfifTT l& L2 ~ h5 mm high^ stigma mi^e, less than a natrl'tx^ ntbttot T 7* ^ T ^ '»*** ** exocarnnalehrzn-, Tu hp \ 16 ~ 36 cm long and cm in diameter; E n ojed-brown thick and hard, sulcate, in young fruits dens^ ^S^'^T^i^^^lenticels often elongate mm and bearing a coma for T ^ mm long.- mm; COma erect or sli 8 htl y reflexed ' 40 Meded. Landbouwhogeschool Wageningen 82-4 (1982) Y ^ beak glabf0us f r

46 FIG. 7. Strophanthus arnoldianus De Wild. & Th. Durand: 1. flowering branch, f x;2. section offlower,2 x ; 3. calyx colleter, 6 x; 4. follicle, f x;5.seed,f x.(l. Hess 8 Nov 1950; 2-3. Starter 1615; 4. Flamigni 189; 5. Peynaert 72). Meded. Landbouwhogeschool Wageningen 82-4 (1982) 41

47 10 15, ]0 MAP 5. Strophanthus arnoldianus De Wild. & Th. Dur. Distribution: Western Zaire. Ecology: forest and riverine forest; twice reported from woodland; alt m. Flowering towards the end of the dry and the beginning of the rainy season; mature fruits towards the end of the rainy season. Specimens examined: ZAIRE, BAS-ZAIRE: Luki, Wagemans 1603 (BR); Lukula, Chevalier (P); Gombe, Jans 283 (BR); «7f nkls1 FallS ' CaUmSlm (BM); Kwilu Valle y' Mission Cabra-Michel66(BR); ibid., Devred iocn, \^ k ( Klfu!ama? )' CaOam 3668 (NY); Boko, near Kisantu, Hess & Speiser 1 Nov. \llimv'^i' H l SS, 8 N0V ' 195 (Z); Kisantu ' Kruk <>ff 2H (NY); M'vuazi, Lumuemo, Devred 1267 (BR K ; Kitobola, Flamigni 189 (BR); ibid., Kindt anno 1899 (BR; type); ibid., Zundu Forest, Feynaert 72 (BR); Kinanga, on Kitobola-Kimpese Road, Compere 865 (BR K NY) Cultivated: ZAIRE: Eala, Chevalier (P), Corbisier Baland 1857 (BR, NY, PRE), 2005 (BR), plufz ^c Lmrmt m i (BR) Umard ' 1094 < B > BR ' K > M, P), Peynaert 392 BR), S20947 S (NY); K K ibid., ^ Callens n mer J (NY), (BR ' FH 4768 ' (BR). K ' P) ' Kisantu > Br & Molard20924 (K, NY), Notes: a fruit and a seed of another genus (probably Periploca) have been CurT^r mt f n thc Same Sheet as the holot yp e ' been destro eel * * 8 f ^ ^ ^ f ** is type at B " a fl owering branch, This sheet has IQoV^^f^11011 ; if, 3a: b: ' 179 ' P l "J Sta P f 1902: 177; Gilg , Hutchinson & Dalziel 1931: 49; Huber 1963: 70; Hall & Swaine 1981: Type: Nigeria, Ogun: Abeokuta, Barter 3346 (P, lectotype; isotypt: K) M " P ^ ktex dean Bmnches brown Ittw l ^ T 8 ^ P ale brown or chocolate- W - pet o ", 7t C ; bra^lets glabfous ' rard y P uberulous or scabrid. med um P n H v u" 8 ' Wlth 2 Uter and 2 ~ 4 inner axi " a ry colleters; blade bngatwme r 5 u t ^ T? ^ ^ ^ ^ r ^ptm H x as at toapx /acum nl,n, 5^ ^ ^ rcuneateat thebas *> acuminate bu lat S m T S h i T ng l' Pap y race0us or thinly coriaceous, slightly vedt^n^ an diigie oi 40-/u with the midrib; tertiary venation 42 M«/«/. Landbouwhogeschool Wageningen 82-4 (1982)

48 FIG. 8. Strophanthus barteri Franch.: 1. flowering branch, x; 2. section of flower, 2 x; 3. fruit, \ x ; 4. seed, x.(l. Dalziel 1106; 2. Beentje 351; 3-4. Krukoff023). Meded. Landbouwhogeschool Wageningen 82-4 (1982) 43

49 inconspicuous. Inflorescence on long or short branches or in the forks, 2-12-flowered (1-2flowersopen at a time), pedunculate or rarely sessile, lax, occasionally with reduced branches, puberulous in all parts; peduncle (0 )13 55 mm long, lenticellate; branches mm long; pedicels mm long; bracts pale green with some purple, ovate or elliptic, 6-14 x 2-6 mm, acute or obtuse at the apex, undulate at the margin, sepal-like. Calyx: sepals unequal, with the outer shorter and wider than the inner, reddish- or purplish-green, ovate, narrowly ovate, or linear, x as long as wide, 7-16 x 1-6 mm, acute or obtuse at the apex, undulate at the margin, puberulous; with (l-)2 colleters per sepal. Corolla: tube x as long as the calyx, white and turning yellow with a pink tinge at the base and faintly pink-streaked outside, yellow with red-purple lines inside, mm long, widening at 37-50% of its length into a cup-shaped upper part, at the mouth 6-14 mm wide, puberulous on both sides; corona lobes yellow, with purple margins, Ungulate, x mm, acute or obtuse,fleshy,puberulous; corolla lobes white, with red lines on both sides, the white turning yellow; lobes ovate, 4-6 x mm, abruptly narrowing into the 0.5 mm wide pendulous tails; lobes including the tails mm long, puberulous on both sides except for the apex. Stamens included for mm; filaments inserted at mm from the base of the tube, curved, mm high, puberulous outside and pubescent inside, with inconspicuous ridges; anthers x mm, densely pubescent except for the acumen; tails mm long; acumen mm long. Pistil: ovary x mm, densely long-pubescent in the upper part; style mm long; clavuncula x mm; stigma minute. Fruit: follicles divergent at an unknown angle, tapering into a narrow apex and ending in a small knob, cm long and cm in diameter; exocarp thin and brittle, slightly sulcate, glabrous, rather densely lenticellate; lenticels elongate. Seeds: grain x mm, puberulous or short-pubescent; beak glabrous for 8-15 mm and bearing a coma for mm; coma mm long. MAP 6. Strophanthus barteri Franch. 44 Distribution: Liberia to Gabon. Ecology: primary and secondary forest; alt m. Flo we ring all year, but especially towards the beginning of the rainy season. Meded. Landbouwhogeschool Wageningen 82-4 (1982)

50 Specimens examined: LIBERIA: Mts. Nimba, Schnell 5249 (K, P). COTE D'IVOIRE: between Danane and Mt. Kouan, Chevalier (P); km 25 on Man-Danane Road, Beentje 182 (WAG), 351 (UCJ, WAG); Man, Ake Assi 1519 (UCJ); between Man and Zagoue, Chevalier (P); Sangouine Forest, Ake Assi (G, WAG); between Sangouine and Podiagouine, Ake Assi 8836 (WAG); between Divo and Lakota, Ake Assi (WAG); Cechi, between Dimbokro and Agboville, Guillaumet 1889 (ABI). GHANA: Tano Suhien Res., Morton A 3635 (GC, K, WAG); km 15 on Kumasi-Accra Road, Bally B 115 (K); Lake Bosumtwe, Adams 2488 (B, BR, K, P); Banka, Vigne 1871 (K); Asuboni R. bank, near Ankoma, Enti GC (GC, K); Begoro, Adams 240 (GC); Achimota, Akpabla 22 May 1953 (GC); Dawa, Darko 579 (K, MO); ibid., Box 3443 (GC); sin. loc., Farmar 383 (BM, K); sin. loc, Vigne 1083 (K); localities not found: Techiman-Wenchi, Morton GC 8593 (GC, K, WAG); Otroppe E. P., Vigne 4380 (K, P). NIGERIA, OYO: Ibadan, Akpabla 1122 (K); ibid., Katz & Schmutz 65 (BM), 76 (K), 81 (BM); ibid., Katz H 98 (K); ibid., Keay FHI (K, NY); ibid., Latilo FHI (BR, K, P); ibid., van Meer 689 (WAG); ibid., Meikle 985 (K, P), 1129 (K), 1297 (B, BR, K, P); ibid., Onyeachusim FHI (GC, K); Gambari, Onochie FHI (FHO, K); He Ife, Evrard6947 (BR), OGUN: Abeokuta, Barter 3346 (K, P; type); ibid., Harrison 28 (P; paratype). LAGOS: Lagos, Dalziel 1106 (C, E, K, M, MO, PRE), ONDO: Igbara Odo, Gledhill 894 (K). BENDEL: Benin City, Onochie FHI (GC); Uhi For. Res., Eimunjeze et al. FHI (K). RIVERS: Bonny, Kalbreyer 70 (K). IMO: Ebom, Jones 1432 (FHO). CROSS RIVER: 15 km SE of Ikom, van Meer 1710 (WAG); Calabar, Baldwin (K). Sin. loc, Krukoff 023 (NY). CAMEROUN: Bamenda, Fang, Maitland 1891 (K); Bipindi, Zenker 4850 (BM, BR, G, GOET, HBG, K, L, LE, M, MO, S, W). GABON: Ipasca Station, Florence 723 (P). Cultivated: U.S.A.: Coconut Grove (Fla), MargraffVl (NY). N o t e s: S. barter! is closely allied to S. preussii, and is most easily distinguished by the undulate bracts and sepals, which are also less wide than those of S. preussii. Moreover, the corolla lobes of S. barter! are shorter than those of 5. preussii; and the exocarp of S. barter! is thinner than that of S. preussii. 4. S. bequaertii Staner & Michotte 1934: 53. Type: Zaire, Kivu: Masisi, Bequaert 6376 (BR, holotype; isotype: BR). Fig. 9; Map 7 Liana, up to 10 m high, presumably evergreen; latex white. Trunk up to 7 cm in diameter; branches dark grey-brown, densely lenticellate; branchlets dark red-brown, glabrous. Leaves: petiole 4-12 mm long, with 2 outer and 0-2 inner axillary colleters; blade medium or dark green above, much paler beneath, elliptic, narrowly elliptic, or slightly obovate, rarely slightly ovate, x as long as wide, x cm, cuneate at the base or decurrent into the petiole, acuminate at the apex (acumen 3-12 mm long), chartaceous or thinly coriaceous, glabrous on both sides, with or without translucent dots; 7-9(-l 1) pairs of slightly curved secondary veins at an angle of with the midrib; tertiary venation inconspicuous. Inflorescence on long or short branches, 1-6-flowered (1 flower open at a time), pedunculate, lax, glabrous in all parts; peduncle 2-12 mm long lenticellate; branches 5-30 mm long; pedicels 4-11 mm long; bracts narrowly'ovate or linear, x mm, subscarious and not very sepal- Meded. Landbouwhogeschool Wageningen 82-4 (1982) 45

51 FIG. 9. Strophanthus bequaertii Staner & Michotte: 1. flowering branch, x; 2. leaf, x; 3. section of flower, 2 x; 4. follicle, f x; 5. seed, f x; 6. testa detail, 6 x. (1. Pierlot 2878; 2. Bridson 362; 3. Pierlot 1460; 4. Pierlot 2878; 5-6. Leonard3121). 46 Meded, Landbouwhogeschool Wageningen 82-4 (1982)

52 like. Calyx: sepals equal, erect or spreading, ovate or narrowly ovate, x as long as wide, 5-12 x mm, acute, glabrous; with one obtuse or lobed colleter per sepal. Corolla: tube 2-3 x as long as the calyx, white and turning yellow on both sides, violet-tinged outside and violet-streaked inside, mm long, widening at 30-45% of its length into a cylindrical or slightly infundibuliform upper part, at the mouth 7-12 mm wide, glabrous on both sides except for the inner side near the mouth, which is puberulous; corona lobes yellow, violet-streaked, subulate, x mm, acute or obtuse at the tip, fleshy, sparsely puberulous or pubescent; corolla lobes yellow, turning reddish-yellow; lobes ovate, 5-7 x mm, abruptly narrowing into the mm wide spreading tails; lobes including the tails mm long, glabrous on both sides. Stamens included for mm; filaments inserted at 7-8 mm from the base of the tube, straight, with an abaxial swelling, 2-3 mm long, pubescent inside, with mm long pubescent ridges, ridges with a short obtuse spur at the base; anthers x mm, glabrous; tails mm long; acumen 1 mm long. Pistil: ovary mm high, glabrous; style mm long; clavuncula 2,4-2.5 mm high; stigma up to 0.7 mm long. Fruit: follicles divergent at an unknown angle, tapering into a narrow apex and ending in an obtuse tip or in a small knob, cm long and 1.4 cm in diameter; exocarp dark brown, thick and hard, slightly sulcate, glabrous, rather densely lenticellatt. Seeds: grain x x 1 mm, densely and microscopically puberulous; beak glabrous for mm and bearing a coma for mm; coma mm long. MAP 7. Strophantus bequaertii Staner & Michotte 10 Distribution: Eastern Zaire and Rwanda. Ecology: montane forest; alt m. Flowering from January to March, mature fruits from February to June. Specimens examined: ZAIRE, KIVU: between Masisi and Walikale, Lebrun 5141 (BR); Masisi, Bequaert 6376 (BR, NY; type); Mahanga, Leonard2493 (BR, WAG); Keco, Leonard3\2\ (BR, WAG); Kalimbi, Terr. Kalehe, Leonard3563 (BR, WAG); Bitale, km 48 on Kavumu-Walikale Road, Pierlot 2878 (BR); Mikonzi, km 42 on Kavumu-Walikale Road, Pierlot 1460 (BR). RWANDA: Cyangugu Pref., Bururi, plain N of Uwinka, Bridson 362 (K, WAG); Rangiro, Bururi Forest, Troupin (BR, K, WAG). Meded. Landbouwhogeschool Wageningen 82-4 (1982) 47

53 2. Capur^nACha^"7f m^tc' ''^n' h ^ ^ ^ ^ ^udlrn Nov. 1911; W 20794, 3-4. Capuron SF28946; 5. Boiteau 2018; 6. Decary 8037) 48 Meded. Landbouwhogeschool Wageningen 82-4 (1982)

54 5. S. boivinii Baill. 1888: 757; Franchet 1893b: 252, pi. l;gilgl903:10;jumelle & Perrier de la Bathie 1910: 89; Chatterjee 1950: t Fig. 10; Map 8 Type: Madagascar, bays of Rigny and Diego-Suarez, Boivin 2462 (P, lectotype; isotypes: NY, P; designated by Pichon 1949: 64). Homotypic synonym: Roupellina boivinii (Baill.) Pichon 1949: 64, pi. 4, and 1950: 62; Markgraf 1976: 244; Boiteau 1979:fig.44. Heterotypic synonyms: S. grevei Baill. 1888: 757; Franchet 1893b: 254; Gilg 1903: 10. Type: Madagascar, Morondava, Greve 6 (P, lectotype). 5. boivinii var. grandiflorus Pichon 1948b: 211, 1949: 67; Markgraf 1976: 247, syn. nov. Type: Madagascar, upper Mandrare R., between Vavara Hill and Manambolo Valley, Humbert 6753 (P, holotype). S. boivinii var. angustifolius Perrier de la Bathie ex Pichon 1948b: 211, 1949: 67 (as angustifolia); Markgraf 1976: 247, syn. nov. Type: Madagascar, bank of Lake Tsimanampetsotsa, Perrier de la Bathie (P, holotype; isotypes: NY, P). Shrub, 2-5m high, or tree up to 12 (or perhapseven 28) m high, dichotomously branched and without lateral branches, deciduous, flowers appearing before or with the leaves; latex white. Trunk up to 40 cm in diameter, with a pale grey, flaking bark; branches pale reddish- or grey-brown, sparsely or densely lenticellate; branchlets glabrous or puberulous. Leaves: petiole 4-15(-20) mm long, with 2 outer and 2-6 inner axillary colleters; blade elliptic, narrowly elliptic, or slightly obovate, 2-7 x as long as wide, 2-21 x 1.3-6(-8) cm, cuneate at the base or decurrent into the petiole, acute, acuminate, or rarely rounded at the apex (acumen up to 10 mm long), undulate or slightly recurved at the margin, papyraceous or chartaceous, glabrous or sparsely to densely puberulous, especially so beneath; (10-)12-20 pairs of nearly straight secondary veins at an angle of with the midrib; tertiary venation conspicuous. Inflorescence in the forks, (l-)4-24-flowered (1-18 flowers open at a time), erect or drooping, pedunculate, congested, sparsely to densely puberulous in all parts; peduncle 1-7 mm long; branches 2-10(-25) mm long; pedicels (7-)12-35 mm long; bracts whitish, ovate, x 1-4 mm, acute, scarious, and not sepal-like. Calyx: sepals erects, spreading, or recurved, ovate or narrowly ovate, x as long as wide, x mm, acute, sparsely to densely puberulous; eglandulose or with 5-7 colleters in total. Corolla: tube 1.6-4(-5.5) x as long as the calyx, yellow at the base and orange, turning reddish, in the upper part on both sides, 8-22 mm long, widening at 25-45% of its length into a cylindrical or cup-shaped upper part, at the mouth 3-10 mm wide, puberulous on both sides; corona lobes presumably yellow, squamose or lingulate, (0.4-)l-3 x mm, obtuse, fleshy, puberulous; corolla lobes orange and turning reddish, with yellow margins, narrowly oblong and sometimes slightly narrowing towards the rounded apex, x as long as wide, 7-32 x 1.5-6(-8) mm, undulate or crisped at the margin, puberulous on both sides. Stamens included for 1-10 mm; filaments inserted at 3-6 mm from the base of the tube, straight, mm long, pubescent all over or inside only, with mm long puberu- Meded. Landbouwhogeschool Wageningen 82-4 (1982) 49

55 lous ridges; anthers x mm, pubescent; tails mm long; acumen up to 0.5 mm long. Pistil: ovary x mm, densely pubescent; style (2.6 ) mm long; clavuncula x mm; stigma up to 0.3 mm long. Fruit: follicles divergent at an angle of , tapering into a narrow apex, often curved inwards at the tip, cm long and cm in diameter; exocarp thick and hard, slightly sulcate, in young fruits puberulous, later glabrescent, sparsely to densely lenticellate. Seeds: grain x 3-5x1 mm, densely pubescent; beak glabrous for mm and bearing a coma for 9-20 mm; coma erect or spreading, mm long MAP 8. Strophanthus boivinii Baill. Distribution: Madagascar. Ecology: dry forest and thorny thickets; alt m. Flowering towards the end of the dry and the beginning of the rainy season; mature fruits in the dry season. A selection of the ca. 125 specimens examined- MADAGASCAR: Cap d'ambre, Bosser (P); Mt. d'ambre Circular Road, Moral 1426 (P); Diego Z 'f A^ ^f, Humbert 3954 (G, P); Orengea For., E of Diego Suarez, Capuron SF (P); Ankiakabe-Andapa, Serv. For (P); Majunga, Mitsingo, Kaudern Oct (S); xtjzl $ T a ;\ Ant f * ". Grandidier s.n. (P; paratype); Berivotra, Descoings 3507 (P); H844S A' t b r, dr F rest CapUrm SF ' W, Soalala D i^ Namorfka, Decary \T <m\ A^ " g ; Andranomavo, Perrier de la Bathie 975a (P); ibid., Rakotovao Cons. Res.,oho v 1 t «S r n'.m n^an r atavy ' Rmdrimaso^ «herb. Saboureau 2191 (P); Soalala-Man- Manamtfand^nd S P MandntSaVa istr " Kaknd^ Matsamena, Sen. For (P); between S^m JR n? g T ' 6 km fr m Amfij r0a Boiteau ' 1066 ( p ); Ankarafantsika, Serv. For.?PV Ma^rLT ^7/ a^andr0s ' * f l «2544 (P); Tambohorano, Decary 8037 StBer~: T y \ ^11! AntS3l0Va DiStr - Antsin S er > S *" '1244 (P); Antsalova M^ondava S ^it' "^ i? } Marofande!ia *» > N of Morondava, Humbet (P); (P) Anfenia k V^ J 6 - f * OT) 75 ' (NY > P * Mahabo ' Daba, ^eauaire zoabos v'l629 rpw ^ ^1 " BeWOay R ad ' Capuron SF ( P )^ Tulear area, Anka- "7fosZSS^T\I 01 ' " 4221 (P); ' UTable ' Tulear 'K "»*» 578(P);Saka- 536?(P USvTzoi F \ 7 * Sab Urem 4 44 (P); Delta of Ilinta R-»^bert & Swingle leyrg.m%ynofam" T ^ T ^ ^"? 4 ( P ) ; Pir pis Rock ' near Ampandrandava, ws^^^s^if, J a r,otv ; Decar y 9509 ( BM ' C, G, K, P, S); Ambovombe, wt yr h LdKe Aiaotra (Cult?), /ier&. stat. Agric fp") M AURmU s, naturalized: Old Calebasse Rai.way Halt, Duljeat 16 June 1955 (MAU) 50 Meded. Landbouwhogeschool Wageningen 82-4 (1982)

56 REUNION, naturalized: St. Leu, Oratoire, Cadet 1817 (P). Cultivated: MAURITIUS: sin. loc, Fl. Mauritius 1879 (MAU); REUNION: La Galette, St. Leu, Fl Mauritius 1878 (MAU); ALGERIA: Alger, Decaisne anno 1872 (P); INDIA: Bombay, Chatterjee s.n. (K); Madras, Gamble (K); VIET-NAM: Saigon, Hiep 765 (P); INDONESIA: Bogor, Woerjantoro 1 (BR, L). Notes: according to FRANCHET (1893b) and GILG (1903), S. boivinii has succulent branches, but this could not be observed from the herbarium specimens. I see no reason to place this species in a separate genus Roupellina, as it differs only in the shape of the corolla lobes from other Strophanthus species. In the Southwest of Madagascar, plants of this species grow on limestone, and show leaves which are much narrower (up to 7 x as long as wide) than plants from other regions (leaves 2-3 x as long as wide). I considere this to be an ecological adaptation, and therefore the var. angustifolius is reduced into synonymy, as is Pichons other variety, var. grandiflorus; this is merely a local extreme. One of the paratypes of S. grevei, Greve 63, seems to have been lost. 6. S. bullenianus Mast. 1870: 1471,fig.257; Reber 1887: 297; Franchet 1893b: 274; Stapf 1902: 175; Gilg 1903: 38, pi. 3; Hutchinson & Dalziel 1931: 49; Krukoff & Letouzey 1950: 132; Monachino 1950: 366; Huber 1963: 70. Fig. 11; Map 9 Type: Nigeria, Cross River: Old Calabar R., Mann 2247 (K, lectotype; isotype: K; designated by Monachino). Heterotypic synonyms: S. erythroleucos Gilg 1902a: 160; Stapf 1902:178; Gilg 1903:27, pi. 6; Krukoff & Letouzey 1950:136, syn. nov. Type: Cameroun, Grand Batanga, Dinklage 841 (HBG, lectotype; isotype: HBG). S. schlechteri K. Schum. & Gilg 1902a: 158; Gilg 1903: 38, pi. 3. Type: Cameroun, between Mafura and Mundane, Schlechter (holotype destroyed in B). Neotype: Cameroun, Bakaka For., 3 km E of Ebone, Leeuwenberg 8646 (WAG,neotype; isoneotype: WAG). S. wildemanianus Gilg 1902a: 159; Stapf 1902:179; Gilg 1903: 26, pi. 5; Staner & Michotte 1934: 48, syn. nov. Type: Zaire, Bas-Zaire: Kimuenza, Gillet 2083 (BR, holotype). Liana, 2-12 m high, presumably evergreen; latex clear or white. Branches dark purplish-brown, sparsely lenticellate; branchlets reddish, glabrous or sparsely to densely hispid. Leaves: petiole 2-7 mm long, with 2 outer and 2-4 inner axillary colleters; blade in young leaves sometimes purplish, in mature leaves shiny and dark green above, dull and paler beneath, elliptic, ovate, or slightly obovate, x as long as wide, 3-16 x cm, cuneate, rounded, or subcordate at the base, acuminate at the apex (acumen slender, 7-22 mm long), slightly undulate at the margin, membranaceous or chartaceous, glabrous or sparsely hispid above and glabrous or densely hispid beneath, especially on the midrib and the veins/with translucent dots; (6-)7-10(-13) pairs of slightly curved secondary veins at an angle of with the midrib, anastomizing Meded. Landbouwhogeschool Wageningen 82-4 (1982) 51

57 & Woodward 20834; 4. Breyne 3439) 52 J ' ymx 5 '' 2 ' Leeuw^berg 8646; 3. Brass Meded. Landbouwhogeschool Wageningen 82-4 (1982)

58 or looping near the margin; tertiary venation sometimes conspicuous. Inflorescence on long or short branches or in the forks, 1-10-flowered (1-5 flowers open at a time), pedunculate or rarely sessile, lax, glabrous or sparsely to densely lenticellate in all parts; peduncle - if present mm long; branches 5-70 mm long; pedicels 6-21 mm long; bracts erect or spreading, green and slightly reddish near the base, linear, narrowly elliptic, or narrowly obovate, 4-11 x (-2) mm, obtuse or acute, sepal-like. Calyx: sepals subequal, the outer somewhat wider and occasionally longer than the inner, green and slightly reddish at the base or entirely greenish-violet, narrowly elliptic or narrowly ovate, 5-17 x as long as wide, 5-12 x mm, obtuse or acute, glabrous or hispid on the midrib and margins; with 1 colleter per sepal, rarely 0 or 2-3. Corolla: tube x as long as the calyx, creamy on both sides, turning reddish outside, red- or purple-spotted inside, 9-15 mm long, widening at 63-90% of its length into a shallowly cup-shaped upper part, at the mouth 6-12 mm wide, puberulous on both sides; corona lobes red, turning purple, lingulate, fl x 1-2 mm, rounded, fleshy, minutely puberulous; corolla lobes yellow on both sides, sometimes with red on the right margin outside, red-spotted inside; lobes ovate, 3-7 x mm, rather abruptly narrowing into the mm wide spreading tails; lobes including the tails mm long, puberulous on both sides. Stamens nearly completely exserted;filamentsinserted at mm from the base of the tube, straight or slightly curved, with a small abaxial swelling near the base, mm long, pubescent inside, with 6-15 mm long puberulous ridges; anthers x mm, glabrous; tails mm long; acumen mm long. Pistil: ovary x mm, glabrous; style mm long; clavuncula mm high; stigma minute. Fruit: follicles pendulous, at the base divergent at an angle of 25-60, tapering into a narrow base and a narrow apex and ending at the apex in a small knob, cm long and cm in diameter; exocarp reddish-brown, thin and brittle, slightly sulcate, glabrous, sparsely lenticellate. Seeds: grain x 4 mm, at the base with a persistent coma, and with part of the apical coma inserted on the testa; beak bearing a coma over its whole length, mm long; coma mm long MAP 9. Strophantus bullenianus Mast Distribution: Nigeria to Zaire. Meded. Landbouwhogeschool Wageningen 82-4 (1982) 53

59 Ecology: primary or secondary forest or gallery forest, often at forest margins; alt m. Flowers found all year round, but especially in November, and December; mature fruits in the dry period. Specimens examined: NIGERIA, CROSS RIVER: Oban, Talbot 211 (BM, K); Oban-Calabar Road, Ujor FHI (K)- Old Calabar R., Mann 2247 (K; type); ibid., Thomson 1022 (E, K; paratype). CAMEROUN: Bakaka Forest, 3 km E of Ebone on Nkongsamba-Loum Road, Leeuwenberg 8646 (WAG); Kumba, Krukoff064 (MO); Dibombari, Surville 738 (YA);.Victoria Distr., Maitland 56 (K); Tiko, SRFCam (YA); Douala, Bois des Singes, Krukoff& Chew 200 (NY, YA)- Wouri R., 9 km S of Douala, Brass & Woodward (NY); Eseka, Bamps 1410 (BR, YA)- Yaounde, SRFCam (YA); 191 km f rom Kribi on Ebolowa Road, Bos 4029 (WAG); 13kmNof Kribi, Bos 3260 (WAG, YA); 14 km E of Kribi, Bos 4960 (WAG); Grand Batanga, Dinklage 841 (HBG; l l40x (HBG; amt^ \ Pamtype f S - "yttooleucosy, Bipindi, Zenker 52 (BM, MO), 3639 (BM, WU); km 6 on Campo-Kribi Road, J. de Wilde 7807a (WAG); Nsebito, on Meyo Centre- Nyabesan Road, Letouzey (P, WAG); sin. loc, Krukoffs.n. (MO). EQUATORIAL GUINEA, FERNANDO POO: sin. loc, Mann 1444 (A, K P- paratype) msw N: Blt T' ncar Akamsi ' Kruk ff & Letowey 137 (MO); Essoun-Alem, Le Testu 8 Jan S^SSTJ T*\ l?? of Makokou > Florence874b(P > ; Siban s> nearmunda > s y 55 >; 2242^S^PW' +' n T^ KMne S - n * (P ' WAG) > 3418 ^ 3474 W> Aban S a > N HaM - c}ll^l { I X TT lile ' U TeStU 1229 (BM ' LISC ' P )' Lemba For <^ Le Testu 6500 (BM). (^^'^^^^ (P), ibid., Farron 4689 (P); ibid., km Sita W 1539 f Sibiti (P). ' Fan n 4359 (P); D J 0U a Forest, Bitsindou 160 ZAIRE, BAS-ZAIRE: Binza, Jans 483 (BR); Maluku Terr., Breyne 2314 (BR WAG) 3439 (BRV o b ftitz) (BR); ^ ^ C mphe 659 (BR); K i ~' GiS^NY?^ ANGOLA, CABINDA: Hambe, Belize, Gossweiler 8216a (BM, LISJC, LISU), 8216b (LISU). tjt W S > APF f ITi' GlLG 903) ' and KRUKOFF & LETOUZ^ (1950) stated r,ln riqsf S - bu l lenia u nus were in fact those of a Pleioceras, but MONAhowevir! Pr V f th mdecd } f ^ bd0n S t0 S - bullenianus; fruit and seed very Ion, ZZZT, ^ Strophmthm. as the fruits are pendulous and ml Sf M ^ S M d i u hc C ma not onl y on the beak ' but also on the SvZ^ofal7if^ 950) bascd a ncw S6Ction on these Meters (section S S S S Son 0 n0t C nsider differenccs t0 be ^ ^tant Lugh cief ZCvoZto 5 * " " * WCre Seen as com P letel y ^brous spe-?s le soeclenf fttt?"* WaS Seen as havin densely hispid leaves, 4 thc first namcs turned out to bear sorae hairs 4^X S^1? o f f i S ^ n 5^other TT wereinterme " As they do not HiffW ; Q IT YP bullemanus as for their indumentum, are IStS "^ * erythrokuc03 and *»**»^ h^rr^1^7^. 2^ * 263;?,g i9o3: i3; Bak ^' Backer&Bakh uizen van den Brink jr. 1965: Basionym: c/n7es caudata L v>-n c ^ Fig * 1797: > 52 ' Burman f - 1? 68: 68, pi. 24; Willdenow 54 ; 12; Map 10 Meded. Landbouwhogeschool Wageningen 82-4 (1982)

60 Type: Indonesia, Java, Kleinhof 23 (K-LINN, holotype; isotypes: G, G-DC). Homotypic synonyms: Nerium caudatum (L.) Lam. 1789: 458; S. dichotomus var. marckii A.DC. 1844: 417; S. caudatus f. marckii (A.DC.) Franch. 1893b: 265. S. dichotomus DC. 1802: 123; A. P. De Candolle & Desfontaines 1802: 411; A. P. De Candolle 1804: 7, t. 3; Blume 1826: 1044; G. Don 1837: 85; A. De Candolle 1844: 417; Miquel 1856: 441; van Nooten 1863: pi. 25; Hooker f. 1882: 655; Reber 1887: 293; King & Gamble 1908: 468; Ridley 1923: 354, fig S. dichotomus var. rotundatus Pers. 1805: 269; G. Don 1837: 85; Reber 1887: 293. Heterotypic synonyms: Neriumscandens'Lour, (non L.) 1790: 143. Type: Vietnam, 'in dumetis Cochinchinae', Loureiro s.n. (BM, holotype). Homotypic synonyms: S. scandens (Lour.) Roem. & Schult. 1819: 412; Griffith 1854: 743; S. dichotomus var. loureiri A. DC. 1844: 417; Reber 1887: 294. S. terminalis Blume 1823: 56. Type: Indonesia, Java, Blume s.n. (L, holotype; isotypes: NY, P). Homotypic synonym: 5*. caudatus forma undulata Franch. 1893b: 265; Gilg 1903: 14, syn. nov. S. griffithii Wight 1848: t. 1300; Walpers 1852: 40; Miquel 1856: 442; Kurz 1877a: 191. Type: Malaysia, Malacca Peninsula, sin. loc., Griffith s.n. (K, holotype; isotype: BM, K, P, TCD). S. longicaudatus Wight 1848: t. 1299; Walpers 1852: 40; Miquel 1856: 191; Kurz 1877a: 191; Franchet 1893b: 266; Gilg 1903: 14, syn. nov. Type: Malaysia, Malacca Peninsula, sin. loc, Wight s.n. (K, holotype). S. cumingiia. DC. 1844: 418; Miquel 1856: 442; Reber 1887: 297; Franchet 1893b: 269; Gilg 1903:16; Merrill 1912:374, syn. nov. Type: Philippines, Luzon: Manilla, Cuming 1218 (P, holotype; isotypes: L, NY). S. horsfieldianus Miq. 1856: 442; Reber 1887: 296. Type: Indonesia, Java, Horsfield s.n. (L, holotype; isotypes: BM, K, U). S. dichotomus var. luzoniensis Vidal y Soler 1883:1181, pi. 67, syn. nov. Type: icon. cit. (lectotype). S. caudatus formamacrophyllafrmch. 1893b: 265; Gilg 1903:14;Pitard 1933: 1199, syn. nov. Type: Viet-nam, Tonkin, between Yen Caa and the Black R., Balansa 2127 (P, holotype; isotypes: G, K, P). Homotypic synonym: S. macrophyllus (Franch.) Pierre 1905: 491. S. caudatus forma javanensis Franch. 1893b: 264; Gilg 1903: 13, syn. nov. Type: Indonesia, Java: Pintjong Tanduk, Zollinger 1637 (P, holotype; isotypes: BM, FI, FI-W, G, K, LE, NY, P, W, Z). S. caudatus forma billardieri Franch. 1893b: 265; Gilg 1903: 14, syn. nov. Type: Indonesia, Bouton Isl., Webb in herb. Labillardiere 17 Oct (P, holotype; isotypes: BM, FI-W, G, K, P, TCD). S. caudatus forma lanceolata Franch. 1893b: 26; Gilg 1903:14, syn. nov. Type: Viet-nam, Haiphong, Balansa 599 (P, holotype, not seen, probably lost). Neotype: Viet-nam, Vinh-Yen Prov.: Lang Luc, Eberhardt 4920 (P, neotype; isoneotype: A, NY). ' S.pierrei Heim 1894:1151; Gilg 1903:12. Type: Viet-nam, Bien Hoa, Thudau- Meded. Landbouwhogeschool Wageningen 82-4 (1982) 55

61 FIG. 12. Strophanthus caudatus (L1 Ki,r 7-1 n, 3. stamen with the acumen and v m J L n T l ^ ' > X '> Z section f "ower, 2 x; with part of the filament ridge removed ahyv L,.f *?** TSm Ved adaxial ' side 6 ' *! 4- stamen *»;2-4. ^ *» < J 7 P ; ; 5-6. ^ S S J ^ x^ 5. fruit,f x ; 6. seed,f x.(l. Kaudern 56 Afeferf. Landbouwhogeschool Wageningen 82-4 (1982)

62 mot, Pierre 4411 (P, holotype; isotypes: A, C, CAL, MO, NY, P). Homotypic synonyms: S. giganteus Pierre 1905: 491; S. caudatus var. giganteus (Pierre) Pitard 1933: 1200, syn. nov. S. erectus Merrill 1908: 261, syn. nov. Type: Philippines, Palawan: Puerto Princesa, Merrill 695 (NY, holotype; isotype: K). S. letei Merrill 1926: 47, syn. nov. Type: Philippines, Luzon: San Fernando, Lete 263 (K, holotype). Sarmentose shrub, 1-3 m high, or liana, up to 12 m high; latex clear or white. Trunk up to 15 cm in diameter, bark pale brown; branches dark brown, sparsely to densely lenticellate; branchlets glabrous. Leaves: petiole 3-13(-18) mm long, with 2 outer and 4-12 inner axillary colleters; blade shiny and light or dark green above, dull and paler green beneath, elliptic, obovate, or less often ovate, (1-) x as long as wide, 5-15(-24) x 2.5-9(~ll) cm, cuneate at the base, acuminate or less often rounded or emarginate at the apex (acumen up to 13 mm long), sometimes with slightly revolute margins, thinly coriaceous, coriaceous, or rarely papyraceous, glabrous on both sides, with translucent dots; 5-13 pairs of curved secondary veins at an angle of with the midrib; tertiary venation sometimes conspicuous. Inflorescence on long or short branches or in the forks, 2-16-flowered (1-5 flowers open at a time), pedunculate or rarely sessile, rather congested, glabrous or microscopically puberulous in all parts; peduncle (0-)2-42 mm long, lenticellate; branches 5-85 mm long; pedicels 3-11 mm long; bracts deciduous, pale green, linear or narrowly triangular, 2 12(-17) x mm, acute, sepal-like. Calyx: sepals subequal, the inner slightly longer than the outer, pale green and occasionally with purple margins, ovate or narrowly triangular, x as long as wide, 3-19 x mm, acute, subscarious, glabrous, minutely puberulous, or ciliate; with 1-8 colleters per sepal. Corolla: tube x as long as the calyx, white, turning red via yellow, on both sides, red- or purple-streaked inside, mm long and widening at 45-66% of its length into a cup-shaped upper part, at the mouth (-22) mm wide, glabrous or with only the upper part puberulous on both sides; corona lobes red and turning purple, Ungulate or subulate, 3-10 x mm, obtuse or acute at the tip, sometimes with ragged margins, fleshy, glabrous or puberulous; corolla lobes white, turning red via yellow on both sides, tails yellow and turning purple via red; lobes broadly ovate, 6-15 x mm, rather abruptly narrowing into the mm wide pendulous tails; lobes including the tails mm long, glabrous on both sides or puberulous near the base. Stamens 5-14 mm exserted; filaments inserted at mm from the base of the tube, straight or slightly curved, with an abaxial swelling near the base, mm long, glabrous or puberulous except for the inner side of the apex, which is pubescent, with mm long ridges, ending at the base in an obtuse spur, glabrous or puberulous; anthers x mm, glabrous except for the scabrous or pubescent apex; tails (-1.8) mm long; acumen mm long, minutely serrate. Pistil: ovary x mm, glabrous or microscopically puberulous; style 9-15 mm long; clavuncula x Meded. Landbouwhogeschool Wageningen 82-4 (1982) SI

63 mm; stigma mm long. Fruit: follicles divergent at an angle of (150-) , tapering into a broad or narrow obtuse apex, (10 )13 30 cm long and cm in diameter; exocarp thick and hard, sulcate, glabrous, sparsely to densely lenticellate. Seeds: grain x 3-4 mm, glabrous or sparsely and microscopically puberulous; beak glabrous for 5-14 mm and bearing a coma for mm; coma mm long. MAP 10. Strophan-. ~ i- jr i, 10 thus caudatus (L.) 100» ^0 H Kurz Distribution: South-East Asia. ^ Ecology: primary or secondary forest, often in forest margins; alt cembe? 618 ^ f Und ^ ^^ fr m FebfUary t0 A P ri1 ' and from Jul y to De " tz:^:^:r y( bodian) - ^-^ ( p h «- ***> Local uses: arrow poison (Thailand). BURL'S? 011 f the Ca specimens examined- CAdmlneC1 - BURMA: S Tenassenm, Victoria Isl., Parkinson 2048 (K) THAILAND: Mukdahan, Lakschnakara 923 (E K TTnv n ; n*' H, l ani, Yasothom 9000 (KV between KW, v. A^ x Et ' ^'"^^IfiWjUbolRatchath- <6Pfe^Wan77(AAU C E K I PV n ^u nd ^a Ngi Yai E of ' Sa «g khla > *» Beusekom Kerr 2,820 (BM, ic, P); b ^ ^ S? * ^T'pf"'"" ^ ^ ^ ^ " S ^ ' LAOS: sin. loc, S^Ve 130 (P) ' ' ' ' VIET-KAM: Vinh-Clrov CLUC F. A' ^ (P); Ph " Q" 6c < Poila^ *>2 <P). *fc»y fe Chevalier 32 4 [(PVO^l' 6 *" 492 ( A - NY, P); Co-ba For. Res. nea Vinh, Bie Ho a> rw734(a^ K?rSo M\ T' ^ w F) ' Nn 9 ' km 24 ' Poil '3380 (P); D, iv, f), Delta of Mekong R., Harmand 802 fp^ Meded. Landbouwhogeschool Wageningen 82-4 (1982) 58 y >

64 MALAYSIA, MALACCA PENINSULA: Perak, Larut, Kings Coll (K); Dipong, Scortechini 1819 (K); Sungei Chenana, Alvins 973 (SING); Selangor, Bukit Tanggol, Ulu Langat, Gadok anak Umbai KL 1988 (NY); Mt. Ophir, Lobb 106 (K, W). SARAWAK: Kudat, Ismail 3813 (A, UC); Kuching, Beccari 2716 (FI-W). PHILIPPINES, LUZON: Penablanca, Lagum, Adduru 111 (A, K, MO, P); Rizal Prov., Loher (M, UC); Cavite Prov., Ramos & Deroy Bs (BM, K, L, NY); Irosin, Mt. Bulusan, Elmer (BM, BP, C, FI, G, HBG, K, L, MO, NY, P, S, U, UC, W, Z).SIBUYAN: Mt. Giting-giting, Elmer (A, BM, BP, E, FI, G, HBG, L, LE, MO, NY, P, U, W, Z). LEYTE: sin. loc, Wenzel 228 (MO). PALAWAN: Puerto Princesa, Mt. Pulgur, Elmer (A, BM, BP, CAL, E, FI, G, HBG, K, L, MO, NY, P, U, W, Z); Lake Maguao, Merrill 9570 (BM, K, L, NY, P). SINGAPORE: Changi Road, Ridley 3994 (BM). INDONESIA, SUMATRA: Asahan, Hoeta Padang, KrukofT 4432 (A, BR, G, L, MO, NY); Taram near Kepala Bandar, Meyer 7157 (L). JAVA: Laladon, near Tjiomas, Bakhuizen van den Brink jr (K, L, P, W); Rogodjampi Prov., Pintjong Tanduk, Zollinger 1637 (BM, FI, FI-W, G, K, LE, NY, P, W, Z; type of S. caudatus forma javanensis). SULAWESI: Minahassa, Mt. Batu Angus Res., Alston (BM); Loewock, Kaudern 468 (L, S); Malili, Kjellberg20\9 (S); 5 km S of Polipolia, Opa swamp, Prawiroatmodjo et al (L); Fretum Bouton Isl., Webb in herb. Labillardiere 17 Oct (BM, FI-W, G, K, P, TCD; type of S. caudatus forma billardieri). WAIGEO: Labillardiere anno 1793 (FI-W). TIMOR: sin. loc, Cardoso s.n. (LISJC). Notes: LINNAEUS (1767) first published the name Echites caudata; he cites as a reference BURMAN F. (1768), which had not yet been published, as J. BUR- MAN had sent him proof illustrations of some 'Indian' plants to be included in his son's publication (BURMAN F.). LINNAEUS replies in a letter dated 12 Feb that one of these illustrations, bearing the name Convulvulusfilamentosus, is already known to him and is in fact a species of Echites, by him (LINNAEUS) named E. caudata. The illustration referred to was later published in BURMAN F. (1768) under the name Echites caudata. (See also STEARN 1962: viii.) Several names, which are reduced here into synonymy, are based on regional characteristics differing slightly from the type of S. caudatus, which is from Java: - in the Philippines the leaves are relatively thin, and the corolla is less fleshy than in specimens from other parts of the distribution area. Philippine specimens of S. caudatus were named S. cumingii, S. dichotomus var. luzoniensis, S. erectus, and S. letei; - In Viet-nam, Cambodia, and Central Thailand the tails of the corolla are shorter than in other parts of the distribution area. Short-tailed specimens from this area were previously called S. caudatus forma macrophylla and S. caudatus var. giganteus. The types of S. longicaudatus and of various formae described by FRANCHET (1893b) closely resemble the type of S. caudatus. 8. S. congoensis Franch. 1893a: 318,1893b: 288, pi. 13; Stapf 1902: 185; Gilg 1903: 32: Staner & Michotte 1934: 55; Krukoff & Letouzey 1950: 137. Fig. 13; Map 11 Type: Gabon or Congo, Thollon s.n. (P, holotype; isotype: P). Heterotypic synonym: S. intermedius var. bieleri De Wild. 1907: 547. Type: Zaire, Equateur: upper Lopori R., Bieler anno 1904 (BR, holotype; isotype: BR). Meded. Landbouwhogeschool Wageningen 82-4 (1982)

65 FIG. 13. Strophantus congoensis Franch.: 1. flowering branches, x;2. section of flower, 2 x, 3. adaxial side of stamen, 6 x; 4. follicle, f x; 5. seed, f x. (1-3. Bos 6633; 4. Brass & Woodward 20882; 5. Krukoffd Letouzey 184). 60 Meded. Landbouwhogeschool Wageningen 82-4 (1982)

66 Liana, 5-30 m high, deciduous; latex white. Trunk up to 11 cm in diameter; branches brown or grey-brown, sparsely to rather densely lenticellate; branchlets glabrous. Leaves: petiole 5-12(-15) mm long, with 2 outer and 2 inner axillary colleters; blade ovate or elliptic, x as long as wide, x cm, rounded or cuneate at the base, obtuse or acuminate at the apex (acumen 2-12 mm long), papyraceous or chartaceous, glabrous on both sides, with minute translucent dots; 3-5(-6) pairs of curved secondary veins at an angle of with the midrib; tertiary venation sometimes conspicuous. Inflorescence on long or short branches or in the forks, 1-18-flowered (1-2 flowers open at a time), sessile or pedunculate, rather congested, glabrous in all parts; peduncle - if present - up to 13 mm long, lenticellate; branches 5-25 mm long; pedicels 2-12(-15) mm long; bracts deciduous, ovate, x mm, acute, sepallike. Calyx: sepals erect or spreading, (sub-)equal, ovate, x as long as wide, 1.4-5(-6.2) x mm, acute, scarious, glabrous; with 2-4 colleters per sepal. Corolla: tube (2.2 ) x as long as the calyx, white on both sides, turning reddish-white outside, red- or purple-streaked inside, mm long, widening at 20-33% of its length into a cup-shaded upper part, at the mouth 5-12 mm wide, glabrous outside and puberulous inside; corona lobes presumably red or purple, subulate, x mm, acute, fleshy, puberulous; corolla lobes white and turning reddish-white on both sides, tails yellow; lobes ovate, 3-8 x 3-7 mm, rather abruptly narrowing into the 1 mm wide spreading or recurved tails; lobes including the tails mm long, glabrous on both sides or puberulous inside near the base. Stamens included for mm; filaments inserted at mm from the base of the tube, straight, mm long, pubescent inside, with mm long ridges; anthers x mm, glabrous; tails mm long; acumen 0-0.3(-U) mm long. Pistil: ovary x mm, glabrous; style mm long; clavuncula 1-2 x mm; stigma minute. Fruit: follicles divergent at an angle of 155 (observed only once), tapering into an obtuse apex, cm long and cm in diameter; exocarp thick and hard, slightly sulcate, glabrous, rather densely lenticellate. Seeds: grain x 4 mm, densely pubescent; beak glabrous for 2-9 mm and bearing a coma for mm; coma erect or spreading, rarely recurved, mm long MAP 11. Strophanthus congoensis Franch " Distribution: Cameroun to Zaire. Meded. Landbouwhogeschool Wageningen 82-4 (1982) 61

67 Ecology: primary, secondary, or semi-deciduous forest, also in riverine forest; alt m. Flowers from November to March; mature fruits from December to March. Local names: Libobo (Zaire, Turumbu language, also used for other Strophanthus species). Specimens examined: CAMEROUN: Donate, Bois des Singes, Krukoff& Letouzey 231 (NY); Douala, Speiser P 28 (NY), P 29 (NY), P 31 (NY); Koupe on Douala-Bonepoupa Road, Krukoff& Letouzey 247 (NY, P, YA), 248 (NY, P, YA); Douala-Yansoki, 5 km from the airport, Krukoff& Letouzey 249 (NY, P, YA); Edea, near Nyong R., Krukoff & Letouzey 166 (NY); 4 km N of Kribi, Bos 6633 (WAG, YA); Ndoua, Krukoff & Letouzey 176 (NY, P), 184 (NY, P); ibid., Brass & Woodward20887 (NY), (NY); Mboltsia Hill, 23 km NW of Bipindi, Villiers 1111 (P); Bipindi, Krukoff s.n. (K); ibid., Zenker 4174 (BM, BP, BR, E, G, GOET, HBG, K, L, LE, LISC, M, MO, P, PRE, S, UC, W, WU, Z); 5 km SW of Bipindi, Brass & Woodward20&%2 (K, NY); summit of Mt. Akouande, Bos 6883 (WAG); sin. loc, Krukoff & Letouzey 212 (NY, YA), 213 (MO, NY, US). GABON: Belinga, N. Halle 3524 (P); Lastoursville, Le Testu 7120 (BM, BR, EA, LISC, MO, P); Omboue, Walker 29 (P); upper Ngounye R., Boutombi, Le Testu 13 Nov (BM). CONGO: Kakamoeka-Sounda Road, Farron 4932 (P); Brazzaville, near Mikatou, Sita 1225 (P); Brazzaville, Mayama Road, Sita 1960 (P). ZAIRE, EQUATEUR: Dundusana, Mortehan 1085 (BR); Mobwasa, Vermoesen 315 (BR); Bumba, on the Zaire R., Goossens 3039 (BR); upper Lopori R., Bieler 20 (BR, type of S. intermedius var. bieleri)\ Yalisenga, Evrard 6208 (BR, K). HAUTE ZAIRE: 5 km N of Yangambi, Brass & Woodward (NY); Yangambi, Lusambila R., Germain 5415 (BR, M); ibid., Louis (BR), (B, BM, BR, C, FHO, K, LISJC, M, MO, P). BANDUNDU: Bumbuli, Lake Leopold II, Lebrun 6331 (BR), BAS-ZAIRE: Kisantu, Callens 4470 (K, MO, NY; probably cultivated). Sin. loc: Krukoff & Letouzey 203L (P, YA), 204 (P, YA), 219 (P); Thollon s.n. (P; type). Notes: the locality of the type is not clear. The sheet label has 'Gabon' printed on it, after which 'Congo' is written in ink. 9. S. courmontii Sacl. ex Franch. 1893a: 300 (as courmonti); Franchet 1893b: 286, pi. 10; Stapf 1902:182; Gilg 1903:22; Braun 1910: 292; Verdcourt & Trump 1969:136. Fig. 14; Map 12 Type: Tanzania, T6, Nguvu Mts., Sacleux 2032 (P, holotype). Heterotypic synonyms: S. courmontii var. fallax Holmes 1901:487. Type: Malawi, Buchanan 1219 (K, holotype; isotypes: BM, E). S. courmontii war. kirkii Holmes 1901: 488. Type: Tanzania, T8: Yao Forest, Bishop Steere s.n. (K, holotype). Liana, 5-22 m high, or less often a sarmentose shrub, m high, deciduous, with the flowers appearing after the leaves; latex white. Trunk up to 10 cm in diameter, with corky ridges up to 5 cm long and 1.8 cm high; branches dark grey or reddish-brown, with corky laterally compressed protuberances at the nodes, later growing into ridges, densely or less often sparsely lenticellate; branchlets glabrous. Leaves: petiole 3-11 mm long, with 2 outer and 2-8 inner axillary colleters; blade dark green above, much paler beneath, elliptic, ovate, or rarely obovate, x as long as wide, x cm, rounded or cuneate at the base, mucronate or acuminate at the apex (acumen up to 10 Meded. Landbouwhogeschool Wageningen 82-4 (1982)

68 FIG. 14. Strophantus courmontii Sacl. ex Franch.: 1.flowering branch, f x; 2. leaf, f x; 3. older branch, x;4. section of flower, 1 x; 5. fruit, one follicle removed, f x; 6. seed, f x. (1-2. Helg Jan. 1953; 3. Harris 2485; 4. Haerdi215/0;5. Pedro 3319; 6. Tophams.n.). Meded. Landbouwhogeschool Wageningen 82-4 (1982) 63

69 mm long), papyraceous or thinly coriaceous, glabrous on both sides, with some translucent dots; 3 7( 8) pairs of slightly curved secondary veins at an angle of with the midrib; tertiary venation conspicuous beneath. Inflorescence on long or short branches or in the forks, 1-3-flowered (1 or rarely 2 flowers open at a time), sessile or pedunculate, glabrous or sparsely puberulous in all parts; peduncle - if present - up to 4 mm long, lenticellate; branches 0-7 mm long; pedicels mm long; bracts sometimes deciduous, ovate or narrowly ovate, x mm, acute, not sepal-like. Flowers fragrant. Calyx: sepals (sub-)equal, the outer sometimes shorter and wider than the inner, pale green and often with a pink apex and margins, ovate or narrowly ovate, 2-6 x as long as wide, x mm, acute or apiculate, glabrous, ciliate, or rarely puberulous; with 2-3 colleters per sepal, colleters rarely forked. Corolla: tube x as long as the calyx, white and turning yellow near the base outside, red and turning purple near the apex outside, white and turning yellow inside and there purple-streaked, (22-)25-43 mm long, widening at 15-33(-40)% of its length into a cup-shaped upper part, at the mouth mm wide, glabrous or less often puberulous outside, puberulous inside; corona lobes yellow, turning purple via red, subulate but with a wide base, 2-6 x mm, obtuse at the tip, fleshy, puberulous; corolla lobes white and turning yellow on both sides, with a violet band on the right margin, x as long as wide, ovate and gradually narrowing into the acute apex, (20-)25-57 x mm, glabrous or less often puberulous on both sides, but always puberulous inside at the base. Stamens included for 5-16 mm; filaments inserted at 6-12 mm from the base of the tube, straight or nearly so, mm long, pubescent mside, with 4-7 mm long puberulous or pubescent ridges; anthers x (1 3-) mm, glabrous; tails mm long; acumen mm long. Pistil: ovary x mm, glabrous; style mm long; clavuncula X T^n L9 ~ 3 n)m Stigma ' minute * Fruit: follicles divergent at an angle of , tapering into a broad or narrow obtuse apex, cm long and cm m diameter; exocarp grey-black or purplish-black, thick and hard, smooth or slightly sulcate, glabrous, very densely lenticellate. Seeds: grain x x 1 mm, densely pubescent; beak glabrous for mm and bearing a coma for mm; coma mm long. Distribution: East Africa. Ecology: gallery forest or riverine thickets, less often in forest not directly associated with rivers; alt m. Flowering towards the end of the dry season, and to a lesser extent during the rainy season; mature fruits towards the end of the rainy season, bocal names: Kiaya mamba (Kiswahili, meaning 'crocodiles tail'). ^selection of the ca. 150 specimens examined: JtoS^i?St^ Bo r t' Gre nway 9246 (FI ' K ' PRE >; La Mar- Otwani Forest, 6 ^ R K ^ ^ ^ J T e < EA * Kwale > Graham 1568 (BR, FHO, K); 64 ' ' ereb - iyi5 W> Eastern UsambaraMts.,Sigi R.,Brass& Wood- Meded. Landbouwhogeschool Wageningen 82-4 (1982)

70 MAP 12. Strophanthus courmontii Sacl. ex Franch. ward (K, NY); ibid., Peter (B, WAG); Panusi, Greerway 6676 (K, PRE). T6: Pori, Mogo, Peter (B, WAG); Mia Leni R., 13 km S of Dar es Salaam, Brass & Woodward 2091 \ (NY); Korogwe, Mswahe, Achibold 1462 (WAG); Liwali R. bank, Turiani, Milne-Redhead & Taylor 7100 (B, BR, K); ibid., Semsei 1439 (B, BM, BR, FHO, K); Selous Game Res., Luanyando R., Rees T176 (EA); Ulanga Distr., Haerdi 215/0 (BR, G, P, WAG). T7: Iringa, Lukosi R., Burtt 6071 (BM, BR, FHO, FI, K, LISJC, P, PRE, S); Uhehe, Ruaha R., Goetze 453 (BR, K); Bundali Mts., Kyimbila, Stolz 125 (A, BM, G, HBG, K, L, M, MO, S, US, W, Z). T8: Kingapura, Vollesen MRC 2954 (WAG); Namgaru R., Busse 2952 (BM, BR, G, HBG, P); Lindi Distr., Lake Lutamba shore, Eggeling 6756 (FHO, K, PRE); Lupaso, Helg Jan (NY, PRE); Lukuleli Valley, 80 km SW of Lindi, Schlieben 5506 (B, BM, BR, G, HBG, M, P, S, Z). MOZAMBIQUE, NIASSA: Tapala-Riano Mt., Pedro & Pedrogao 5540 (EA); Amarambe, between Lurio and Mepanhira, Pedro & Pedrogao 5567 (NY, PRE); Malema R., Malema, Pedro & Pedrogao 3319 (PRE), TETE: Mecangadzi R., Cabora Bassa, Correia et al 3768 (B); Inhacoro Forest, Surcouf 172 (P). MOZAMBIQUE: Muite, Mocaburi Road, Torre 1052 (COI, LISC); Ribaue area, Andrada 1407 (BM, COI, LISC); Nampula, Monapo R., Torre 926 (COI, LISC, PRE), ZAMBEZIA: between Moenha and Maganja da Costa, Torre 4647 (BM, LISC); Quelimane, Stuhlmann 823 (HBG); ibid., Namagoa Plantations, Faulkner SRGH (BR, K, LISJC, NY, S, SRGH); Morrumbala, Waller: Zambesi Expedition ca (K). MANICA E SOFALA: Inhamitanga, Simao 611 (LISC); Pungoue Valley, Nyantinga R. bank, Vasse 276 (P); Chiniziua R., near sawmills, Gomes e Sousa 4431 (COI, G, K, LISC, PRE, W); Sambanke, between Matarara de Lucite and Dombe, Gomes Pedro 4700 (K, LISJC, PRE); Machanga, Fidalgo de Carvalho 932 (LISC). INHAMBANE: Cubine, Le Testu 545 (BM, BR, P)- MALAWI: Likoma Isl., Lake Nyassa, Bellingham Aug (BM); Nankumba Fort Johnston, Jackson 1380 (B, BM, BR, FHO, K); Mlanje Distr., Yuchila For. Res., Bain 1 (K, NY); Lengwe Nat. Park, Makanga East, Hall-Martin 1050 (K, PRE). ZAMBIA: Luangwa Valley S., near Big Lagoon Camp, Astle 5372 (K, SRGH); Lutembwe R. Gorge, E of Machinje Hills, Robson & Angus 93 (BM, BR, K, LISC, PRE, SRGH); Kafue Stn., Rogers 8411 (BOL, K); Feira, Fanshawe (K, SRGH). ZIMBABWE: Zambesi R. bank, W of Mana Pools Game Res., West 4575 (K, SRGH); Batoka Country Highlands, Manyorene Hill, Kirk Nov (K); Melsetter Distr., Lusitu R. Valley, below Glencoe For. Res., Goldsmith 85/66 (BR, K, L, LISC, M, MO, PRE, SRGH). Cultivated: UGANDA, Kampala, Snowden 1883 (K); U.S.A., Miami (Fla), Perdue & Blum 28 Aug 1961 (NY). Notes: when they are not bearing flowers, plants of S. courmontii closely resemble those of S. petersianus. The two species can be distinguished by the density of lenticels on the stem and on the fruit, while the base of the leaf may also be different. Meded. Landbouwhogeschool Wageningen 82-4 (1982) 65

71 FIG. 15. Strophanthus divaricatus (Lour.) Hook. & Am.: 1. flowering branches, x; 2. opened corolla, 4 x; 3. calyx and gynoecium, one stamen attached, 4 x; 4. leaf scar on stem, 8 x; -> fruit, f x; 6. seed, J x. (1. Robert 7; 2. Pirey 42; 3. Fischer 1839; 4. Robert 7; 5-6. Lou 358). 66 Meded. Landbouwhogeschool Wageningen 82-4 (1982)

72 10. S. dbaricatus (Lour.) Hook & Arn. 1837: 199 (excluding the synonym Nerium chinensis Hunter ex Roxb.); Franchet 1893b: 266; Gilg 1903: 15; Merrill 1935: 314; Anonym. 1974: 442; Herklots 1976: 47, fig. 52; Tsiang 1977: 152, pi. 51. Fig. 15; Map 13 Basionym: Pergularia divaricata Lour. 1790: 163. Type: China, 'habitat inculta apud Sinas', Loureiro s.n. (P, holotype). Homotypic synonyms: Emiricia divaricata (Lour.) Roem. & Schult. 1819:401; Periploca divaricata (Lour.) Spreng. 1825: 836; Vallaris divaricata (Lour.) G. Don 1837: 79; Streptocaulon divaricata (Lour.) G. Don 1837: 162. Heterotypic synonyms: S. dichotomus var. chinensis Ker 1820: t Type: Macao, Bladh s.n. (BM, lectotype; isotypes: S, UPS). Homotypic synonym: S. divergens R. Graham 1827: 177; A. DC. 1844: 417; Bentham 1861: 220; Pitard 1933: Sarmentose shrub, m high, or liana, up to 4.50 m high; latex clear or yellowish. Trunk up to 4 cm in diameter; branches dark grey, rather densely lenticellate; branchlets reddish-brown, glabrous. Leaves opposite or ternate; petiole 2-11 mm long, with 2 outer and 2-6 inner axillary c'olleters; blade dark green above, paler beneath, elliptic or slightly obovate, (1.5 )2 3.3(-3.7) x as long as wide, x 1-4 cm, cuneate at the base or decurrent into the petiole, rounded, acute, or acuminate at the apex (acumen up to 8 mm long), often slightly undulate at the margin, papyraceous, glabrous; 4-9 pairs of straight or slightly curved secondary veins at an angle of with the midrib; tertiary venation conspicuous beneath. Inflorescence on long or short branches or in the forks, 1-15-flowered (1-3 flowers open at a time), sessile or pedunculate, lax, glabrous in all parts; peduncle - if present - up to 29 mm long, lenticellate; branches 2-30 mm long; pedicels 2-7 mm long; bracts deciduous, linear or narrowly ovate, 3-13 x mm, acute, subscarious. Flowers sometimes fragrant. Calyx: sepals subequal, the outer slightly shorter and wider than the inner, narrowly triangular, x as long as wide, 4-11 x mm, acute, subscarious, glabrous; with 0-5 entire or lobed colleters per sepal. Corolla: tube x as long as the calyx, white and turning yellow on both sides, redspotted inside, 9-16 mm long, widening at 45-66% of its length into a cupshaped or infundibuliform upper part, at the mouth mm wide, densely and minutely puberulous on both sides or glabrous inside; corona lobes white or greenish-yellow, triangular or subulate, mm high, obtuse at the tip, fleshy, minutely papillose; corolla lobes white and turning yellow on both sides, with a red spot inside near the base, tails yellow; lobes ovate, 3-7 x mm, rather abruptly narrowing into the 1 mm wide spreading or pendulous tails; lobes including the tails mm long, glabrous on both sides except for the base, which is puberulous on both sides. Stamens from 2.5 mm exserted to 1.2 mm included; filaments inserted at mm from the base of the tube, straight or nearly so, with a small abaxial swelling near the base, densely pubescent, with 3-5 mm long puberulous or pubescent ridges, which are fleshy and obtuse at the base; anthers x mm, glabrous except for the minute- Meded. Landbouwhogeschool Wageningen 82-4 (1982) 67

73 ly puberulous acumen; tails mm long; acumen mm long. Pistil: ovary x mm, glabrous; style mm long; clavuncula x 1.3 mm; stigma up to 0.5 mm long. Fruit: follicles divergent at an angle of , tapering into a rather narrow apex with an obtuse tip, sometimes curved inwards at the tip, 9-15 cm long and cm in diameter; exocarp thick and hard, slightly sulcate, glabrous, densely lenticellate. Seeds: grain x x 1 mm, densely and microscopically puberulous; beak glabrous for 1-7 mm and bearing a coma for mm; coma erect or reflexed, mm long. MAP 13. Strophantus divaricatus (Lour.) Hook. & Arn. Distribution: South-East China and Viet-nam. Ecology: primary and secondary forest and thickets; alt m. Flowers are found in Guangdong Province (China), Hong Kong, and Macao, from November to May, with a distinct peak in April and May; mature fruits are found from July to February. Local names: Yeung kok shue or Yeungkokngau (Cantonese). A selection of the ca. 150 specimens examined: CHINA FUJIAN: Xiamen (Amoy) IsL, Nanputo Hill, H. H. Chung 1471 (K, UC, W); Xiamen interior Smnhoe June 1870 (K); small island near Xiamen, Price 1286 (K); Chinmen Tao (Little Quemoy), fhuong 4569 (A UC); sin. loc., H. H. Chung 5990 (NY). GUANGDONG: Lok Chong, C L. Tso rn^vl I DlStr -' Wan T ng Shan ' T - M - Tsui m < K > NY ); ibid., Tsang & Wong L U ( Swatow )> D l t 11 May 1900 (E); Wu King Fu, 96 km W from Shantou, Dalziel May 1899 (E) April 1901 (E); Wai Yeung Distr., Pak-wan Cheung, T. M. Tsui 132 (A, K, MO, r KV p a w f 0 ' ut 665 (M ); Wham P a > Hanee or Hillebrandin herb. Hance 884 (BM, FI, ftih? Z m* e ]? n f t0 an ther genus); Gua^gzhou (Canton), Hance & Simson 699 (W); Kd H^Tr -%^ d"' LeVine 1746 (MO > ; ibkl ' Ch 18 (A); Ting Woo Chan, Sin Yan S 5 i S M 20^^(NY); WeSt R " Yun F0U Distr >»W357 (UC); Yeungkong, Ferris J^^TT^'^ Shan ' Y Tsimg 2 ' m < NY^ Kuan * Chou Wan, Robert 7 <P). ^ M P t t ' ^ ^ C CMng 6358 (NY SE of > ^ Sha Vsze, W. T. Tsang H m C 0 C k 23 (LE); K & v ^ ' ibid ' Li Mukian g R > *t * 22 *» banning, S(A BBM I r l" n C H W (NY); N * ai Distr " Naam Sha» L ng S. K, Lau W ' * B ' ' ' K ' M ' ^ P ' UC >' ibkl > Tso (K) sn?a? Smnfrr ^ZJt? m (E ' G > P > UC * Pa * oda at Ea^ Point, herb, de Pali SSM^SI^VMA^ ^Victoria ' Lamont 450 < BM > L * sin - ** > Fortme KY Charfi^ S ^ v ^ ^ NeW Tar " Sai Tsui ' Hu 8343 *>! Lantau IsL, Shek Pik, A. x. Lnan 1069 (P); Taai Yue Shan, Tsang (BM, MO, S, UC, W). 68 JWecfetf. Landbouwhogeschool Wageningen 82-4 (1982) A

74 MACAO: Cattery 103 (P), 130 (K, P), 187 (P); Staunton s.n. (FI-W, P; paratype of S. dichotomus var. chinensis); Thunberg anno 1789 (S). VIET-NAM: Ninh-Binh, Bon 303 (P); Ha Son Binh Prov., Kien Khe, Bon 2080 (P); Quang Tri, Sung Tran, Pirey 42 (A, NY, P), 95 (P); Lang-co, Eberhardt 2522 (P); sin. loc, Bon 516 (P). Cultivated: INDIA, Calcutta, Hookerf. s.n. (SING); INDONESIA, Bogor, Schuurman 126-H (L); U.S.A., Miami (Fla), Gillis (S); Mayaguez (PR), Winters 2239 (NY); GREAT BRITAIN, Kew, Forsberg s.n. (S); THE NETHERLANDS, Wageningen, Beentje 1620 (WAG); GERMANY, Berlin, Willdenow s.n. (MO); BELGIUM, Brussel, Vermoesen s.n. (BR); FRANCE, Paris, Wedukorff s.n. (M); AUSTRIA, Wien, Boos s.n. (W); ITALY, Firenze, Anonym. 170 (FI). 11. S. eminii Asch. & Pax 1892: 366, t. 10 & 11; Franchet 1893b: 275; Stapf 1902: 172; Gilg 1903: 39; Busse 1907: t. 43; Braun 1910: 294; White 1962: 351; Verdcourt & Trump 1969: 37, fig. 10. Fig. 16; Map 14 Type: Tanzania, T5: Irangi, Fischer 382 (holotype destroyed in B; lectotype: K). Heterotypic synonym: S. wittei Staner 1932a: 90. Type: Zaire, Shaba: Kiarnba, Luvua R. right bank, De Witte 280 (BR, holotype; isotypes: BR, NY). Homotypic synonym: S. eminii var. wittei (Staner) Staner & Michotte 1934: 34, syn. nov. Shrub or small tree, 1-7 m high, sometimes climbing up to 10 m, deciduous, with the flowers appearing before or with the leaves; latex clear, white, or yellow. Trunk up to 6 cm in diameter; branches grey or brown, sometimes fleshy, with adherent or loose bark, smooth or sulcate, sparsely lenticellate; branchlets densely puberulous. Leaves: petiole 1-10 mm long, with 2 outer and 8-16 inner axillary colleters; blade light to dark green above, silvery-grey beneath, ovate, broadly ovate, or elliptic, x as long as wide, 6-24 x 4-18cm,cuneate, rounded, or rarely subcordate at the base, acute or acuminate at the apex (acumen up to 10 mm long), slightly undulate at the margin, papyraceous or chartaceous, densely pubescent or glabrescent above, tomentose beneath; 5-12 pairs of straight secondary veins, the apical at an angle of with the midrib, the basal at more obtuse angles; tertiary venation sometimes conspicuous. Inflorescence on long or short leafless branches, axillary, or apparently so, only rarely in the forks, 1-12-flowered (1-7 flowers open at a time), sessile or pedunculate, congested, densely pubescent in all parts; peduncle - if present - up to 4 mm long; branches 1-15 mm long; pedicels 1-8 mm long; bracts ovate or elliptic, 4-15 x mm, acute, sepal-like. Flowers fragrant. Calyx: sepals subequal, the outer wider and occasionally shorter than the inner, ovate or narrowly ovate, x as long as wide, (8-)l 1-25 x mm, acute; eglandulose or rarely with 10 colleters per calyx. Corolla: tube x as long as the calyx, pinksuffused white, turning red via yellow outside, white and turning yellow, redspotted and -streaked inside, mm long, widening at 55-80% of its length into a cup-shaped upper part, at the mouth 8-17(-21) mm wide, densely pubescent outside, glabrous or minutely puberulous inside; corona lobes red or purple, subulate, x mm, acute or obtuse at the tip, fleshy, minutely papillose; corolla lobes white and turning yellow inside, tails orange and turning Meded. Landbouwhogeschool Wageningen 82-4 (1982) 69

75 70 Mafetf. Landbouwhogeschool Wageningen 82-4 (1982)

76 red; lobes ovate, 7-15 x mm, gradually narrowing into the 1 mm wide pendulous tails; lobes including the tails mm long, pubescent outside except for the apex, glabrous inside. Stamens from 2.8 mm exserted to 1 mm included; filaments inserted at mm from the base of the tube, straight, with an abaxial swelling, mm long, pubescent inside, glabrous or sparsely puberulous outside, with 4-8 mm long pubescent ridges; anthers 5-7 x mm, glabrous; tails mm long; acumen mm long. Pistil: ovary superior, x mm, densely hispid with erect hairs up to 3.5 mm long; style mm long; clavuncula x mm; stigma minute. Fruit: follicles divergent at an angle of 180, tapering into an obtuse apex or ending in a knob, (15-)20-38 cm long and cm in diameter; exocarp pale brown, rather thick and hard, shaggy with 4-18 mm long villous protuberances, mm in diameter. Seeds: grain x mm, densely pubescent; beak glabrous for mm and bearing a coma for mm; coma mm long. MAP 14. Strophanthus eminii Asch. & Pax Distribution: South-East Zaire, Tanzania and Northern Zambia. Ecology: Julbernardia- and miombo-woodland or Acacia-Commiphora bush, especially in rocky places; alt m. Flowering at the end of the dry and the beginning of the rainy season; mature fruits in the dry season. Local names:bulembe,kilembi, Chilembelembe(Zaire:Tabwa,Muholoholo, Kibemba, and Kiluba languages; also used for other Strophanthus species); Mwerewere, Mweliweti (Tanzania: Kigogo, Kihehe, Kinyamwezi, and Kinyanyembe languages); Msungululu (Tanzania: Kisukuma, Nzega, and Kinyamwezi languages); Ifeso (Tanzania: Mrangi and Kondou languages). Local uses* in Zaire and Tanzania the roots are used as an emetic; the seeds are used for the preparation of arrow-poison; and the soft, pliable leaves are used as toilet-paper for babies. A selection of the ca. 160 specimens examined: 7AY»P FA*T KA^V Senterv Terr Kuluye, Risopoulos 1101 (BR, WAG), SHAKA: Muliangazi, lower Lut^^^^ 7toW482 (BR); Kiambi R. right bank, Demtte 280(B^-Se of & wittdk Pweto area, Schmitz 6865 (BR); Upemba Nat. Park, S ^ i S & n ^ -ar Bukama, Lukuesa 950 (BR); Kiubo, Malaisse 9127 (BR); Sokele, Dilumbulula, Huart 63 (BR). Meded Landbouwhogeschool Wageningen 82-4 (1982) 71

77 TANZANIA, Tl: Biharamulo Game Res., Rodgers 1523 (EA); Mwanza Distr., Mbarika, Tanner 590 (BR, K, NY, UC, WAG); Musoma Distr., Handajega, Greenway (K, PRE); Shinyanga Distr., Nindo For. Res., Carmichael 115 (K); Iramba Distr., Isanza, Woodburn 38 (EA). T4: Nzega Road, F. G. Smith 1176 (K); Buyenze, 32 km S of Uvinza, Procter 449 (K); Urambo, Usopiro Rock, Moors K16 (K); Ngulu, E of Tura, Peter (B, WAG); Tabora, Lindeman 27 (BM, MO). T5: W side of Great Rift Valley, Saranda, Peter (B, WAG); Kondoa Distr., 64 km N of Dodoma, Gillett (BR, K); Uyanshi, Lake Tschaya, Peter (B); near Nsassa, Busse 211 (BM, G, HBG, K, L, P, W); Usagara, Kidete, Peter (B, WAG); Kondoa Irangi, Peter (B, WAG). T7: 100 km from Mbeya on Iringa Road, Brass & Woodward (K, NY); Ruaha Gorge, km 160 on Iringa-Morogoro Road, Procter 3305 (K); northern Kinga Mts., Ukinga, Goetze 1016 (B, BR). ZAMBIA: 15 km S of Lake Tanganyika, Pole Evans 3032 (K, P, PRE, SRGH); Kalambo Falls, Leach & Brunton (K, MO, SRGH); Lake Mweru-Wantipa, Verboon 342 (FHO, K, SRGH); Mporokoso Distr., 8 km S of Chiengi, Angus 713 (BR, FHO, K); Mporokoso Distr., Kundabwika Falls, Whellan 1411 (K, PRE, SRGH); Mbala, path to Isoko Valley, Richards 1420 (BR, K). Notes: two paratypes, Stuhlmann 263 and 354, were destroyed in B. The type of S. wittei differs slightly from typical S. eminii in the size and shape of the calyx, but is identical in all other respects. The roots of herb. Brass & Woodward are described as fleshy, thick (up to 8 cm in diameter), and moniliform. 5. eminii is closely related to S. ledienii and S. holosericeus, but the fruits are exceptional within the genus. 12. S. gardeniiflorus Gilg 1903: 20; Stapf 1904: 605; Staner & Michotte 1934: 30 (as S. thollonii); White 1962: 351. Fig. 17; Map 15 Type: Zaire, Shaba: Lukafu, Verdick 236 (BR, lectotype). Liana, 5-15 m high, presumably evergreen; latex clear or milky. Trunk up o 5 cm in diameter; branches dark grey-brown or black, sparsely to rather densely lenticellate; branchlets glabrous. Leaves: petiole 3-10(-13) mm long, with 2 outer and 2-6 inner axillary colleters; blade shiny and dark green above, dull and pale yellowish green beneath, elliptic or slightly obovate, (-4) x a ong as wide, x cm, cuneate at the base, rounded or acuminate Ihrnnr ^ T ^ *~ 3 ** l0ng) ' y revolute at the rgin, coriaceous, ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ 5 " 9 pairs of curved secondar y v " ins at an a»* le Ion, or L^?? the m ldnb; tertiary venation in icuqus Inflorescence on ^or^n^t^ Tf thg f rks ' lowered 0 Aower open at a time), ffl^^^bt ln a " PartS; Peduncle " if P«cnt - up to 8 mm S^TtSn? 1 mm l0ng; PediCGlS 5-10 mm 1 M «bracts P^'tcnt or M^^^^^u 1 " 9 X 1 ' 5-4 ^, not sepal-like. Ffow^fra- E, S? a 9 ' S Une 1 qua1 ' thc inner larger than the <«**, ovate or nearly S S ^ ^ ^ r f ' ' * mm, rounded and often S ^ o ^ S T ^ t\\ C m ^ «pal, the inner sepals with more X S ^ ong as the calyx, wwte and turning J^^thS.SS J" 8 ' UtSlde ' " Pink and turnin S reddish P ^ nearthemouthoutside,pink-orpu^le- S treakedinside,29-40m^ 72 5 ' Meded. Landbouwhogeschool Wageningen 82-4 (1982)

78 FIG. 17. Strophanti gardeniiflorus Gilg: 1. flowenng branch, f x; 2. leaf apex x 3 bud 3 x; 4. adaxial side of sepal with colleters, 2 x; 5. sect.on of flower, 2 x; 6. fru.t, f,,7 seed x, 8.seedgrain,2 x.(l. De Witte 572;2-3. Burtt 6304;A-5. De WMe 572; 6-8. Hutchmson 3938). Meded. Landbouwhogeschool Wageningen 82-4 (1982) 73

79 ing gradually or at 40-50% of its length into a cylindrical or cup-shaped upper part, at the mouth mm wide, glabrous outside, puberulous to pubescent inside; corona lobes white and turning yellow, with a pink streak in the centre, the pink turning purple, narrowly triangular and sometimes undulate, x mm, acute, somewhat fleshy, sparsely pubescent; corolla lobes white and turning yellow inside and on the left side outside, dark pink and turning reddish-purple on the right side outside, ovate, x as long as wide, x mm, acute or acuminate, glabrous on both sides. Stamens 8-12 mm exserted; filaments inserted at mm from the base of the tube, straight, mm long, pubescent inside, with 6-10 mm long ridges; anthers x mm, glabrous; tails mm long; acumen mm long. Pistil: ovary x lmm, glabrous; style mm long; clavuncula x mm; stigma mm long. Fruit: follicles divergent at an angle of 180, tapering into a narrow apex, cm long and cm in diameter; exocarp dark or purplish-brown, thick and hard, smooth or sulcate, glabrous, sparsely to densely lenticellate. Seeds: grain x mm, densely puberulous or densely short-pubescent; beak glabrous for 4-11 mm and bearing a coma for mm; coma erect or rarely reflexed, mm long. Ji^ nn MAP 15. Strophanthus gardeniiflorus Gilg Distribution: southern Zaire and northern Zambia Ecology: gallery forest; alt m ^! W e r i n g ln thc SeC nd half 0f the dr y season ; mature fruits in the dry lun^ k a l names: i M)ulembe ( ZaYrea ndzambia, Kiluba, Chibemba, andchispedes) ^ r 0t is a ' S USCd in names for other Strophanthus Specimens examined- Gr'Sr;; SffiS?mm^ TTu^!T near Kal6mi6 Dubois 1318 (BR); ' & Erens 1886 (BR E T P PRF «IS ' u'5 ^ ^ S f Sun S u Mon S a Pole Evam ' 749 (BR)- Kanzenze R ' ffls?^* Park ' Munte R > ***** Mt. base, J. de Wilde (BR,K,SS:? n NN n, K ' WeZi SchmitZ ' 2989 < BR ); Kanzenze, De Witte 572 Verdick 2Sl^Z^T^T ' ^ ^ ^ ^ "" 86 (BR); ^ 74 Meded. Landbouwhogeschool Wageningen 82-4 (1982)

80 ZAMBIA: Inono R., near Mpulungu Road, Richards 1954 (BR, K); Lunzua Falls, SE of Mpulungu, Bullock 3332 (K); ibid., Robertson 171 (K, PRE); Mbala Distr., Kambole Escarpment, Richards (K, SRGH); Inona R., Burn 6304 (BM, BR, K); Mporokoso, Fanshawe 4807 (K); 19 km N of Mbala, Hutchinson & Gillett 3938 (BM, K); Mbala, Gerstner 15 Sept (K, PRE); Luchechi R. near Mbala, Bullock 1393 (B, BR, K, LISC, S); ibid., Richards 6194 (BR, K); Mponda R. above Issi Falls, Richards (BR, K, MO); Kawambwa, Fanshawe 3655 (K), 3585 (BR, K); km 20 on Kawambwa-Mansa Road, Angus 671 (BR, FHO, K, MO); Kawambwa, Mabumba Stream, Lawton 691 (FHO, K); Kasama Distr., Chishimba Falls, Robinson 3976 (K, M, SRGH); Kasama Distr., Kabwibwi area, Humbles 230 (FHO); Mwinilunga Distr., 6 km N of Kalene Hill Mission, White 3301 (BR, FHO, K, WAG); 163 km N of Mansa on Kasama Road, Brass & Woodward (K, NY); Mansa Distr., 1.5 km N of Samfya Mission at Lake Bangweulu, Angus 341 (BR, FHO, K). ANGOLA, MOXICO: Kamwano R., Milne Redhead 3646 (BR, K). Sin. loc.: Richards 3646 (K); Van Meet 1843 (BR). Cultivated: U.S.A., Mayaguez (P.R.), Winters 2235 (NY). Notes: S. gardeniiflorus is closely related to S. thollonii; many specimens were determined as S. thollonii in the collections seen. The two species can be distinguished as follows: leaf acumen up to 3 mm long; calyx up to 12 mm long; seed coma mm l on g S. gardeniiflorus leaf acumen up to 13 mm long; calyx more than 13 mm long; seed coma mm long S. thollonii 13. S. gerrardii Stapf 1907: 52, 1909: 510; Codd 1963: 292. Type; S. Africa, Natal: Durban, Gerrard & McKen 1795 (K, holotype; isotypes: TCD, W). Fi 8-18? Ma P U Liana, 3-12 m high, deciduous, flowers appearing before or with the leaves; latex white. Trunk up to 2.5 cm in diameter; branches pale grey, in older branches with longitudinal corky ridges up to 6 cm long and 1.5 cm high, in younger branches with triangular flat protuberances at the nodes, rather densely lenticellate; branchlets reddish-brown, glabrous. Leaves: petiole 1-6 mm long, with 2 outer and 2 inner axillary colleters; blade ovate, narrowly ovate, or elliptic, 1.7-4(-5) x as long as wide, 3-6 x 1-2 cm, cuneate at the base, rounded or acuminate at the apex, rarely acuminate (acumen up to 3 mm long), sometimes with a revolute margin, chartaceous or thinly coriaceous, glabrous, with translucent dots; 3-6(-8) pairs of slightly curved secondary veins at an angle of with the midrib; tertiary venation inconspicuous. Inflorescence on long or short branches or in the forks, l-2(-5)-flowered (1 or rarely 2 flowers open at a time), glabrous in all parts; peduncle - if present - up to 3(-6) mm long; branches - if present - up to 3(-12) mm long; pedicels 3-10 mm long; bracts deciduous, spreading or recurved for half their length, narrowly triangular, 3-7 x mm, acute, sepal-like. Calyx: sepals subequal, the outer slightly shorter than the inner, recurved for half their length, ovate or narrowly ovate, 2-6 x as long as wide, 3-10 x mm, acute often slightly cannate glabrous; with 2 colleters per sepal, rarely none or 4. Corolla, tube 2-4-5) x as long as the calyx, pink and turning purple outside, white and turning yellow Meded. Landbouwhogeschool Wageningen 82-4 (1982) 75

81 Meded. Landbouwhogeschool Wageningen 82-4 (1982)

82 inside, and there red-streaked, mm long, widening at 15-25% of its length into a cylindrical or slightly infundibuliform upper part, at the mouth 6-13 mm wide, glabrous outside and puberulous inside; corona lobes presumably red or purple, subulate, (1.3 )2 5 x mm, acute or obtuse at the tip, fleshy, puberulous; corolla lobes reddish outside and yellow inside, tails yellow; lobes ovate, 5-10 x 3-6 mm, gradually narrowing into the 2 mm wide spreading tails; lobes including the tails mm long, glabrous on both sides but puberulous near the base. Stamens included for (0.6-)2.7-6 mm; filaments inserted at mm from the base of the tube, straight or slightly curved, puberulous or pubescent inside, with mm long ridges; anthers x mm, glabrous; tails mm long; acumen mm long. Pistil: ovary x mm, glabrous; style mm long, smooth or wrinkled; clavuncula x mm; stigma mm high. Fruit: follicles divergent at an angle of , tapering into a narrow obtuse apex, sometimes curved inwards at the tip, cm long and cm in diameter; exocarp brown or red-brown, thick and hard, sulcate, glabrous, very densely lenticellate. Seeds: grain x mm, densely pubescent; beak glabrous for mm and bearing a coma for mm; coma mm long MAP 16. Strophanthus gerrardii Stapf Distribution: Southern Mozambique, North-East S. Africa, and Swaziland. Ecology: coastal 'sand' forest, woodland, or gallery forest, often on rocky places; alt m.. Flowering from May to December, leaves appearing soon after the first flowers and lasting till April; mature fruits throughout the year. A selection of the ca. 60 specimens examined: MOZAMBIQUE, MAPUTO: Maputo, Howard 39 (BOL, LISC, PRE); 16 km S of Joa^ L«J 1197 <BM, G, K, LISC, M, MO, P, PRE, S, SRGH); Goba, near Lebombo Spring, Barbosa 8656 (COI, \ I W J ^ A A U Barberton, Rogers (A, S, Z); ibid Louw's Creek, Thorncroft 1139 (K, PRE, W ; Nelspruit Distr., near Malelane, Codd 6099 (K ^ ' ^ " S ^ ^ ^ PRE PRE); Pt. Heuner, Gerstner 6632 (BM, BOL, W ^ J Ubombo Road, Codd 2054 (NY, PRE); Mkuzi Game Res., Ward 3536 (NH, PRE), 3 km S of Meded. Landbouwhogeschool Wageningen 82-4 (1982) 77

83 Ndumu Police Sta., Stephen 756 (PRE); Ndumu Game Res., Tinley 497 (PRE); Ingwavuma Poort, Wells 2205 (BM, K, M, PRE); Lebombo Mts., Ubombo, 18 m S of Jozini, de Winter & Vahrmeyer 8479 (K, NH, PRE); km 32 on Jozini-Bazwana Road, Strey 5281 (K, NH, PRE, WAG, Z); 10 km S of Ubombo, Acocks (K, P, PRE); Lebombo Flats, Galpin (BOL, K, P, PRE); Magudu, Gerstner 6432 (K, NH); Hlabisa Distr., False Bay, Ward 1641 (NH, PRE); Krantzkop Distr., Mambula, Dyer 4346 (PRE); Femes Isl., MacDonald 5 (E); Umfolozi Game Res., Ward 2647 (NH, PRE); Empangeni Distr., Utimona, Gerstner 2744 (K, NH, PRE); Mapumulo Distr., Oqaqeni, Edwards 1834 (PRE); Durban, Gerrard & McKen 1795 (K, TCD, W; type). SWAZILAND: Lubombo Mts., Umbeluzi Gorge, Culverwell 944 (PRE). Cultivated: SRI LANKA, sin. loc., Macrae 1795 (BM). 14. S. gracilis K. Schum. & Pax 1892: 370; Franchet 1893b: 277; Stapf 1902: 175; Gilg 1903: 23, pi. 4; Hutchinson & Dalziel 1931: 49; Krukoff & Letouzey 1950: 34; Huber 1963: 70. Fig. 19; Map 17 Type: Gabon, Munda, Sibange-Farm, Soyaux 312 (holotype destroyed in B; lectotype: Z; isotype: K). Heterotypic synonyms: S. scaber Pax 1892: 370. Type: Nigeria, Rivers: Nun R., Mann 499 (holotype destroyed in B; lectotype: K; isotypes: A, LE, NY, P, S,U,W). S. klainei De Wild. 1903: 106, pi. 29. Type: Gabon, sin. loc, Klaine 1124 (BR, lectotype; isotype: P). Liana, 3-7 m high, presumably evergreen; latex clear. Trunk up to 1.8 cm in diameter; branches blackish-brown, sparsely lenticellate; branchlets purplishbrown, densely and shortly hispid or scabrid. Leaves: petiole 2-10 mm long, with 2 outer and 2-4 inner axillary colleters; blade dark green above, much paler beneath, ovate, elliptic, or narrowly elliptic, x as long as wide, 2-12 x 1-5 cm, cuneate or rounded at the base, acuminate or rarely obtuse at the apex (acumen 3-12 mm long), sometimes revolute at the margin, papyraceous or thinly coriaceous, scabrid, especially on the midrib, veins, and margins, with translucent dots in the axils of the secondary veins; 3-8 pairs of curved secondary veins at an angle of with the midrib; tertiary venation sometimes conspicuous above. Inflorescence on long or short branches or in the forks, i iu( /ihlowered (1-3 flowers open at a time), pedunculate or rarely sessile, lax densely and shortly hispid or scabrid in all parts; peduncle - if present - 1n"nl htt ' t ffi 1^ branch6s 5-3 (-!00) mm long; pedicels 6-20 mm n ^ i ' ~l 4 X ^-^acute.sepal-like. Calyx- sepals sometimes spreading, unequal, the outer wider than the inner, brown or reddish-brown x 1 6 5ZTlf?' Vate, r T Wly Vate ' 2 " 2-10 >< as l0 «g ^ wide, senals e^hn W " Y 0, btuse ' densely and shortl y his P id or scabrid; outer 71 lot ^e' r er T 1S WHh! ~ 3 COlleters P er *P* Corolla: tube or pu I ^eakeh yx ' ^ "* tuming reddi^-orange on both sides, red- Sffifc^nT H 6 m Uth ' l ~ 22 mm l0n S' Wideni «g at % 0f scabrid onboth C " p - Shaped u Pf r P art > a * the mouth 5-13 mm wide, minutely SS^tfot^T 2 ^ ^ i Ur. nin PUrplC ' Wlth S me ydl0w lobes vellowsl A ul mm ' rounded ' flesh y> mi tely scabrid; corolla yellow outside and white ins.de, near the base red-spotted and -streaked 78 Meded. Landbouwhogeschool Wageningen 82-4 (1982)

84 of leaf, 2 x; 3. section of flower, 2 x; 4. stamen, abaxial side 6 x >- l l >! x; 6. seed,. (I. 2>to««y WOW; 2. 2fra«* Woodward20832, 3-4. Xh«fc# d Z^z^ ^ 5. Letouzey & Bakang s.n.; 6. 5mw < Woodward 20832). 79 Jfeferf. Landbouwhogeschool Wageningen 82-4 (1982)

85 with the red turning purple, tails yellow and turning orange; lobes ovate, 4-10 x mm, abruptly narrowing into the 0.5 mm wide pendulous tails; lobes including the tails (55-) mm long, minutely scabrous on both sides and glabrescent towards the apex. Stamens included for mm;filamentsinserted at mm from the base of the tube, curved, mm high, with a small abaxial swelling near the base, pubescent, with mm long ridges; anthers x mm, densely pubescent outside but for the acumen; tails mm long; acumen mm long. Pistil: ovary x mm, pubescent; style mm long; clavuncula x mm; stigma minute. Fruit: Follicles divergent at an unknown angle, tapering towards the base and the apex, ending in a small or large knob, cm long and 1.6 cm in diameter; exocarp purplish-brown, rather thin and brittle, slightly sulcate, glabrous, rather densely lenticellate; lenticels rounded or elongate. Seeds: grain x mm, minutely scabrid; beak glabrous for mm and bearing a coma for mm; coma mm long. MAP 17. Strophanthus gracilis K. Schum. & Pax Distribution: Nigeria to Gabon. Ecology: coastal and riverine forest at low altitudes Flowering in Cameroun in November and December. Specimens examined: ^ t ^ S ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ *7 *» (NY); ^ieson R., Agba- 499 (AK FNYP V T u. { ' r ' ' P) RIVERS: Nun ' R > Barter 2011 (P); ibid., Mann ibid " Kwa Ib0 R - mouth ' Talbot 3083 (BM, K, Z^^^^TT^?^' *),\km 47, Oron-Eket Road, Talbot 3026 BM); Calabar, Baldwin 13755flc\l mfi HO *^U^Sjfe^" J i 3 r fl?v UPS ' W^G) ',4005 < K > LISC > WA ); ibid & Louzey 205L P YA) H ^ f f/{*jf ^ f ' 2 ^ ' W) '> iwd - T k t0 Creek ' > Hess Kruk ff 217 (NY), 218 (NY) 220 fnyvthm r.. ( * lbld " Kruko ff & Letouzey 216 (NY, YA), & ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ Bak S «(NY); ibid., Speiser P 30 (EA); sin. ^^sxzit x mtti l r {^ r eu - Ntem ' * ^i7 D - i933 S arm, boyaux 312 (K, Z; type); 5 km N of Libereville, Brass & Woodward 80 Meded. Landbouwhogeschool Wageningen 82-4 (1982)

86 20910 (K, NY); Libreville, Klaine s.n. (P), 2375 (P), 2466 (P), 2557 (P); Ogooue R., Klaine 412 (P); Booue Falls, Thollon 157 (P); sin. loc, Klaine 1124 (BR, P; type of S. klainei), 1125 (BR, P; paratype of S. klainei). Notes: S. gracilis resembles S.preussii, and is most easily distinguished from this species by its scabrid indumentum. 15. S. gratus (Wall. & Hook.) Baill. 1888: 171; Franchet 1893b: 256, pi. 9; Stapf 1902: 170; Gilg 1902b, fig. 3; Gilg 1903: 17, pi. 9; Hutchinson & Dalziel 1931: 47; Staner & Michotte 1934: 29; Krukoff & Letouzey 1950: 125; Huber 1963: 70; Hall & Swaine 1981: 295. Fig. 20; Photo 3; Map 18 Basionym: Roupellia grata Wall. & Hook. 1849: t. 4466; Hooker 1849b: 449; Bakhuizen van den Brink jr. 1948: 43; Backer & Bakhuizen van den Brink jr. 1965: 240. Type: Wallich & Hooker 1849: t (lectotype). Liana, 2-25 m high, or less often a shrub, 2-3 m high, presumably evergreen; latex clear or white. Trunk up to 10 cm in diameter, in older plants often with corky ridges; branches dark brown or purplish-brown, rather densely lenticellate, lenticels becoming corky with age; branchlets glabrous. Leaves: petiole 5-17(-32) mm long, with 2 outer and 2-6 inner axillary colleters; blade glossy and medium to dark green above, much paler beneath and there often with a reddish midrib, ovate, elliptic, or sometimes obovate, 1.2-3(-4) x as long as wide, 5-18 x 2-9 cm, rounded or cuneate at the base, acuminate at the apex (acumen 1-15 mm long), often with a somewhat revolute margin, thinly coriaceous or coriaceous, glabrous; 5-11 pairs of nearly straight or curved secondary veins at an angle of with the midrib; tertiary venation sometimes conspicuous. Inflorescence on long or short branches or in the forks, (l-)3-32-flowered (1-6 flowers open at a time), sessile or pedunculate, congested, glabrous in all parts; peduncle - if present - up to 6(-15) mm long, lenticellate; branches 3-35 mm long; pedicels 4-13 mm long; bracts deciduous, ovate or triangular, 2-9 x 1-4 mm, acute, scarious. Flowers fragrant. Calyx: sepals subequal or unequal, the inner longer and often wider than the outer, pale green with the apex reddish- or purplish-green and sometimes with the margins in the same colour, obovate or broadly obovate, x as long as wide, 7-18 x 3-13 mm, emarginate, rounded, or apiculate at the apex, glabrous; wrth colleters in total, mainly concentrated on the inner sepals. Corolla: tube x as long as the calyx, white and turning yellow near the base outside reddish or purple near the mouth outside, white and red- or purple-streaked inside, the white turning yellow, mm long and widening at 33-55/ 0 of its length into a cylindrical or slightly infundibuliform upper part, at the mouth mm wide, glabrous outside, papillose or scabndulous near the mouth inside; corona lobes of a single corolla lobe more connate with each other than with those of adjacent corolla lobes, pink and turning purple, subulate «narrowly triangular, 5-15 x mm, acute at the tip sometimes _unduate at the margin, fleshy, papillose or scabridulous; corolla lobes white with a stripe Meded. Landbouwhogeschool Wageningen 82-4 (1982) 81

87 f.o.20. ^* grato(wall. &Ho. C^ ^ a x; 3. opened flower, 1 x; 4. adaxial side of S -,' ^ bnmch ' * x! 2 " detail of branch >! x; 6 seed, f x; 7. seed grain, 2 x(l 2 /', 1' ^^ f Uicle ' with middl «section removed, berg 12030). >**.(.! i. Leeuwenberv *«W 77579; /mo * I Beentje D_._ 1549; 5-1. Leeuwen- _ 82 Meded. Landbouwhogeschool Wageningen 82-4 (1982)

88 of purple on the right side outside, turning reddish or purple all over, white and turning yellow inside, orbicular or nearly so, x as long as wide, x mm, unequal-sided at the base, emarginate or rounded and apiculate at the apex, undulate along the left margin, glabrous on both sides. Stamens 3-15 mm exserted; filaments inserted at mm from the base of the tube, straight or nearly so, mm long, pubescent inside, with broad and longitudinally grooved ridges, obtuse at the base; anthers x mm, glabrous; tails mm long; acumen 6-12 mm long. Pistil: ovary x mm, glabrous; style mm long; clavuncula x mm; stigma minute. Fruit: follicles divergent at an angle of 180, tapering towards the apex and ending in a narrow obtuse tip, sometimes curved inwards, cm long and cm in diameter; exocarp dark brown to purplishbrown, thick and hard, slightly sulcate, glabrous, densely lenticellate; lenticels on the abaxial side sometimes elongate. Seeds: grain (9 )12 20 x mm, glabrous, scabridulous, or microscopically puberulous; beak glabrous for 6-15 mm and bearing a coma for (10-)23-47 mm; coma spreading or reflexed, mm wide, or erect and mm long. Seedling: primary root not swollen, with spreading secondary roots; hypocotyl whitish near the base, pale green at the apex; cotyledons elliptic or obovate, x mm, rounded; first leaves elliptic. MAP 18. Strophanthus gratus (Wall. & Hook.) Baill. Distribution: West and Western Central Africa. Ecology: primary and secondary forest, often at forest margins or on river banks; alt m.,.,, Flowering from Ivory Coast to Cameroun with a peak in November and December, but possibly all through the year. Local names: Ink or Onaye (Cameroun and Gabon, Fang and Bulu languages, now commonly known under these names in Cameroun). Local uses: cultivated in Nigeria, Cameroun, and Gabon, formerly (?) u ed for the preparation of arrow poison; now sold for export to Europa and the U.S.A. for the extraction of Strophanthine. 83 Meded. Landbouwhogeschool Wageningen 82-4 (1982)

89 j!i v "> ****$' * "» T * z>jr& t * y! * *., \ ^ ; ^ * «* > " PHOTO 3. Strophanthus grains (Wall. & Hook.) Baill., part of stem with flowering branchlets. - Breteler 2134 (photograph F. J. BRETELER). A selection of the ca. 300 specimens examinedne(l SENEGAL: Basse Casamance, Emay BerhautllwnlZ m GUINEE: Nzerekore, Bossou, Adam 7432 (MO) COTE D'IVOIRE: Man, de Wit Q174 rwan\ u 1 ^ (G, Z); 9 km E of Divo'on t h S o S / " " ^ " f ^ ^^krou, *«kr W/^ * BoWaw 2415 (BM MO PRE warttr^ * 2155 (WAG);! km E f Monogaga, 2353 (B, BR, GC, K, L, LISC MO P WAG Z) b Uab U ForeSt ' E of Abidjan, Leeuwenberg assist ss^sssr- RFor -*- ^ Darfco 1065 (K, P); Assin Cocoa Stn» Sfcta 5 ^ ' * 3SSaW ' 66 km fr m DankWa ' NIGERIA, LAGOS: near Ibadan Afciifcfe 1159 IK PW *, (K). ANAMBRA: Onitsha,» v 251 g K " " ^ r ad l Ikerre ' LatU Mar RIVER: Ikom Distr., Bendiga A h Keav Si ffi^t* BraSS ' S " rrow sn ' ( K CR0SS )' BR, E, FHO, G, GOET, HBG K L M 5 ^ r'r. UC); Blpindi ' Zenker 3391 ( A > BM > BP > ' ' K ' L ' M ' M0 ' P ' S > US > W, WU, Z); N'Kolbisson, 8 km W of o4 Meded. Landbouwhogeschovl Wageningen 82-4 (1982) FHI

90 Yaounde, Leeuwenberg (WAG); 17 km NW of Doume along road to Nguelemendouka, Breteler 2134 (A, BR, K, LISC, M, P, WAG, YA); 18 km N of Yokadouma, Brass & Woodward20854 (NY). GABON: Sibange-Farm near Libreville, Soyaux 458 (HBG, UC, US); Myana, 94 km from Mitzic on road to Libreville, Brass & Woodward (NY); Lastoursville, Le Testu 7188 (BM, BR, P); between Youmbi and Boungounga, Le Testu 5809 (BM, BR, LISC, P); Tchibanga, Le Testu 1967 (BM, BR, G, LISC, P). CONGO: Nola, Duzilleau s.n. (P); Dongou, road to Impfondo, Bouquet 2089 (P). ZAIRE, EQUATEUR: between Libenge and Gemena, Lebrun 1853 (BR, K). REPUBUQUE CENTRAFRICAINE: N'Gotto, Eaux Forest & Chasses RCA 2026 (P); Boukoko, Tisser- <m*476(bm,p). MARTINIQUE, naturalized: around St. Pierre, Pere Duss 889 (NY). Cultivated: KENYA, Nairobi, Bally 6563 (FI, K, S); TANZANIA, Amani, Jefferey K 724 (EA); S. AFRICA, Durban, da Toit 2370 (K, MO); SEYCHELLES, Mahe, Elizabeth 116 (EA); FRANCE, Paris, Quesnel anno 1847 (P); GREAT BRITAIN, Kew, House Aug (K); INDIA, Madras, Jelinek s.n. (LE, W); Calcutta, anonym (W); THAILAND, Bangkok, Kerr 28 Jan (BM); VIET-NAM, Saigon, Hiep 11 (P); SINGAPORE, Leeuwenberg (WAG); MALAYSIA, Sandakan, Clemens 9500 (A, UC); INDONESIA, Bogor, Woerjantoro 6 (L); NEW GUINEA, Lae, Millar MGF (L); U.S.A., New York, Monachino April 1950 (NY); JAMAICA, sin. loc, Harris 64 (K); HAITI, sin. loc, Ekman 3242 (K); TOBAGO, Broadway 4405 (BM, G, E, K, NY, P, U, Z); BRASIL: Para, Baker June 1908 (B, G, UC). Notes: WIT (1941), TOXOPEUS (1948) and DE VISSER SMITS (1951) report on the biology of fruitsetting of cultivated S. gratus on Java (Indonesia). From these studies it can be deduced that the lower side of the clavuncula is the receptive zone for the pollen. 16. S. hispidus DC. 1802: 123, pi. 8; A. P. De Candolle 1804: 9; Poiret 1827: 150 (as S. hirta, lapsu); A. De Candolle 1844: 419; Blondel 1888a: 97; Franchet 1893b: 271; Planchon 1894: 33; Stapf 1902:174; Gilg 1903: 35, pi. 2; Hutchinson & Dalziel 1931: 47; Krukoff & Letouzey 1950: 131; Schnell 1950: 131; Huber 1963: 70; Berhaut 1971: 435; Hall & Swaine 1981: 295. Fig. 21; Photo 4; Map 19 Type: Sierra Leone, sin. loc, Smeathman s.n. (G-DC, holotype; isotypes: BM, K, P, P-JU, UPS).. J U1U. 1QQ7. 17 Heterotypic synonyms: S. hispidus var. seidenii Lindsay ex Helbing Type: the original description (lectotype).. S. bariba Boye & Bereni 1897:405, pi. 1; syn. nov. Type: icon. cit. (ec to type. S. tchabe Boye & Bereni 1897:403, pi. 8; syn. nov. Type: icon. cit. (lectotype). S. thierreanus K. Schum. & Gilg 1902a: 158. Type: Togo, Moba Thierry s.n. (holotype destroyed in B); neotype: the original description (Retype) S. hispidus var W e De Wild. 1907: 546. Type: Zaire, Equatona, Eala, Malchair in herb. Laurent 1273 (BR, holotype). 5. hispidus var. latistigmatica Schnell 1950:598, pi. 26; syn. nov. Type. Guinee, Ubb, Schnell 4758 (P, holotype; isotypes: K,P). S, hispidus var. lobatistigmatica Schnell 1950: 598 pi. 26; syn. nov. Type. Guinee, Labe, Schnell 4757 (P, holotype; isotypes: K, V). S. hispidus w.parvistigmatica Schnell 1950: 599; syn. nov. Type, the original description (lectotype). 85 Meded. Landbouwhogeschool Wageningen 82-4 (1982)

91 FIG. 21. Strophantus hispidus DC: 1.flowering branch, x; 2. detail of branch, 2 x ; 3. flower, 2 x; 4. section of flower, 2 x; 5. part of fruit, follicle with middle section removed, x; 6. seed, } x.(l~4. Leeuwenberg 11918; 5-6. Leeuwenberg2699). 86 Meded. Landbouwhogeschool Wageningen 82-4 (1982)

92 . ^T **w. K * ;- 1»* *.. 1 " 1 PHOTO 4. Strophantus hispidus DC, flowering branchlet. - Beentje 1357 (photograph H. J. BEENTJE). Sarmentose shrub, m high, or liana, up to 100 m long, deciduous; latex clear, reddish, or white, coagulating after exposure. Trunk up to 6 cm in diameter, bark dark grey; branches dark brown or blackish, sparsely or densely lentieellate; branchlets light or reddish-brown, densely hispid. Leaves opposite or rarely ternate; petiole 1-5 mm long, with 2 outer and 4 (rarely 6) axillary colleters; blade glossy and dark green above, dull and paler beneath, ovate, elliptic, or obovate, 1.1 3( 3.6) x as long as wide, in mature leaves up to 15 x 8(-22 x 12) cm, rounded or subcordate at the base, acuminate (or rarely acute or emarginate) at the apex (acumen 2-14 mm long), sometimes slightly undulate a t the margin, papyraceous, often bullate, sparsely or densely hispid; (4-)6-l 1 Pairs of straight or curved secondary veins at an angle of with the midrib; tertiary venation conspicuous. Inflorescence on long or short branches or in the Meded. Landbouwhogeschool Wageningen 82-4 (1982) 87

93 forks, 1-72-flowered (1-3 flowers open at a time), sessile or pedunculate, lax or congested, hispid in all parts; peduncle - if present mm long, branches mm long; pedicels 5-32 mm long; bracts green, with a reddish margin, narrowly ovate or elliptic, 6-30(-40) x 1-12 mm, acute, often undulate at the margin, sepal-like. Calyx: sepals unequal, the outer ovate and x as long as wide, the inner narrowly ovate or linear and 6-14 x as long as wide, pale green with the base and midrib reddish, x mm, acute, sometimes undulate at the margin, densely hispid; with 5(-10) colleters in total, concentrated on the inner sepals. Corolla: tube x as long as the calyx, white and turning orange via yellow on both sides, suffused with red near the base outside, red- or purple-spotted inside, mm long and widening at 54-66% of its length into a cup-shaped upper part, at the mouth mm wide, hispidulous on both sides except for the base; corona lobes yellow, red-, purple-, or brownspotted, lmgulate, 1-3 x mm, rounded, fleshy, minutely papillose or scabrous; corolla lobes creamy and turning orange on both sides, red- or brownspotted inside, tails yellow or greenish-yellow, reddish towards the apex; lobes ovate, 3-10 x mm, rather abruptly narrowing into the 1 mm wide pendulous tails; lobes including the tails mm long, puberulous on both sides. Stamens included for 0-4 mm; filaments inserted at 7-13 mm from the base of the tube, curved, with a small abaxial swelling at the base, mm high, thc S n Fl If basc fthe tube; anthers x mm, glabrous; tails mm long; acumen mm long. Pistil: ovary x mm densely hispid with long erect hairs; style 7-12 mm long; clavuncula x mm; stigma minute. Fruit: follicles divergent at an angle of , ZlZT, g 7 ards ^ narr W apex and endin in a l a^ knob, cm SfJ; 3 " 1-8 Cm "? dlameter ; ex carp dark brown, thick and hard, sulcate, W ^ ^ T T l l ensely lenticdlate - Seeds: 8 rain x 2-3 mm, densemm coma ^t T ** 8 " 34 """ and bearin g a coma f r (15-)20-43 mm, coma erect or spreading, mm long. Distribution: West and Central Africa wo^sttlsor 1 secondary forest ' or rocky outcr s and thickets in p - ^ ^ - APH1 (^ely to <^ctel^ffi Yoruba landguage); Libobo li tokembe the ond art of P the name is probak tomj /*??* > ^ * 0 ^ i Q l ^ ^ ^ % ^ language: a generic Volta, C Gha U n S a e T o ^ l S, ^ - ^ * make arrow P oison in Guinee, Haute forthispurpo'se ' "' Nlgem ' Cameroun ' and Zaire; locally cultivated 88 Meded. Landbouwhogeschool Wageningen 82-4 (1982)

94 MAP 19. Strophanthus hispidus DC. A selection of ca. 450 specimens examined: SENEGAL: Gap Vert Peninsula, Gorom area, Berhaut 5676 (P); Basse Casamance, Ziguinchor, Berhaut 5902 (BR, M, P). GUINEE-BISSAU: between Bissoram and Mansoa, Espiritu Santo 853 (BM, K, LISC, LISJC); between Cacine and Guilege, Espiritu Santo 2991 (BR, LISC, LISJC, P, WAG). MALI: Bana, Sonkorian, Chevalier 552 (BM, G, K, L, P, W, Z); Faradiafe, Chevalier 669 (BM, BR, G, P); Sikasso area, Missirikoro Rocks, Laferrere 48 (K). GUINEE: banks of Rio Nunez, Heudelot 829 (FI-W, G, G-DC, K, P, TCD); Conakry, Dybowski 25 (K, P); Fouta Djallon, Pita area, Jaques-Felix 691 (P); Kouroussa, Pobeguin 150 (P); Nzerekore, Baldwin (K, US). ^^... SIERRA LEONE: Loma Mts., Jaeger 935 (K); Sherbro R., Mann 793 (A, GOET, K, Lb, P, S, W); Pujehun, Mesima resthouse, Morton & Jarrett SL 1688 (GC, K, MO, \VAG)^ %Ajne/A LIBERIA: Yekepah, Tokadeh, Adam (MO); Totata Distr., Salala Baldwin (A K MO, NY, P, S, UC); Gbarnga, Baldwin (K); Tchien Distr., 15 m E of Zwedru, Baldwin 7054 (NY) COTE D'IVOIRE: Comoe Nat. Park, Brelircho, Geerling & Bokdam 2079 (BR K MO PRE, WAG); 40 km SE of Korhogo on road to Ngolodougou, Versteegh & der,, Outer492 (WAG); Mt. Kouan near Danane, Chevalier (P); Mt. Nienokoue, Chevalier (?) fakpadou-sago,gerhng & Bokdam 2278 (BR, K, MO, WAG); Oroumbo-Boka, J. de Wilde 621 (WAG); Yapo Forest, 4 km S of Becedi-Brignan, Oldeman 243 (BR, K, MO, P, WAG). HAUTE-VOLTA: Lobi Territory, Gunn 5 June 1906 (BM); Diebougou near Dano, Bognounou 320 (P GS:;S^ H66 (BM, K); Tuna, KUsan 894 (K) Tamal, BaUy ^ «^ 3 & (BM, MO); Ashanti, Amentia, Irvine 455 (FHO, GC), 1 km w 01 sui^, WAG); Achimota, Irvine 2053 (E, K). r p. TOGO: Sokode, Kersting 1 (WAG); Lome, Warnecke 133 (BM ^?j, MPU) NIGERIA, NICER: Zungeru, 1^29 July 1 9, 0? ^ 0Y0: Olokemeji Res., ^/ufa wa, Lawton 1836 (K). KWARA: Isanlu Mopo, Latilo FH1 W- " M ' AG) BENDEL. FHI,9905 (FHO! K, NY), OMX. Ipe-Oka ^ B y ^ * ^ ^ ^ ^ Sapoba, near Agbadi village, Afafcfe 4 X«g> 534 (K, P). B E^ g e rk? ', ^/to F HI P); Aninsi, fljl/ anno 1912 (BM, MO), ANAMBRA: between Mamu R. and Agulu, Latito t-m 89 Werferf. Landbouwhogeschool Wageningen 82-4 (1982)

95 27304 (GC). RIVERS: Nun R., Akasra, Barter 2102 (FHO, K). CROSS RIVER: Calabar, Agoi For. Res., Binuyo FHI CAMEROUN: near Mamfe, Krukoff 32 (MO, NY); Kumba Distr., Banga Forest Res., Binuyo & Daramola FHI (FHO, K, P); Bipindi, Zenker 1683 (BM, BP, BR, E, G, GOET, HBG, K, L, LE, M, MO, NY, P, S, SAM, W, WU, Z); Kouen, Krukoff & Letouzey 161 (P, YA); between Kwaka and Djadom, 20 km S of Ngoila, Letouzey (BR, G, HBG, K, P, WAG, YA); near Madjoue, Krukoff & Letouzey 158 (P, YA); between Ngali and Pandama, 7 km N of Ngoko R., Letouzey (P, YA). REPUBLIQUE CENTRAFRICAINE: Boukoko, Tisserant 1697 (BM, BR, LISC, P); Daembo on Kaba R., 100 km N of Fouloumbala, Tisserant 2449 (BM, BR, LISC, P). Rio MUNI: sin. loc., Krukoff 2050X (NY). GABON: Endama, Le Testu 9470 (B, BM, LISC, MO, P); Nounah R., NE of Belinga, N. Halle 2916 (P); Cap Esterias Forest Res., Brass & Woodward209l\ (K, NY); Njigoni, Pobeguin 140 (P); Lastoursville, Le Testu 7096 (BM, MO, P); Boulembo, Le Testu 6315 (BM, BR, LISC, MO, P). CONGO: Otende Forest, Bouquet 1710 (P); M'Bamou Isl., Kounia Forest, Sita 1918 (P). ZAIRE, EQUATEUR: Gemena-Karawa Road, 1 km W of Baseurville, Katz & Speiser P9 (K, NY); Makanza, Dewevre 866 (BR); Eala, Bolombo, Bonnivair 34 (A, BR, K, S); Tshuapa Distr., Boende, Dubois 338 (BR, NY); Bokota, Evrard 5653 (BR, K, PRE); Ikela, unreadable 23 (BR), HAUTE ZAIRE: Mobwasa, Lemaire 418 (BR); upper Itimbiri R., Lebo, Lebrun 2398 (BR, K, US): Ituri R., Nduye area, Mt. Tikokeba, Lisowski (BR); Obi, or Nzoro R., Gilbert 1101 (BR); Yangambi, Lusambila R. Plateau, Louis (B, BR, K, MO, P). KIVU: Bunyakiri, A. Leonard 4026 (WAG), BAS- ZAIRE: Kimuenza Terr., Ngili, Carrington 189 (BR), BANDUNDU: Nkaw, N of Lukenie, Jans 1073 (BR); Ipamu, Vanderijst (BR); Kasongolunda, Callens 4315 (BR, NY); Kiyaka-Kwango, Devred 2437 (BR); Panzi, Callens 2686 (NY), w KASAI: Hemptinne St. Benoit, Vanderijst (BR), E KASAI: Maniema Distr., between Katako Kombe and Looya, Lebrun 6183 (BR); Lusambo, Rossignol 135 (BR). UGANDA, U2: Anole, Kashoya-Kitomi Forest, Eggeling 3210 (K). U4: Kitubulu near Entebbe, Chandler 2493 (B, BR, EA, K, P); Misozi, Bagshawe 128 (BM). TANZANIA, T4: Kasakati Basin, 80 km S of Kigoma, Itani 49 (EA). 20^T(NY) CONGO: 81 km fr m N qui ' n thc r ad t0 Sa Salvador do Con g ' Brass & Woodward iq^!? 1^ 1 ^A, NZANIA ' Amani ' S S I m ^ ' ^ Peter Apdl 1898 (BM ' (B, WAG); S. AFRICA, Durban, Thorp 17 Dec. FI ' G ' K > L ' LE > P > WU > '> VlET-NAM, SaigOH, HIEP 587 (^SINGAPORE, Lennan 1371 (SING); INDONESIA, Bogor, Djoemadi 46 (K, L); U.S.A., 1TRZI ls^ 4i ( N Y ) ; JA r CA ' Sin " l0c " H «* June 1900 ^ CUBA Havana. Acuna y Koig PI (NY); ANTILLES, Poiret s.n. (P). Notes: the three varieties of SCHNELL (1950) are based on the size of the follicles and their apical knob. I do not consider the types of these varieties o be outside the range of variation of S. hispidus, and therefore they are reduced J into synonymy. Th!lT^at and f tch WCre described from f \ specimens cultivated in Togo. The de captions leave little doubt that they are identical to S. hispidus. as follows ^ Cl0Sdy rdated; thev are distinguished most easily lon^tid'ett? r 8le f ; outer se P^ ^ate, x as long as wide, much wider than the inner... S hisoidus as W l l ^ T T 1 *" *«/* < 180 : Uter ^ narrowly ovate," 4^4 x as long as wide, about as wide as the inner... S kombe than^h^ 90 Meded. Landbouwhogeschool Wageningen 82-4 (1982)

96 17. S. holosericeus K. Schum. & Gilg 1902: 157; Stapf 1902: 171; Gilg 1903: 39, pi. 1; Staner & Michotte 1934: 32 (as S. kombe) Fig. 22; Map 20 Type: Zaire, Mzimu Peninsula (Tanganika), Descamps 30 (BR, holotype). Liana, up to 9 m long, deciduous, flowers appearing before or with the leaves. Branches reddish, greybrown, or blackish, sparsely lenticellate; branchlets densely puberulous or short-pubescent. Leaves: petiole 1-5 mm long, with 2 outer and 6-14 inner axillary colleters; blade dark green above, silvery or yellowish beneath, ovate, x (in young leaves up to 2.5 x) as long as wide, in mature leaves 6-17 x 5-12 cm, rounded or subcordate at the base, acuminate at the apex (acumen 1-5 mm long), slightly undulate at the margin, papyraceous or chartaceous, puberulous above, especially on the midrib and secondary veins, tomentellous beneath; 8-11 pairs of straight or slightly curved secondary veins, the basal at right angles with the midrib, the apical at an angle of ca. 45 with the midrib; tertiary venation in older leaves conspicuous beneath. Inflorescence on long or short branches or axillary, (l-)2-9-f!owered (1-4 flowers open at a time), sessile or pedunculate, lax or congested, densely pubescent in all parts; peduncle - if present - up to 6 mm long; branches 5-25 mm long; pedicels 3-6 mm long; bracts ovate or elliptic, 6-10 x 2-4 mm, acute, sepal-like. Calyx: sepals subequal or with the outer slightly larger than the inner, ovate or narrowly elliptic, x as long as wide, x mm, acute; with altogether 5 colleters, concentrated on the inner sepals. Corolla: tube x as long as the calyx, white and turning pink via yellow on both sides, red-streaked and -spotted inside, mm long and widening at 60-80% of its length into a cup-shaped upper part, at the mouth mm wide, densely short-pubescent outside and glabrous inside; corona lobes red, Ungulate or subulate, x mm, obtuse at the tip, fleshy, glabrous; corolla lobes white, turning pink via yellow, on both sides, tails presumably yellow or red; lobes ovate, 6-10 x 6-9 mm, gradually or abruptly narrowing into the 1-2 mm wide pendulous tails; lobes including the tails mm long, puberulous or pubescent outside. Stamens 0-3 mm exserted;filamentsinserted at mm from the base of the tube, 4-5 mm long, straight, with an abaxial swelling, puberulous except for the apex which is pubescent, with 4-6 mm long puberulous ridges; anthers x mm, glabrous; tails mm long; acumen mm long. Pistil ovary x 2 mm, densely hispid with erect hairs; style mm long; clavuncula 2x2 mm; stigma minute. Fruit: follicles divergent at an angle of tapering towards a narrow apex and ending in a knob, cm long and cm in diameter; exocarp thick and hard, with a few or rather many small protuberances, puberulous or short-pubescent, rather densely lenticellate, lenticels rather elongate. Seeds: grain x 3-4mm densely pubescent; beak glabrous for mm and bearing a coma for mm; coma erect or spreading, mm long. Meded. Landbouwhogeschool Wageningen 82-4 (1982) 91

97 fection of nowerf totoienceu, K. Schum. & Gilg: 1. flowering branch, J x; 2. leaf, f x; 3. 7l18fl7 u' I'/ ^nef lliclerem0ved^ x;5.seed, x.(l. Bullock 3004; 2. Hodge A 118, 3. Letouzey Sept. 1950; 4. Hodge A 118; 5. Letouzey Sept.1950). 92 Meded. Landbouwhogeschool Wageningen 82-4 (1982)

98 MAP 20. Strophanthus holosericeus K. Schum. & Gilg Distribution: Southeast Zaire and North Zambia. Ecology: forest near waterfalls. Specimens examined: ZAMBIA: Kalambo Falls, Bullock 2854 (K), 3004 (K); ibid., Greenway 6199 (K), 8816 (FHO, K, PRE); ibid., Greenway & Brenan 8255 (FHO, K, NY); ibid., Hodge A 118 (NY); Kawambwa, Fanshawe 3867 (K), 3869 (K). ZAIRE, SHABA: Lumumbashi, Krukoff& Letouzey March 1949 (P, YA); ibid., Kasenga, Letouzey Sept (NY, YA); Luapula R. bank, near Johnston Falls, Lisowski (BR); Kasenga region, Tanganika village, Lisowski (BR); Mzimu Peninsula, Tanganika, Descamps 30 (BR; type). Notes: S. holosericeus is closely allied to both S. eminii and S. ledienii, and is morphologically intermediate between these two species. More material might very well show that S. holosericeus should be reduced to a variety of either of them. 18. S. hypoleucos Stapf 1914: 81; White 1962: 351. Type: Mozambique, Cabo Delgado: Mt. M'Kota, Stocks 148 (K, holotype; isotype:k). Fig. 23; Map 21 Shrub, 1-4 m high, rarely a liana; deciduous, the flowers appearing together with the leaves; latex white. Branches: bark purplish-brown or nearly black, sparsely lenticellate; branchlets reddish-brown, densely tomentellous. Leaves: petiole mm long, with 2 outer and 6-10 inner axillary colleters; blade orbicular, elliptic, ovate, or obovate, x as long as wide (in young leaves up to 3 x as long as wide), x 1.3-5(-8.5) cm, cuneate, rounded, or subcordate at the base, slightly emarginate, rounded, or acute at the apex (rarely with an acumen up to 3 mm long), sometimes slightly undulate at the margin, papyraceous or thinly coriaceous, densely short-pubescent or tomentellous above, especially on the midrib and veins, and tomentose beneath with whitish hairs; 4-8 pairs of secondary veins at an angle of with the midrib slightly curved; tertiary venation inconspicuous. Inflorescence on long or short branches or in the forks, 1-6-flowered (1 or rarely 2 flowers open at a time), pedunculate, congested and sometimes partly reduced, densely tomentellous in all parts peduncle l-9(-18) mm long, lenticellate; branches 6-45 mm long; pedicels 4-15 mm long; bracts elliptic or broadly obovate, 4-10(-16) x mm acute or emarginate, sepal-like. Calyx: sepals subequal, the outer wider than the inner, reddish-brown, elliptic, broadly elliptic, or obovate, x as long as wide, Meded. Landbouwhogeschool Wageningen 82-4 (1982) 93

99 S Sinn' t r " P} l T hu f h I POleUCOS Stapf: L flowerin g branches ' f X;'2. mature leaf, f x; 3. cross I M' 'A V ^ SeCti n 0f,fl0Wer < 2 x = 5 - follide I x; 6. seed, f x. (1. Barbosa W, 2-3. Nuvunga 496; 4. Barbosa 2545; 5-6. Hornby 2627). 94 Afeferf. Landbouwhogeschool Wageningen 82-4 (1982)

100 x 2-9 mm, acute, often slightly undulate at the margin, densely tomentellous; eglandulose or less often with 2 colleters per sepal. Corolla: tube x as long as the calyx, white and turning reddish via yellow on both sides, crimson-spotted and -streaked inside, mm long and widening at 45-66% of its length into a more or less shallowly cup-shaped upper part, at the mouth 7-14 mm wide, densely short-tomentellous or pubescent outside, glabrous inside; corona lobes yellow, crimson-spotted and -streaked, triangular, x mm, obtuse, fleshy, minutely papillose; corolla lobes white and turning yellow on both sides, tails pink or red; lobes ovate, 6-12 x mm, rather abruptly narrowing into the mm wide spreading or pendulous tails; lobes including the tails mm long, densely short-pubescent or tomentellous outside, glabrous inside. Stamens from 3 mm exserted to 0.4 mm included; filaments inserted at 8-12 mm from the base of the tube, straight, with an abaxial swelling near the apex as well as near the base, mm long, glabrous but for the inside apex which is pubescent, with mm long sparsely pubescent ridges; anthers x mm, glabrous; tails mm long; acumen mm long. Pistil: ovary x mm, densely pubescent; style mm long; clavuncula x mm; stigma minute. Fruit: follicles divergent at an angle of , tapering towards the apex and ending in a small knob, cm long and 2 cm in diameter; exocarp chocolate-brown, thick and hard, slightly sulcate, short-pubescent or glabrescent, sparsely or densely lenticellate. Seeds: grain x mm, densely pubescent; beak glabrous for mm and bearing a coma for mm; coma mm long MAP 21. Strophantus hypoleucos Stapf 30 35~ Distribution: southern Tanzania and northern M? a m b^" e - Ecology: on rocks and in crevices, in woodland; alt m. Flowering towards the end of the dry and the beguiling of the rainy season, mature fruits in the dry season... Local names: Maaku, Maco (Mozambique, Marrupa region) Specimens examined: 1C T iqs?rnyv Masasi TANZANIA, T8: Majehi Rocks, near Lukuledi Miss.on, Gntschneder li Jaa 952^NY)«, Meded. Landbouwhogeschool Wageningen 82-4 (1982) 95

101 17920 (BR, K, LISC, PRE); ibid., Eggeling 6388 (FHO, K). MOZAMBIQUE, NIASSA: Oekoewangoe, 16 km on Marrupa-Nungo Road, P. Jansen et al. 48 (WAG); Matiquite, 20 km on Marrupa-Mecula Road, Nuvunga 496 (WAG); Cuamba, Mts. Inhamuelos, Gomes e Sousa 1586(COI). CABODELGADO: Mt. M'Kota, Stocks 148 (K; type); Montepuez, Mendonca 897 (BM, LISC), 906 (BM, LISC); ibid., Torre 710 (COI, LISC). MOZAMBIQUE: Evati, Torre & Paha 9541 (LISC); Imala, Mocaburi Road, Torre 1049 (COI, LISC, PRE); between Imala and Muecate, Barbosa 2545 (BM, LISC, PRE); Ribaue, Gomes e Sousa 759 (K); ibid., Hornby 2627 (PRE); ibid., Mendonca 1243 (BM, LISC); ibid., Serra de Chinga, Torre & Correia (LISC); Ribaue, 102 km from Altomolocue, Torre & Correia (LISC); Nampula, Andrada 931 (LISU), 967 (LISU); ibid., Gerstner 7131 (PRE); ibid., km 23 on Meconta Road, Torre & Paiva 9914 (LISC); between Corrane & Nametil, Velgueiras 1 (PRE); between Liupo and Mogincual, Torre 1016b-2 (PRE); Nametil, Pedro & Pedrogao 4608 (EA); km 21 from Nametil on Iuluti Road, Torre & Correia (LISC). ZAMBEZIA: Mts. do He, Errego, Torre 5569 (BM, LISC); ibid., Torre & Correia (LISC), (LISC). Cultivated: INDONESIA, Bogor, Forman 558 (K). 19. S. kombe Oliver 1871: 79, pi. 1098: Christy 1887: 14; Blondel 1888a: 121, pi ; Fraser 1890: 955, pi. 3-7 (as S. hispidus); Franchet 1893b: 273; Planchon 1894: 49; Gilg 1902b: 553, fig. 1; Stapf 1902: 173; Gilg 1903: 36, pi. 3; Braun 1910: 260; Staner & Michotte 1934: 32; Codd 1951: 158; White 1962: 351; Codd 1963: 290; Verdcourt & Trump 1969: 148, fig. 10. Fig. 24, 25; Map 22 Type: Malawi, Manganja Hills, Meller Nov (K, holotype). Homotypic synonym: S. hispidus var. kombe (Oliver) Holmes 1890: 223. Sarmentose shrub, m high, or liana, m high, deciduous, flowers and leaves appearing at the same time; latex clear, white, or yellow. Roots thick and fleshy, moniliform. Trunk up to 10 cm in diameter, bark reddish-brown or grey-brown; branches dark brown, dark grey, or black, sulcate, scabrous by the remaining bases of the hairs, sparsely or densely lenticellate; branchlets brown, densely hispid. Leaves: petiole mm long, with 2 outer and 4-)8-12 inner axillary colleters; blade dark green, paler beneath, ovate or elliptic less often obovate or nearly orbicular, x as long as wide, in mature leaves x cm, cuneate, rounded, or subcordate at the base, obtuse, acute, or acuminate at the apex (acumen 1-11 mm long), papyraceous or chartaceous, sometimes bullate in older leaves, in young leaves densely hispid on both sides, in older leaves glabrescent above; 7-13 pairs of nearly straight secondary veins at an angle of with the midrib; tertiary venation conspicuous beneath translucent. Inflorescence on short branches or in the P/IH H? v, 1_?, fl WerS pen at a time )' Pedunculate, rather conmm on, T* >T M> & If^ Pedunde 2 ~ 14 <- 25 ) mm lon g' branches 3 ~ 30 To r?; P?,\ 14( ~ 20)mml0ng;bractslinear or narrow^obovate, 5-23 the LI d i '5tr i, -!. CUte L Sepal " like - Fl WerS fra 8 ranl Ca[ y x - se P als subec l ua1 ' S TZ t' 9 7 2?- 2, 7) x mm, acute, densely hispid; eglandulose or with 5 colleters in total. Corolla: tube (0.8-)l-l 7(-2 2) x as Ion!as the calvx mm long and widening at 45-66% of its length into a cup-shaped upper part, Meded. Landbouwhogeschool Wageningen 82-4 (1982)

102 FIG. 24. Strophanti kombe Oliver: 1.floweringbranches with young leaves, f x; 2 mature^leaf f x; 3. detail of lower leaf surface, x; 4. flower, 2 x; 5. sectionofflower 2 x6. stamens and apex of gynoecium, 8 x; 7. ova/y, 8 x; 8. follicle, * x; 9. deta.l ofexocarp 5 x 10 seed with detail of grain, f x. (1. Strid 2315; 2-3. Pienaar 212; 4. Chase 8056; 5-7. Danes 2222, Chase 8056). Meded. Landbouwhogeschool Wageningen 82-4 (1982) 97

103 at the mouth (6-)8-14 mm wide, densely hispidulous outside except for the base, sparsely hispidulous inside except for the base; corona lobes yellow- and pink-spotted, the pink turning purple, Ungulate, 1-3 x mm, rounded, fleshy, minutely puberulous or papillose; corolla lobes white and turning yellow, tails yellow; lobes ovate, 3-16 x mm, gradually or rather abruptly narrowing into the 1 mm wide pendulous tails; lobes including the tails (-200) mm long, puberulous except for the inner side of the tails. Stamens included for mm; filaments inserted at 7-12 mm from the base of the tube, curved, with a small abaxial swelling near the base, (-2) mm high, pubescent, with puberulous or pubescent ridges reaching the base of the tube; anthers x mm, glabrous; tails mm long; acumen mm long. Pistil: ovary x mm, densely hispid with long erect hairs, sometimes glabrous at the base; style mm long; clavuncula x mm; stigma minute. Fruit: follicles divergent at an angle of 180, long tapering toward the apex and ending in a small or large knob, rarely without knob and then with an obtuse tip, cm long and cm in diameter; exocarp thick and hard, sulcate, densely hispid or pubescent in young fruits and glabrescent when maturing, especially on the adaxial side densely lenticellate. Seedls: grain x x 1.5 mm, densely pubescent; beak glabrous for mm and bearing a coma for mm; coma mm long. Seedling sap clear; primary root swollen; cotyledons elliptic, rounded, glabrous; first leaves elliptic, acuminate, hispid., MAP 22. Strophanthus kombe Oliver Distribution: East and Southern-Central Africa. i A C0 A nf : m pane woodland > gallery forest or thickets, often on inselbergs; alt m. Flo wering towards the end of the dry and the beginning of the rainy season; mature fruits in the dry season. 98 Meded. Landbouwhogeschool Wageningen 82-4 (1982)

104 FIG. 25. Strophanthus kombe Oliver: 1. fruit, one follicle removed, - x; 2. longitudinal section of seed grain showing embryo, 4 x; 3. seedling, x. (1-2. Gerstner 6630; 3. Monachino 5 Oct. 1951). Meded. Landbouwhogeschool Wageningen 82-4 (1982) 99

105 Local names: Ulembe/Mulembe/Bulembe (Zambia: widespread and generic name); kombe (Malawi, widespread name). Local uses: the seeds and roots were (or are) used for arrow-poison in the major part of the distribution area. Seeds exported to Europe and the U.S.A. for the extraction of strophanthine. A selection of the ca. 125 examined specimens: KENYA: Jumbini, Swynnerton K51 (EA); Giriama, Sacleux 2132 (P); Muhaka Forest, Gillett (BR, K). TANZANIA, T3: Moa Distr., Mtotohovu, Greenway 8704 (K, MO, PRE); Makumba Forest to Korogwe, Peter (B); Kijango-Mashewa, Peter (K, WAG); Segoma Forest, Faulkner fjx m K); Smdeni Hl11 ' BraSS & Woodward2^^ (K, NY). T6: Liwale, near Djurmnye, Busse 563 (BM, G, HBG, K, L); Pande For. Res., Harris c.s (EA); Maneromanga, Goetze 24 (K). T8: Selous Game Res., Vollesen MRC 4246 (WAG); Kilwa Distr., Kikande, Braun 10 April 1912 L } irs. - U f ama ' 4 km W f Lbdi Schlieben ' 561 ( B > BM, BR, G, HBG, L, M, MO, P, PRE,,Inlns ' GiUman H7/42 (K); Lupaso ' Z sn - ( NY )5 Yao Fore^ Bishop Steere March lo /o (K). ZAMBIA: 3 km W of Kateti and Luangwa Rs. confluence, Mpika, Mitchell 2837 (K); Mpika Distr., near Mfuwe, Astle 5121 (K, SRGH); Petauke, Burroughs Wellcombe & Co 1 (K); Luangwa Valley near Ben Bndge, Trapnell 1859 (BR, K); Bombwe, Martin 335 (EA, FHO, K); Gwembe Distr., Chete Gorge,Bainbridge 193/55 (FHO, SRGH); Knife Edge near Livingstone, Rogers (BOL). IQTATW I' Kfrk Jan (K); Liwonde Nat ' Park ' Namitembo thicket, Dudley 20 Aug. 243 (FHO) 6?ark ' "- Martin i m ^ SRGH >; Mlan J e. Sambani Forest, Townsend MOZAMBIQUE, CABO DELGADO: between Negomano and Chomba, Gomes e Sousa 4515 (COI, K, il w ^ ' G mes e S USa 4843 (SRGH) - TETE: Cabora Bassa > r ad Songa-Dam, Correia c.s.3645 (WAG); Boruma, on Mt. Kandulire, Menyhart 1068 (US, WU, Z); between Changara and Mungan, Torre 6088 (BM, LISC, PRE), ZAMBEZIA: Mt. Morrumbala, Luja Nov (BR); S^ w ^?T ' T rre 36?5 (BM> LISC )' ""«<* E S0FA ": Jambara, N of Chemba, mna 21 (LISC, SRGH); Caca Nat. Park, Gorongosa, Torre & Paiva 9044 (LISC); Mucheve For. Res., Carmlho 662 (K^INHAMBANE: 10 km N of Mavume, Gomes e Sousa 2168 (K, LISC, PRE); / Z Z H 'A T" Cha " lusca and Me J jn g e ' Torre 7860a (LISC). MAPUTO: Porto Henrique on Zululand border, Gerstner 6630 (BOL, PRE). ^C^Tu UrUDg r DiS^' near confluence of San yati and Chiroti Rs., Phipps 789 (B, K, PRE, Lovemo^ R SSi «g, We <r Ka "y an S we ' 492 (BR, K, PRE, SRGH); 3 km W of Lukozi R. bndge m Bulawayo-Victona Falls road, Raymond 191 (B, BR E K PRE SRGHV Copper SRG^M^ SRCm S o Z'' T ' R ' HOt SpringS ' Chase 1480 < BM ' BR > COI, LISC, NY, SRGH), Ndanga Distr., Chipmda Pools, McGregor 82/51 (FHO MO NY PRF SRfim NAM.BIA: Capnvi Strip, Singalamwe, Sibinda, P, W & Vahrmeye^l Palf } ' 5338^). ICA: KrU86r Nat ' Park PUnda ' Maria ' C dd 597 (K ' PRE * ibid > Dzunwini Cultivated: U.S.A., New York: Monachino 5 Oct (NY). HiU, CoM hissd^ltr^f 8 d. Sely f i6d t0 S - hispidus > and collections of densely mal S SI" TT r ^ AfriCa WCre for some time conside^d to be nor- Thispidus SPeCleS Can bc distin g ui^ed by the key given under 100 Meded. Landbouwhogeschool Wageningen 82-4 (1982)

106 20. S. ledienii Stein 1887: 145, pi. 1241; Pax 1892: 368; Franchet 1893b: 270; Stapfl902: 171; Gilg 1903: 34. Type: Zaire, Bas-Zai're: Vivi on Zaire R. bank, Ledien Sept (holotype, destroyed at B); Neotype: Zaire, Bas-Zai're; 1 km N of ferry crossing in the Matadi-Boma Road, Hess 1 Nov (Z, neotype). Fig. 26; Map 23 Homotypic synonym: S. kombe var. ledienii (Stein) Staner & Michotte 1934: 34, syn. nov. Sarmentose shrub or liana, 3-4 m high, deciduous, flowers appearing before or with the leaves; latex white. Branches dark purplish-brown, sparsely lenticellate; branchlets light reddish-brown, densely pubescent or tomentose. Leaves: petiole mm, with 2 outer and 8-10 inner axillary colleters; blade dark green above, pale yellow beneath, ovate or obovate, x as long as wide, 2-16 x 1-9 cm, rounded or subcordate at the base, obtuse or acuminate at the apex (acumen mm long), papyraceous or thinly coriaceous, pubescent above and tomentose beneath; 7-12 pairs of straight or slightly curved secondary veins at an angle of 45 with the midrib; tertiary venation inconspicuous, or rarely conspicuous. Inflorescence on long or short branches or in the forks, 1-20-flowered (1-3 flowers open at a time), sessile or pedunculate, congested, densely pubescent in all parts; peduncle - if present mm long; branches 2-35 mm long; pedicels 3-15 mm long; bracts elliptic or obovate, 5-16 x mm, acute, sepal-like. Calyx: sepals unequal, the outer ones ovate and x as long as wide, the inner narrowly elliptic and 6-10 x as long as wide, 9-19(-24) x mm, acute, densely pubescent; with 0-2 colleters per sepal. Corolla: tube x as long as the calyx, pink-suffused white and turning yellow outside, yellow inside, mm long and widening at 60-65% of its length into a cup-shaped upper part, at the mouth mm wide, densely pubescent outside, glabrous inside except for some hairs near the mouth; corona lobes dark pink or purple, Ungulate, 2-3.2(-4.7) x mm, obtuse, fleshy, glabrous; corolla lobes pink-suffused white and turning yellow on both sides; lobes ovate, x 5-10 mm, abruptly narrowing into the mm wide pendulous tails; lobes including the tails (-200) mm long pubescent outside, glabrous inside. Stamens 0-2 mm exserted; filaments inserted at mm from the base of the tube, straight, with an abaxial swelling, mm long, glabrous except for the apex inside, which is pubescent, with 6-7 mm long puberulous ridges; anthers 5-6 x mm, glabrous or rarely with some pubescence near the apex; tails mm long; acumen mmjong. Pistu. ovary x mm, densely hispid with long erect hairs;style, mm long; clavuncula 2 x mm; stigma minute. Fruit: follicles d.vergent at an angle of , long-tapering towards the apex and end.ng in a minute, inwards curved knob, cm long and 2 cm in diameter; *^ *» dark, or purplish-brown, thick and hard, sulcate, with sparse gla^ I"*"*" ances, pubescent in young fruits and glabrescent m older fruits, den ely^lentice late; lenticels elongate. Seeds: grain x mm, densely long-pubes- Meded. Landbouwhogeschool Wageningen 82-4 (1982)

107 102 Meded. Landbouwhogeschool Wageningen 82-4 (1982)

108 cent; beak glabrous for mm and bearing a coma for mm; coma mm long. MAP 23. Strophanthus ledienii Stein Distribution: Western Zaire and northern Angola. Ecology: gallery or riverine forest. Specimens examined: ZAIRE, BAS-ZAIRE: 1 km N of Matadi-Boma ferry, Brass & Woodward (K, NY); ibid., Hess 1 Nov (Z, type); ibid., Hess & Speiser 2 Nov (ZT); Leopold Ravine near Matadi, Dacremont 296 (B, BR, K, MO, NY, S). ANGOLA, LUANDA: Viana, Bengo R. Valley, Brito Teixeira (LISC). CUANZA NORTE: R. Zenza Cataracts near Castende, Gossweiler 8414 (BM, K); Cazengo, N'Dalatando, Granja St. Luiz, Gossweiler 5946 (BM, LISU, LISJC); ibid., Muembeje R. near Chibera Rock, da Silva 2459 (LISC). Notes: The plate with the original description is incorrect as for the insertion of the leaves, the branching of the inflorescence, and the shape of the calyx. The roots of cultivated plants grown from seed of the holotype, were thick, fleshy, and moniliform, with many small tuberous growths on the secondary roots (teste STEIN). S. ledienii is closely allied to S. eminii and S. holosericeus, and quite distinct from S. kombe, of which it formerly was a variety. FIG. 26. Strophanthus ledienii Stein: 1. flowering branch, f x; 2. leaf, x;3. section of nower, 2 x; 4. adaxial side of stamen, 4 x; 5. ovary, 6 x; 6. fruit, one follicle removed and a section removed from the other,} x; 7. seed, f x. (1. Hess & Speiser 2 Nov. 1950; 2. Brito Teixeira 10236; 3-5. Gossweiler 5946; 6-7. Brass & Woodward20929). Meded. Landbouwhogeschool Wageningen 82-4 (1982) 103

109 S'of 7 stsef 7t US lt l : S Cofl-?" ** Ranches,! x; 2. section offlower,2 x; 3. abaxial wit^?^ ^""^*-*-' 5 -"** X - (1 - W^d3502;2-3. Tinley 104 Meded. Landbouwhogeschool Wageningen 82-4 (1982)

110 21. S. luteolus Codd 1961: 454; 1963: 291; 1969: pi Fig. 27; Map 24 Type: S. Africa, Transvaal, Soutpansberg at Wyllie's Poort, Hardy & Wells 359 (PRE, holotype; isotypes BM, K, M, NY, PRE, S). Liana, 2-6 m high; deciduous, flowers and leaves appearing at the same time; latex white or yellow. Roots semi-tuberous, main root up to 1.25 cm in diameter. Trunk up to 1.25 cm in diameter; branches reddish-brown, sparsely to rather densely lenticellate; branchlets puberulous. Leaves: petiole 1-5 mm long, with 2 outer and 2-4 inner axillary colleters; blade elliptic, obavate, or rarely ovate, 1.4-3(-4.6) x as long as wide, x cm, cuneate at the base, rounded, mucronate, acute, or acuminate at the apex (acumen 1 3( 7) mm long), slightly undulate at the margin, membranaceous or papyraceous, glabrous or sparsely to densely puberulous; 4-6(-8) pairs of slightly curved secondary veins at an angle of with the midrib; tertiary venation conspicuous beneath. Inflorescence on long or short branches or in the forks, l(-6)-flowered, sessile or pedunculate, rather congested if branched, puberulous in all parts; peduncle - if present - l-6(-19) mm long, lenticellate; branches - if presentl-22(-30) mm long; pedicels 3-13 mm long; bracts elliptic or narrowly obovate, 4-14 x 1-3 mm, acute or rarely obtuse, sparsely puberulous, sepal-like. Calyx: sepals subequal, the outer ones longer and wider than the inner, elliptic or narrowly ovate, 4-10 x as long as wide, x 1-4 mm, acute, puberulous; eglandulose. Corolla: tube l-2(-2.5) x as long as the calyx, yellow and pinkstreaked outside, white and turning pink inside, mm long and widening at 50-66% of its length into a cup-shaped upper part, at the mouth 6-12 mm wide, puberulous on both sides except for the base inside; corona lobes dark pink or purple, lingulate or subulate, x 1-2 mm, obtuse at the tip, fleshy, minutely papillose or minutely puberulous; corolla lobes white and turning yellow on both sides, pink- or purple-streaked and -spotted inside; lobes ovate, 4-8 x mm, abruptly narrowing into the 1 mm wide pendulous tails; lobes including the tails mm long, puberulous on both sides except for the apex. Stamens included for mm; filaments inserted at mm from the base of the tube, curved, mm high, puberulous or pubescent, with at least 2.2 mm long ridges which may reach the base; anthers x mm, glabrous, except for a small pubescent patch around the filament; tails mm long; acumen mm long. Pistil: ovary x mm, pubescent in the upper part or all over with erect hairs; style mm long; clavuncula x 0.8 x 1.2 mm; stigma minute. Fruit: follicles divergent at an angle of , long-tapering towards the apex and ending in a small knob, cm long and cm in diameter; exocarp brown, rather thick and hard, slightly sulcate, densely pubescent in young fruits and glabrescent in older fruits, densely lenticellate. Seeds: grain x 2-3 mm, densely short-pubescent; beak glabrous for mm and bearing a coma for mm; coma mm long. Meded. Landbouwhogeschool Wageningen 82-4 (1982) 105

111 MAP 24. Strophanthus luteolus Codd Distribution: southern Mozambique, North-East S. Africa. Ecology: low coastal forest on sand-dunes; alt m. 3 times collected on the densely wooded slopes of the Soutpansberg, alt m. Flowering towards the end of the dry and the beginning of the rainy season; mature fruits probably in the dry season. Specimens examined: MOZAMBIQUE, MAPUTO: 32 km W of Maputo, Leach Aug 1964 (PRE); 3 km S of Bela Vista, turnoff on Catuane Road, Leach & Bayliss (K, SRGH, Z); km 5, Porto Henrique-Bela Vista Road, P. 3onsen et al. 4/1981 (WAG); km 25, Boane-Porte Henrique Road, de Carvalho 659 (K); sin. loc, Maputoland Expedition 11 (LISC, PRE). S. AFRICA, TRANSVAAL: Soutpansberg, Great Saltpan, Hardy 350 (PRE); Soutpansberg, Wyllie's Poort, Hardy & Wells 359 (BM, K, M, NY, PRE, S; type); ibid., Hardy 399 (B, BR, FHO, K, M, NY, PRE), NATAL: Bela Vista, Ndumu, Strey & Moll 3759 (NH, PRE); Ndumu Game Res., Oatley 56 (PRE); ibid., Tinley 499 (K, PRE); 3 km S of Ndumu Police Stn., Stephen 708 (PRE), 750 (PRE), 755 (PRE); Ndumu Game Res., near Pongoal R., Ross 1951 (K, NH, PRE); km 26, Ndumu-Ingwavuma Road, Moll4155 (NH); Ubombo, 20 km E of Jozini-Maputa, Moll 5649 (PRE); Bella Vista, Makane, Strey (NH, PRE); 5 km W of Shongwe on Ubombo Road, Ward 3502 (K, NH, NY, PRE); km 27, Jozini-Mbazwane Road, Vahrmeyer 1025 (PRE); Ubombo Distr., Mkuzi Game Res., Ward3574 (K, PRE); uncertain localities: Hluzi-Maputa, Bell-Masley Dec (NH); N Zululand, Ulukondo, Nelumu Hill, Pooley 27 (E, NH). Notes: the illustration in CODD (1969) is insofar incorrect, that the acumen of the anther is figured as being pubescent, while in fact it is glabrous. The fruit of Jansen et al. 4/1981 has follicles that are syncarpous at their apex; this is the only fruit of all fruits observed in this genus showing this peculiarity. 22. S. mirabilis Gilg 1902a: 32; Stapf 1902: 186; Gilg 1903: 27, pi. 6. Fig. 28; Map 25 Type: Kenya, Kl: Gave Libin near Wonte, Ellenbeck 2205 (holotype destroyed in B; lectotype: K). Shrub, 1-3 m high, densely branched, occasionally with lianescent branches up to 4.50 m high, deciduous, flowers appearing before or with the leaves; latex amber. Branches dark brown or dark grey-brown, sparsely or rather densely lenticellate; branchlets densely puberulous. Leaves subsessile or with a petiole up to 2(-3) mm long, with 2 outer and 0-2(-5) inner axillary colleters; blade 1"" Meded. Landbouwhogeschool Wageningen 82-4 (1982)

112 FIG. 28. Strophanthus mirabilis Gilg: 1.flowering branches, x; 2. section of flower, 4 x; 3. fruit, ; 4. seed, f x. (1. G///<?W 75i22; 2. GmTway & Kanuri 12871; 3. 5a//y 16666; 4. Grmw<7j> < A^wwn 12871). Meded. Landbouwhogeschool Wageningen 82-4 (1982) 107

113 dark or yellow-green above, paler beneath, narrowly elliptic, 2-6 x as long as wide, x 0.3 1( 1.4) cm, cuneate at the base or decurrent into the petiole, rounded or obtuse at the apex, undulate and often slightly recurved at the margin, thinly coriaceous, nearly glabrous or hispidulous on the midrib and margins; secondary veins inconspicuous, in 3-5 pairs at an angle of 45 with the midrib and slightly curved; tertiary venation not visible. Inflorescence on long or short branches or on short-shoots, l(-3)-flowered, densely puberulous in all parts; pedicels mm long; bracts narrowly ovate or linear, 2-6(-9) x mm, mucronate, sepal-like. Calyx: sepals erect or spreading, subequal, the outer slightly shorter and wider than the inner, greenish-purple or brown-red, elliptic or narrowly obovate, 4-6 x as long as wide, 6-15 x 1-3 mm, mucronate, minutely puberulous or hirtellous, ciliate with larger hairs; eglandulose. Corolla: tube x as long as the calyx, white and suffused with pink, turning yellow on both sides, mm long and widening at 54-80% of its length into a cup-shaped upper part, at the mouth 6-11 mm wide, hirtellous or puberulous on both sides; corona lobes spreading, yellow and redor chocolate-brown-streaked, subulate, x 0.5 mm, obtuse or apiculate at the tip, fleshy, minutely papillose or minutely puberulous; corolla lobes white and turning pale yellow on both sides, tails orange and turning red outside, yellow and turning orange inside; lobes ovate, 4-8 x mm, narrowing into the mm wide pendulous tails; lobes including the tails mm long, glabrous, hirtellous, or minutely puberulous and ciliate. Stamens mm exserted; filaments inserted at 4-6 mm from the base of the tube, slightly curved, with an abaxial swelling, mm long, glabrous or puberulous, with 2.8-4(-6) mm long puberulous ridges; anthers 3-4 x mm, glabrous; tails mm long; acumen mm long. Pistil: ovary x mm, densely long-pubescent; style mm long; clavuncula x mm; stigma minute. Fruit: follicles divergent at an angle of , longtapering towards the apex and ending in a small or minute knob, cm long and cm in diameter; exocarp brown, red-brown, or purplish-brown, rather thick and hard, sulcate, glabrous, (very) densely lenticellate. Seeds: grain x x mm, densely pubescent; beak glabrous for mm and bearing a coma for mm long; coma mm long. MAP 25. Strophantus mirabilis Gilg Distribution: Kenya and Somalia. 108 Meded. Landbouwhogeschool Wageningen 82-4 (1982)

114 Ecology: Acacia-Commiphora steppe; alt m. Flowers and mature fruits have been found throughout the year. Local names: Goyo gashajgoior Gusho (Somali). Specimens examined: SOMALIA: 48 km S of Ghelinsov, Hemming 1430 (EA); 6 km E of Belet Uen Fer along road to Motabass Galkayn, Bally B 9561 (G, K); km 10, Bulo Burti-Ceel Buur Road, Elmi & Hansen 4021 (WAG); 10 km N of Bulo Burti, Roffey JR 60041/7 (EA); Juba R. right bank, Jubaland, Paoli 493 (FI); between Dorianle and Oneiatta, Paoli 898 (FI); between Goriei and el Magu, Paoli 627 (FI); Merka, Brichetti 316 or 66 (FI); Belesc Cogani, Hemming 410 (FI, K); Baddana, Senni 267 (FI). KENYA, Kl: Gave Libin near Wonte, Ellenbeck 2205 (K; type); Sala area, Hucks 939 (EA); 80 km SW of Mandera on El Wak Road, Gillett (B, BR, FI, G, K, LISC, P, PRE, S, W, Z); 19 km S of El Wak on Wajir Road, Gilbert & Thulin 1642 (UPS, WAG); 40 km N of Wajir on Tarbaj Road, Gillett (EA); Wajir, Kirrika 65 (K); ibid., Hemming 466 (FI, K); 56 km N of Habaswein, Bally B 9063 (G); 22 km S of Mado Gashi on Garissa road, Gillett & Newbould (BR, K); Dadaab Police Post, Gillett (EA); 23 km W of Garissa, Bally & Smith B (C, K, WAG). K7: Garissa, Hemming 1313 (PRE); 48 km S of Garissa, Bally 2027 (K); 20 km S of Garsen on Ngao road, Adams 89 (BR, K); 40 km S of Garsen on Malindi road, Greenway 9496 (FI, K, PRE); 80 km E of Bura, Oxtoby (EA); 8 km S of Bura on Garissa-Garsen road, Faden & Faden 74/1018 (MO, PRE, UPS, WAG); Hola, Ritchie 1422 (K); ibid., Robertson 1765 (K, MO); 13 km N of Galole, Gillett (FI, K, WAG): Galole, Makin EA (EA); Galana Ranch, Bally (EA); ibid., Masheti & Mumiukha 23 (EA); Dakadima Hill, Bally (EA, K); ibid., Parker GM 333/S (K), 334/S (EA); Lali Hills, Adamson 15 (EA); ibid., King 16 (EA); ibid., Williams s.n. (BR, K, PRE); Tsavo Nat. Park East, Greenway 9825 (FI, K, PRE); ibid., 2 km on Galana Ranch-Voi Road, Agnew c.s (EA); ibid., Schenhel 79 (EA); 13 km E of Sala Hill, Lavranos (PRE); km 48, Voi Gate-Lugard Falls Road, Greenway & Kanuri (FI, K, PRE); Buchuma Road, Hucks 827 (EA); Muanga, Parsons 11 (EA); MacKinnon Road, Archer 592 (EA); ibid., Graham 1579 (K, FHO); ibid., Greenway (FI, K, PRE); ibid., Venour Sept (EA), Oct (K, NY), 21 Nov (EA), 10 Feb (EA); Voi Distr., Bachuma Range Res. Stn., hens 2314 (EA); unknown locality: Lebugombisso, Adamson 113 (EA, K). Notes: the branching of 5*. mirabilis as well as the short-shoots seem characteristic for this species. 23. S. mortehanii De Wild. 1915: 102; 1920: 23; Staner & Michotte 1934: 36 (as mortehani). Fig. 29; Map 26 Type: Zaire, Equateur: Dundusana, Mortehan 719 (BR, lectotype; isotypes: BR, NY). Liana, 4-20 m long, presumably evergreen; latex clear or white. Trunk up to 10 cm in diameter; branches dark brown, sparsely lenticellate, branchlets densely tomentose. Leaves: petiole 2-8 mm long, with 2 outer and 3-9 inner axillary colleters; blade dark green above, whitish or rarely green beneath, ovate, elliptic, or rarely obovate, x as long as wide, 4-16 x cm, cuneate, rounded, or subcordate at the base; rounded or acuminate at the apex (acumen up to 15 mm long), slightly undulate at the margin, papyraceous, sparsely pubescent above, tomentose or rarely densely pubescent beneath; 7-11 pairs of slightly curved secondary veins at an angle of with the midrib; tertiary venation conspicuous above. Inflorescence on short branches or in the forks, 1-16-flow- Meded. Landbouwhogeschool Wageningen 82-4 (1982) 109

115 255). 110 P Iomcle» 3 x (1- Breteler 2068; 2-3. Gerard 5403; 4. A>w&<# iw«fe</. Landbouwhogeschool Wageningen 82-4 (1982)

116 ered (1-7 flowers open at a time), sessile or pedunculate, rather congested, densely pubescent or tomentose in all parts; peduncle - if present - up to 10(-40) mm long; branches 2-25 mm long; pedicels 3-18 mm long; bracts deciduous, ovate or narrowly elliptic, 5-19 x mm, acute, tomentose, sepal-like. Calyx: sepals subequal, the outer longer and wider than the inner, green and with a purple base, ovate or narrowly ovate, x as long as wide, 8-18 x 1-7 mm, acute, tomentose; eglandulose or with 2 minute colleters per sepal. Corolla: tube x as long as the calyx, reddish-purple outside, creamy and purplestreaked inside, mm long and widening at 26-36% of its length into a cylindrical upper part, at the mouth mm wide, puberulous on both sides except for the base; corona lobes presumably red or purple, subulate, 2-4 x mm, obtuse at the tip, fleshy, minutely papillose; corolla lobes purple-red outside, white inside, tails yellow; lobes ovate, 5-10 x mm, gradually narrowing into the mm wide spreading or pendulous tails; lobes including the tails mm long, puberulous on both sides except for the apex. Stamens included for mm; filaments inserted at 5-6 mm from the base of the tube, curved, mm high, pubescent inside, with mm long ridges; anthers x mm, glabrous; tails mm long; acumen mm long. Pistil: ovary 1-2 x mm, densely hispid with long erect hairs; style 5-7 mm long; clavuncula mm high; stigma mm long. Fruit: divergence of follicles unknown, follicles tapering towards the apex and ending in a large knob, cm long; exocarp dark brown or purple-brown, rather thick and hard, sulcate, glabrous, densely lenticellate; lenticels more or less elongate. Seeds: grain 11x3 mm, densely pubescent; other parts unknown. MAP 26. Strophantus mortehanii De Wild. Distribution: Cameroun to Zaire. Ecology: swamp forest and river banks; alt m. Flowering specimens were collected in Zaire in most months except for the period July-September. Specimens examined: CAMEROUN: 40 km SSE of Betare Oya, Satabie 541 (WAG); 3 km N of Nguelemendouka, Breteler 2068 (BR, K,LISC, M, P, WAG, YA); km 54, Abong Mbang-Lomie Road, Lowe 3138 (K, YA); Bitye, Bates 1230 (BM), 1750 (K, P). EQUATORIAL GUINEA, RIO MUNI: sin. loc, Tessmann 852 (K). GABON: Woleu Ntem, Medoumou, Le Testu 9098 (BM, LISC, P); Ehong, 27 km NNW of Bitam, Meded. Landbouwhogeschool Wageningen 82-4 (1982) 111

117 FIG. 30. Strophanthus nicholsonii Holmes: 1.flowering branches, x; 2. leafy branch, f x; 3. section of flower, 2 x; 4. adaxial side of stamen, 6 x; 5. open follicle, f x; 6. seed, f x. (1. van Rensburg 2533; 2. Mitchell 25/86; 3-4. Pawek7406;5. I ild4266a;6. Pawek7406). 112 Meded. Landbouwhogeschool Wageningen 82-4 (1982)

118 Brass & Woodward (NY); Acam, Le Testu 9422 (BM); Oyem, Le Testu 9078 (BM, P). ZAIRE, EQUATEUR: km 7, Yandonge-Dundusana Road, Katz & Speiser PI 9 (NY); Dundusana, Mortehan 719 (BR, NY; type); km 20, Lisala-Madjamboli Road, Katz P16 (K); Eala, Starrer 1495 (A, BR, K, P); Befale, Evrard 3650 (BR, K); Nkembe, Hulstaert 1193 (BR), HAUTE ZAIRE: Bambesa, Gerard 5403 (BR); Mobwasa, de Giorgi 851 (BR; paratype); confluence of Ekekeli and Basoko Rs., Evrard 3507 (BR, K); W of Basoko, Longa R. basin, Germain 4751 (BR, M); Ngazi, Lotembo R. bank, Louis 7611 (BR, K); Yangolo, 20 km W of Yangambi, Louis (BR), (BR, K); Isangi Terr., Lilanda, Toussaint 843 (BR, K), 844 (BR, K, M), 845 (BR, K); ibid., Brass & Woodward (NY); Lake Yandya, Germain 7226 (BR, P); Yakusu, Louis 8521 (BR, K); 20 km N of Kisangani, Bokdam & de Wit 3317 (WAG), BANDUNDU: Goa, Vanderijst (BR). Sin. loc: Krukoff 232 (NY), 234 (NY), 235 (NY). 24. S. nicholsonii Holmes 1897: 209; Stapf 1902: 172; Gilg 1903: 39, pi. 1; White 1962: 352. Fig. 30; Map 27 Type: Zambia, between Lusengasia and upper Luangwa Rs., Nicholson s.n. (PHA, holotype, not seen; isotypes: P, PRE). Shrub, ,50 m high, densely branched, sometimes lianescent and up to 6 m high, deciduous; flowers appearing before or with the leaves; latex clear or orange. Branches grey-brown or dark purplish-brown, sparsely lenticellate; branchlets light brown, densely puberulous. Leaves; petiole 1 2( 3) mm long, with 2 outer and 4-10 inner axillary colleters; blade medium to dark green above, pale yellowish-green beneath, obovate, rarely almost orbicular, x as long as wide, x cm, rounded or cuneate at the base, rounded or acute at the apex, slightly undulate at the margin, papyraceous, densely puberulous above, shortly tomentose beneath; 4-9 pairs of straight secondary veins at an angle of with the midrib; tertiary venation inconspicuous. Inflorescence on short branches or in the forks, 1-5(-l 0)-flowered (1-2(- 5) flowers open at a time), sessile or pedunculate, densely puberulous in all parts; peduncle - if present - up to 6 mm long; branches 1-10 mm long; pedicels 2-7 mm long; bracts reddish-brown, narrowly elliptic or obovate, 2-5 x 1-2 mm, acute, sepallike. Flowers fragrant. Calyx: sepals subequal, the outer shorter and wider than the inner, reddish- or pinkish-brown, linear or narrowly ovate, x as long as wide, x mm, acute, densely puberulous; eglandulose. Corolla: tube x as long as the calyx, white and turning reddish outside, white and red-spotted inside, mm long and widening at 55-73% of its length into an infundibuliform upper part, at the mouth 5-14 mm wide, puberulous outside and puberulous or glabrous inside; corona lobes red, Ungulate, x mm, rounded, glabrous or minutely papillose; corolla lobes pink and turning yellow on both sides, with a dark pink stripe on the right side outside, tails pink-suffused yellow and turning dark pink; lobes ovate, 4-15 x mm, narrowing into the 1 mm wide pendulous tails; lobes including the tails mm long, puberulous outside and glabrous or puberulous inside. Stamens from 1 mm exserted to 2.1 mm included; filaments inserted at 6-9 mm from the base of the tube, straight, with an abaxial swelling, mm long, Meded. Landbouwhogeschool Wageningen 82-4 (1982) 113

119 puberulous near the base and pubescent near the apex inside, with mm long puberulous ridges; anthers x mm, glabrous; tails mm long; acumen mm long. Pistil: ovary x mm, densely pubescent; style 6-10 mm long; clavuncula x mm; stigma minute. Fruit: divergence of follicles unknown, long-tapering towards the narrow apex and ending in a small knob or an obtuse tip, cm long and cm in diameter; exocarp dark brown or purplish-brown, thick and hard, sulcate, pubescent in young fruits and later glabrescent, rather densely lenticellate; lenticels elongate. Seeds: grain x 3-5 x mm, densely pubescent or lanate; beak glabrous for mm and bearing a coma for mm; coma mm long. MAP 27. Strophanthus nicholsonii Holmes Distribution: Malawi to Zimbabwe. Ecology: mopane woodland; alt m. Flowering at the end of the dry and the beginning of the rainy season; mature fruits in the dry season. Local names: Bulembe (Zambia: Ambo language, also used for S. kombe). Specimens examined: MALAWI: Mzimba Distr., above Lake Kazuni, Pawek 7406 (MO, PRE, UC, WAG); Lukoma Isl., Bellingham Aug (BM); Blantyre Distr., Lisungwe, Topham 1803 (MO, NY); Shire Highlands, EMH s.n. (BM); N of Shire R., Townsend 267 (FHO); Chirono Distr., between Dande and Jangayi Rs., 16 km S of Ngaba Road, Usher Oct (NY). ZAMBIA: Luangwa Valley N, Mpika Distr., Astle 5134 (SRGH); 27 km N of Jumbwe, Robson 53 (BM, BR, K, LISC, PRE, SRGH); Jumbwe, Mutimushi 1644 (K); Chipata Distr., Lupande R., Grout 168 (FHO); Chipata Distr., Mkharia, Astle 5373 (K, SRGH); Petauke Distr., between Muwenje's and Mwape's villages, Trapnell AH 9874 (EA); Luangwa Valley near Lusembwe R., Trapnell 1860 (K); Petauke, Burroughs Wellcome & Co. 1 (K, partly, the rest is S. kombe); Luangwa R., latitude 14 30', Nicholson s.n. (P, PRE; type); Katondwe, Fanshawe 9839 (K); Namwala, along Muchila Road, Lawton 1140 (FHO); Mazabuka, Trapnell CRS 443 (BR, K, PRE); between Kafue and Mazabuka, Pole Evans 3069 (NY, PRE); Namwala, Astle 1662 (SRGH); ibid., near Baambwe, van Rensburg 2533 (K, SRGH); ibid., Martin 338/32 (FHO, K); Machili, Fanshawe 6028 (K); Kafue Nat. Park, Nakahoka, 13 km N of Ndundumwense Hill, Mitchell 25/77 (FHO, K, LISC, SRGH), 25/86 (FHO, K, LISC, SRGH); Gwembe, Bainbridge 171/55 (FHO, K, SRGH). MOZAMBIQUE, TETE: Zambesi R., 60 km W of Msasa, Chase 10 Jan (MO, NY); between Cafucue and Sanangoe Rs\,.Macedo 5382 (LISC). ZIMBABWE: Urungwe Distr., Gache-gache Triangle, Wild 4226a (B, BR, FI, K, MO, PRE, S, 1J4 Meded. Landbouwhogeschool Wageningen*82-4 (1982)

120 SRGH); ibid., Phipps 818 (BR, K, PRE, SRGH); Urungwe Distr., Nyanyanya R., Mullin 72/56 (SRGH); Urungwe Distr., Chuivore R., West 4536 (K, SRGH); Sebungwe Distr., 16 km N of Binga, Phipps 1377 (BR, K, PRE); Sebungwe Distr., near Muzaza Hill, Whellan 396 (NY, SRGH); Wankie, Eyles 7976 (SRGH); ibid., Levy 65 (K, PRE), 1149 (E, K, PRE); ibid., 15 km from Mbala Lodge on Wankie Road, Rushworth 1222 (K, LISC, PRE, SRGH); Gokwe Distr., Copper Queen Area, Bingham 853 (K, SRGH); 32 km N of Gokwe, Goldsmith \AjAl (FHO, SRGH); Gokwe Distr., Senwa Research Sta., Jacobsen 282 (SRGH), 3581 (PRE); Mtoko Distr., Ngahwe Res., Corby 1415 (SRGH); Mtoko Distr., Chazarini Camp, Brayne 2 (SRGH); Inyanga N Res., Gairezi R. bank, Davies 2518 (K, PRE, SRGH). Sin. loc.: Director of Agriculture Dar es Salaam DM/2/5 (EA); Dunstan Nov (K); Graham s.n. (K). 25. S. parviflorus Franch. 1893a: 303; 1893b: 281, pi. 11; Stapf 1902: 178; Gilg 1903:28. Fig. 31; Map 28 Type: Angola, Cuanza Norte: Golungo Alto, N side of Queta Mt., Welwitsch 5994 (P, holotype; isotypes: BM, G, K, LISU). Heterotypic synonym: S. dewevrei De Wild. 1900: 40; De Wildeman & Th. Durand 1901: 154; Gilg 1903: 25, pi. 5. Type: Zaire, W Kasai: Luebo on the Lulua R., Laurent Nov (BR, lectotype; isotype: K). Liana, 3-5 m high, presumably evergreen; latex clear. Branches medium reddish-brown, sparsely lenticellate; branchlets glabrous or rarely puberulous. Leaves: petiole 1-3 mm long, with 2 outer and 1-4 inner axillary colleters; blade dark green above, lighter beneath, ovate, elliptic, or rarely slightly obovate, (and in young leaves up to 4.2) x as long as wide, x 2-5 cm, rounded or subcordate at the base, acuminate at the apex (acumen slender, 5-19 mm long), slightly undulate at the margin, membranaceous or chartaceous, glabrous or rarely puberulous on the midrib and veins, with translucent dots, especially in the axils of the secondary veins; 4-6 pairs of curved secondary veins at an angle of 40-65(-90) with the midrib; tertiary venation inconspicuous. Inflorescence on long branches or in the forks, (l-)3-12~flowered (1-5 flowers open at a time), pedunculate or rarely sessile, lax or congested, glabrous or puberulous in all parts; peduncle - if present (- 50) mm long, lenticellate; branches 2-40(-50) mm long; pedicels 4-24 mm long; bracts erect or spreading, dusky purple-brown, elliptic or narrowly elliptic, x mm, acute or mucronate, sepal-like. Calyx: sepals erect or spreading, subequal, the outer slightly wider than the inner, brownish-green or purplish, narrowly elliptic or ovate, (2.2-)3-14 x as long as wide, x l-4.5(-5.5) mm, acute or rarely mucronate, puberulous to nearly glabrous; with 5 colleters on both inner sepals. Corolla: tube x as long as the calyx, white and turning yellow on both sides, red-streaked inside, mm long and widening at (50-)60-80% of its length into a shallowly cup-shaped upper part, at the mouth 6-12 mm in diameter, on both sides glabrous in the cylindrical, and puberulous in the cup-shaped part; corona lobes white or yellow, red- or purple-spotted, Ungulate, 1-2,5 x 1 mm, rounded, fleshy, minutely papillose or minutely puberulous; corolla lobes white and turning yellow on both sides, tails yellow or greenish-yellow; lobes ovate, 3-8 x mm, abruptly narrowing into the Meded, Landbouwhogeschool Wageningen 82-4 (1982) 11->

121 fabalf SlXfr; tlhct a' 3fl T ring H b f n Ches ' * ><; 2- section of flower, ^x; 2-3. a ^4yS^V^^5- ^^ ^ 6' testadetai '' 6 -.(» Sita2464^ 116 Afoferf. Landbouwhogeschool Wageningen 82-4 (1982)

122 mm wide pendulous tails; lobes including the tails mm long, minutely puberulous on both sides. Stamens from 3.5 mm exserted to 2.5 mm included; filaments inserted at mm from the base of the tube, straight, with a small abaxial swelling at the base, mm long, pubescent inside, with inconspicuous ridges reaching the base of the tube; anthers x mm, glabrous or rarely short-pubescent near the base; tails mm long; acumen mm long. Pistil: ovary x mm, glabrous; style mm long; clavuncula mm high; stigma minute. Fruit: no fruits of this species were previously known, but a Gossweiler collection of 17 March 1922 is presumably S.parviflorus. This specimen has some very young leaves and bears mature fruits which do not resemble those of other Strophanthus species from this area. The follicles are divergent at an angle of 180, long-tapering towards a narrow apex and ending in a small knob, 18 cm long and 0.9 cm in diameter, slightly sulcate, glabrous, and sparsely lenticellate. Seeds: grain 10 x mm, densely shortpubescent; beak glabrous for 3-4 mm and bearing a coma for mm; coma mm long. MAP 28. Strophanthus parviflorus Franch. Distribution: Western Central Africa. Ecology: primary or secondary forest or clearings; alt m. Flowering season not known with certainty. Specimens examined: GABON: Mayumba, Tchibanga, he Testu 972 (BM, P). CONGO: Madingou, between Komono and Zanaga, Bouquet 925 (P); Mouyondzi, Bouenza R. Falls, Sita 2464 (P); Pointe Noire, anonym (P). ZAIRE, EQUATEUR: Isandja, Eward 2854 (BR), BAS ZAIRE: Mt. Kosi, Flamigni (BR), (BR), BANDUNDU: Mai N'dombe, between Kole and Bekese, Lebrun 6379 (BR); Djuma, S of Kwila, Callens 13 March 1960 (NY); Lukombe, Sapin Oct (BR), Dec (BR, K); Ipamu, Vanderijst (BR), (BR), (BR), (BR), (BR); Ipamu, Euke, Kikgat, Vanderijst 9845 (BR); Ipamu, Euke, Pangu, Vanderijst 9577 (BR); Kijaka-Kwango, Devred 2367 (BR, K, M). w KASAI: Sankuru, Luja anno 1906 (BR), anno 1908 (BR); Mweka, Liben 2745 (Br); Luebo, Lulua R., Laurent Nov (BR, K; type of S. dewevrei); Kakange, Gillardin 295 (BR), 335 (BR). E KASAI: S of Booke, Robin 77 (BR); Sangai'e, Gillardin 500 (BR), 524 (BR, K); Ikoka, Sapin 25 Oct (BR), KIVU: Nyangwe, Lualuba R., Dewevre 1058 (BR; paratype of S. dewevrei). Unknown locality: Shaba, Bomkolo, Sapin Feb (BR); sin. Ioc, Renter 25 (BR). ANGOLA, CABINDA: Punga Munga, Dawe 286 (K); ibid., Luali, Gossweiler 6008 (BM, LISJC, Meded. Landbouwhogeschool Wageningen 82-4 (1982) 117

123 lz'jl Slr0ph T h^ P T ke " SiS Sc0Ttecidni ex Kin & Gamble: 1- fl owering branches, f x; 2. opened flower, 4 x; 3. adaxml side of stamen, 10 x. (1. Lace 3041; 2-3. Squles 901), 118 Meded. Landbouwhogeschool Wageningen 82-4 (1982)

124 LISU); CONGO: Sumba, Peco, Gossweiler 8799 (BM, K), 8974 (BM, K, LISJC); Muanda R., lower Congo R., Gossweiler 17 March 1922 (BM). CUANZA NORTE: Golungo Alto, N side of Queta Mt Welwitsch 5994 (BM, G, K, LISU, P; type). 26. S. perakensis Scortechini ex King & Gamble 1908: 470; Ridley 1923: 355. Fig. 32; Map 29 Type: Malaysia, Malacca Penins.: Dipong, Scortechini 1818 (K, holotype, isotypes: CAL, NY). Heterotypic synonyms: S. siamensis Kerr 1937: 90, syn. nov. Type: Thailand, Sriracha, Naung Nam Kio, Kerr 4173 (K, holotype; isotypes: BM, BR). S. annamensis Tsiang 1946: 116, fig, 7, syn. nov. Type: Viet-nam, Dalat and vicinity, Squires 901 (A, holotype, not seen; isotypes: A (not seen), BM, K, M, MO, NY). S. kontumensis Ly 1980: 7, fig. 1, syn. nov. Type: Viet-nam, Gialai-Kontum, Dakley (Dakmon), Ly 357 (HN, holotype, not seen; isotypes: HM, HN, not seen). Liana, or rarely a shrub, presumably evergreen. Branches dark brown, (very) densely lenticellate; branchlets medium (reddish-)brown, glabrous. Leaves: petiole 3-8 mm long, with 2 outer and 2-4 inner axillary colleters; blade ovate, elliptic, or slightly obovate, 2-4 x as long as wide, x cm, cuneate at the base or decurrent into the petiole, acute or acuminate at the apex (acumen 2-12 mm long), with somewhat revolute margin, papyraceous, glabrous; 8-16 pairs of straight secondary veins at an angle of with the midrib; tertiary venation sometimes conspicuous. Inflorescence on long or short branches or in the forks, 4-24-flowered (1-2 flowers open at a time), pedunculate, lax, minutely puberulous in all parts; peduncle 4-30 mm long, lenticellate; branches 4-50 mm long; pedicels mm long; bracts erect or spreading, narrowly ovate, x mm, acute, sepal-like. Flowers fragrant. Calyx: sepals equal, greenish and with a maroon-brown apex, ovate or narrowly ovate, x as long as wide, x mm, acute, minutely puberulous; with 2 colleters per sepal. Corolla: tube x as long as the calyx, white and turning yellow on both sides, mm long and widening at 60-80% of its length into a cupshaped upper part, at the mouth mm wide, sparsely puberulous near the mouth on both sides; corona lobes presumably red, narrowly triangular, 1-2 x 0.3 mm, acute, glabrous; corolla lobes white and turning yellow on both sides, red near the apex; lobes ovate, x mm, abruptly narrowing into the 1 mm wide erect or spreading tails; lobes including the tails 5-10 mm l n g> glabrous on both sides. Stamens mm exserted; filaments inserted at mm from the base of the tube, straight, with an abaxial swelling near the base, mm long, pubescent, with mm long fleshy ridges, ending at the base in an obtuse spur; anthers x mm, densely pubescent; tails mm long; acumen mm long. Pistil: ovary x 1.2 mm, pubescent; style mm long, wrinkled; clavuncula 0.6 mm high; stigma 0.6 mm long. Fruit: not known. Meded. Landbouwhogeschool Wageningen 82-4 (1982) 119

125 MAP 29. Strophantus perakensis Scortechini ex King & Gamble Distribution: South-East Asia. Ecology: forest and clearings; alt m. Flowering from March to May (all collections). Specimens examined: BURMA: Bassein distr., Shangwin, Lace 3041 (E, K); Tenasserim, Victoria Point, Tha-tay-kyun, Po Khant (Kl; Tenasserim, sin. loc, Meebold (CAL). THAILAND: Saraburi Prov., Sahm Latu Forest, Maxwell (AAU, L); Chantaburi Prov., Khao SapMut, Maxwelll5-50O (AAU, L); Sattalup, TongBrong, Maxwell (AAU); Sriracha, Naung Nam Kio, Kerr 4173 (BM, K; type of S. siamensis); unknown locality: Peninsula, Klong Chee, Phra Vanpruk 664 (E, K). VIET-NAM: Dalat, Squires 901 (BM, K, M, MO, NY; type of S. annamensis). MALAYSIA, MALACCA PENINSULA: Perak, Dipong, Scortechini 1818 (CAL, K, NY; type). Notes: the types of S. siamensis and S. annamensis agree with the type of S. perakensis; the description of S, kontumensis leaves little doubt that this is also identical to S. perakensis, although the pedicel is described as slightly longer, and the ovary as glabrous. 27. S. petersianus Klotzsch 1861: 276; Franchet 1893b: 290; Stapf 1902: 182; Gilg 1903: 33, pi. 8; Codd 1951: 158, fig. 145 & 147; 1963: 291; Verdcourt & Trump 1969: 136; Retief 1972: pi Fig. 33; Map 30 Type: Mozambique, Tete: Zambesi R., Tete, Peters s.n. (holotype destroyed in B; lectotype: K). Heterotypic synonyms: S. petersianus var. grandiflorus N. E. Brown 1892: 126; Hooker f. 1894: pi. 7390; Gilg 1903: 28 (excl. synon. S. sarmentosus). Type: Mozambique, Maputo: Delagoa Bay, Monteiro 1 (K, holotype; isotypes: FI, G, P, W). Homotypic synonym: S. grandiflorus (N. E. Brown) Gilg 1902a: 161, pi. 7; Stapf 1907: 510; Braun 1910: 296. S. sarmentosusvar. verrucosus Pax 1892:374; Franchet 1893b: 284. Type: Kenya, K7: coast near Mombasa, Hildebrandt 1976 (holotype destroyed in B; lectotype: W; isotypes: BM, K, L, LE, NY, P, WU). Homotypic synonym: S. verrucosus (Pax) Stapf 1902: Meded. Landbouwhogeschool Wageningen 82-4 (1982)

126 Sarmentose shrub or liana, 1-15 m high, deciduous, flowers appearing with or rarely before the leaves; latex - if present - white or reddish. Trunk up to 10 cm in diameter, pale grey; branches pale or dark brown, with at the nodes, or less often in between, 2-4 corky laterally compressed triangular protuberances up to 25 mm high, densely lenticellate; branchlets light brown, glabrous or rarely puberulous. Leaves: petiole (2-)3-13 mm long, with 2 outer and 4-6 inner axillary colleters; blade dark green, paler beneath, elliptic or ovate, 1-3 3( 3.4) x as long as wide, x cm, cuneate or rounded at the base or decurrent into the petiole, acuminate at the apex (acumen 2-10 mm long, obtuse), sometime undulate or recurved at the margin, papyraceous or less often thinly coriaceous, glabrous or exceptionally sparsely puberulous, with translucent dots; 4-6(-8) pairs of curved secondary veins at an angle of with the midrib; tertiary venation conspicuous, especially beneath. Inflorescence on long or short branches or in the forks, l-2(-4)-flowered (l(-3) flowers open at a time), sessile or pedunculate, glabrous or occasionally puberulous in all parts; peduncle- if present- up to 6 mm long; branches 0-10 mm long; pedicels mm long; bracts deciduous, erect or spreading, linear or narrowly elliptic, x 1-3 mm, acute, sepal-like or subscarious. Flowers fragrant. Calyx: sepals erect or spreading, rather unequal, green and often suffused with purple, ovate or narrowly elliptic, (1.5 )3 6( 8) x as long as wide, 5-21 x mm, acute, glabrous or exceptionally puberulous; with 2-4 colleters per sepal. Corolla: tube x as long as the calyx, white and turning yellow near the base and maroon-purple near the mouth outside, white and maroon-purplestreaked inside, the white turning yellow, (13 )15 37 mm long and widening at 18-41% of its length into a cup-shaped upper part, at the mouth mm wide, glabrous outside and puberulous inside; corona lobes white, with a maroon-purple line all over its length in the middle, the white turning yellow, narrowly triangular and often undulate, 6-15 x mm, acute, glabrous; corolla lobes dark maroon-violet outside, white and turning yellow on the inside, tails maroon-violet outside, yellow inside; lobes ovate, 9-16 x 6-15 mm, gradually narrowing into the 1-2 mm wide pendulous tails; lobes including the tails mm long, glabrous on both sides. Stamens included for mm, rarely mm exserted; filaments inserted at 6-12 mm from the base of the tube, straight or nearly so, mm long, pubescent inside, with inconspicuous ridges; anthers 6-10 x mm, glabrous; tails mm long; acumen 1-4 mm long. Pistil: ovary x mm, glabrous; style mm long; clavuncula x mm; stigma minute. Fruit: follicles divergent at an angle of 180, tapering towards the apex and ending in a narrow obtuse tip or in a small knob, cm long and cm in diameter; exocarp dark brown, thick and hard, smooth, glabrous, sparsely or densely lenticellate, rarely not lenticellate. Seeds: grain x x 1 mm, densely pubescent; beak glabrous for (20-)35-65 mm and bearing a coma for mm; coma (38-)60-90 mm long. Meded. Landbouwhogeschool Wageningen 82-4 (1982) 121

127 6. seed, x. 0 toto 7M I'LTTi^' 5-6. CteeiJJP) 122 7i; 2 ' 2 * ; 5 " fmit ' 0ne follide removed 'i *> C/!aie 22 " ; 3 - Barbosa Afev«*a«i 79; A/«ferf. Landbouwhogeschool Wageningen 82-4 (1982)

128 MAP 30. Strophanthus petersianus Klotzsch Distribution: East and Southern Central Africa. Ecology: coastal forest and woodland, often on rocky places; alt m. Flowers and leaves towards the end of the dry and the beginning of the rainy season; mature fruits in the dry season. Local uses: used for arrow poison in Zimbabwe and S. Africa. A selection of the ca. 150 specimens examined: KENYA, K7: Kilifi Distr., Arabuko, Graham 1712 (K, NY); Sokoke, St. Barbe Baker 1102 (EA); Kwale, Greenway (K). TANZANIA, T3: Amboni, 5 km on the road from Tanga to Mombasa, Brass et al (K, NY); Pangani Distr., Msubugwe For. Res., Mgaza 552 (FI, K). T6: Dar es Salaam, Goetze 2 (K); Kisarawe Distr., Mogo For. Res., Mgaza 722 (K); Mafia Isl., Kilindoni, Greenway 5261 (K). T8: Lake Lutamta, 40 km W of Lindi, Schlieben 5211 (B, BM, BR, G, HBG, LISC, M, P, PRE, S, Z); 104 km W of Mtwara, A. M. 185 (EA); Kitangari, Gillman 1074 (K). MOZAMBIQUE, CABO DELGADO: Tungue, between Pundanhar and Nangade, Barbosa 2188 (BM, LISC); Mocimboa de Praia, between Rio Messalo and Mocimboa, Pedro & Pedrogao 5191 (PRE); Quissanga, between Biliza and Muaguide, Barbosa 2329 (BM, LISC). MOZAMBIQUE: Ribaue Road near Malema, Andrada 1399 (BM); Antonio Enes, Matangula Praia, Hogg (LISC, SRGH). TETE: Cabora Bassa, Zambesi R. right bank, Posto de Milicias Rio, Correia et al 3833 (WAG); middle Zambesi R., Boroma, Menyhart 501 (A, UPS, W, WU, Z); Tete, Kirk s.n. (K). MANICA E SOFALA: Sena, between Tesse and Murema, Pedro & Pedrogao 8556 (NY, PRE); lower slopes of Mt. Zembe, Leach 9126 (K, PRE, SRGH); Dundo-Inhaminga, near Derundi, Gomes e Sousa 4723 (K); Mucheve, Carvalho 670 (K). INHAMBANE: 15 km S of Cheline on the road from Maxixe to Mambone, Leach & Bayliss (K, SRGH); Inhambane, Gomes e Sousa 1898 (BR, COI, FI, K, LISC). GAZA: Chibuto, on the road to Manjacaze, Barbosa & de Lemos 8006 (BR, COI, K, LISC, P); Magude, Uanetze area, Mendonca 3200 (BM, LISC). MAPUTO: Moamba area, P. Jansen et al 7553 (WAG); Maputo, Schlechter (BM, BR, COI, E, G, HBG, K, LE, P, Z). MALAWI: Shire Highlands, Chiromo, Scott Elliot 2793 (BM, K); Chikwakwa, Topham 1802 (MO, NY). ZAMBIA: Lomagundi Distr., Chirundu, Leach 9831 (MO, SRGH); Mazabuka, 32 km from the road between Chirundu and Lusaka, Drummond 5447 (SRGH). Meded. Landbouwhogeschool Wageningen 82-4 (1982) 123

129 FIG. 34. Strophantuspreussii Engl. & Pax: 1. flowering branch, x; 2. leaf, x;3. section of flower, 2 x; 4. outermost sepal, 2 x; 5. innermost sepal, 2 x; 6. side view of stamen, 4 x; 7. frmt,f x; 8, seed,f x.(l. Leeuwenberg2892;2-6. Beentje 182;1. Gerard2698;Z. Brass&Woodward 20951). 124 Meded. Landbouwhogeschool Wageningen 82-4 (1982)

130 ZIMBABWE: Kariba Gorge slopes, Goldsmith 46/59 (BR, K, L, MO, PRE, SRGH); Mtoko, Mkota land, Whellan 494 (K, SRGH); Wankie, Levy 1008 (E, PRE, SRGH); Victoria Falls, Schwarz BH (BOL); Marchuru, 4 km S of Runga, Canell 526 (K, LISC, SRGH); Melsetter, Haroni Makarupini Forest, Wildes (BR, K, LISC, SRGH); Chiturupadzi Dip Camp, 88 km E of Beitbridge, Mavi 236 (BR, K, SRGH). S. AFRICA, TRANSVAAL: Soutpansberg Distr., Punda Maria, Codd&Dyer 4543 (BM, K, LD, NY, PRE), NATAL: km 26 on Ndumu-Ingwavuma Road, Moll 4358 (K, MO, NH, PRE); Hlabisa Distr., False Bay Park, Ward 3842 (K, NH, PRE). Cultivated: GREAT BRITAIN, Kew, anonym. 9 May 1969 (K); INDONESIA, Bogor, Woerjantoro 15 (L); U.S.A., Mayaguez (PR), Winters 2230 (NY). Notes: plants of this species from the interior have smaller leaves and flowers than those from the coastal region; the latter were distinguished under the name S. grandiflorus or S. petersianus var. grandiflorus up to S. petersianus is closely allied to S. sarmentosus from West Africa. Without flowers, plants of S. petersianus and S. courmontii are very difficult to distinguish. 28. S. preussii Engl. & Pax 1892: 369 (partly, except for Welwitsch 5999); Franchet 1893b: 279; Stapf 1902: 176; Gilg 1903: 24, pi. 4; Stapf 1909: t. 8250; Hutchinson & Dalziel 1931: 49; Staner & Michotte 1934: 41; Krukoff & Letouzey 1950: 134; Huber 1963: 70; Hall & Swaine 1981: 295. Fig. 34; Map 31 Type: Cameroun, W. end of Barombi Ravine, Preuss 116 (lectotype destroyed in B; new lectotype: K; isotypes: HBG, M, PRE). Heterotypic synonyms: S. bracteatus Franch. 1893a: 302; Franchet 1893b: 280, pi. 12; Stapf 1902: 177. Type: Gabon, Ogooue R., above Obombi, Thollon 745 (P, lectotype; isotype: P). S. preussii var. brevifolius De Wild. 1908: 249; Th. Durand 1909: 348. Type: Zaire, Bandundu: Bena-Dibele, Flamigni 190 (BR, holotype). S. preussii var. scabridulus Monach. 1951: 478, syn. nov. Type: Zaire, Haute Zaire: Epulu area, Putman 118 (A, holotype, not seen; isotype: BR). S. preussii var. scabridulus forma multinervis Monach. 1951: 478, syn. nov. Type: Zaire, Haute Zaire: Yangambi, 9 km N of Zaire R., Louis 2865 (BR, holotype). S. preussii var. scabridulus forma paucinervis Monach. 1951: 478, syn. nov. Type: Zaire, Haute Zaire: Yangambi, Louis 4333 (BR, holotype). S. preussii var. scabridulus forma crebrinervis Monach. 1951: 479, syn. nov. Type: Zaire, Haute Zaire: Yalibwa, along Lubilaya R., Louis 1351 (BR, holotype). Sarmentose shrub, m high, or more frequently a liana, 1-12 m high, presumably evergreen; latex clear or white. Trunk up to 2.5 cm in diameter; branches dark, reddish, or purple-brown, sparsely or densely lenticellate; branchlets medium or dark brown, glabrous or rarely scabrous. Leaves: petiole 2-9(-14) mm long, with 2 outer and 2-4 inner axillary colleters; blade dull or glossy medium or dark green, paler beneath, ovate, elliptic, or slightly obovate, x as long as wide, x cm, cuneate, rounded, or Meded. Landbouwhogeschool Wageningen 82-4 (1982) 125

131 rarely subcordate at the base, acuminate at the apex (acumen 2-12 mm long), rarely with a somewhat revolute margin, papyraceous or thinly coriaceous, glabrous or rarely scabrous, with minute translucent dots; 3-14 pairs of slightly curved secondary veins at an angle of with the midrib; tertiary venation inconspicuous. Inflorescence on long or short branches or in the forks, l-24(-48)-flowered (1 9( 13) flowers open at a time), sessile or pedunculate, lax, occasionally with reduced branches, minutely puberulous or rarely glabrous in all parts; peduncle - if present - up to 24(-35) mm long, lenticellate; branches 5-60(-80) mm long; pedicels 4-25 mm long; bracts sometimes deciduous, ovate, orbicular, or obovate, 4-20 x mm, acute, apiculate, or rarely obtuse, sometimes undulate at the margin, sepal-like. Flowers fragrant. Calyx: sepals unequal, the outer ovate and x as long as wide, the inner narrowly ovate or linear and 3-10 x as long as wide, brown or purplish-green, 4-25 x 1-14 mm, acute or obtuse, sometimes undulate at the margin, (sparsely) puberulous or rarely glabrous; eglandulose or with up to 4 glands per sepal. Corolla: tube x as long as the calyx, white, turning reddish-orange via yellow on both sides, outside suffused with pink at the base and with red near the mouth, inside red-spotted and -streaked, mm long and widening at 40-66% of its length into a cup-shaped upper part, at the mouth 7-17 mm wide, minutely puberulous on both sides except outside near the base; corona lobes yellow and turning orange, pink- or purple-streaked, Ungulate, x mm, rounded, fleshy, minutely papillose or puberulous; corolla lobes white and with 3 prak lines, the white turning yellow; lobes ovate, 4-12 x mm, abruptly a "^mg mt thc ' 3_1 mm wide P endulous tails; lobes including the tails (70-) mm long, minutely puberulous, except for the apex. Stamens from 13 mm exserted to 5.2 mm included; filaments inserted at mm from the base of the tube, curved, mm high and mm long, pubescent inside and puberulous or glabrous outside, with ridges nearly reaching the base of the tube; anthers x mm, densely pubescent; tails mm long; acumen mm long. Pistil: ovary x mm, densely puberulous or densely pubescent; style mm long; clavuncula x fiin S St,gma - 15 ~ L25 mm lon 8- Fruit: follicles divergent at an angle ot 16U-190, tapering towards a narrow apex and ending in an obtuse tip or a small or large knob, (13-) cm long and cm in diameter; exocarp rather thick and hard, slightly or conspicuously sulcate, glabrous, densely Ient,cellate;lent.celselongate.&^.-grainl2-20x mm,denselypuberulous or densely short-pubescent; beak glabrous for 3-8 mm and bearing a coma lor mm; coma mm long. Distribution: Western and Central Africa. c^l S n n d S 3nd secondar y fore st, gallery forest, forest margins, and hearings; alt. U 1400 m. Flowering in Ghana in the driest season and with a peak in the first half riiz: 8 "" y SeaS, n; in Uganda with a P eak in the A** half of the main rainy season. Mature fruits probably in the driest season. Meded. Landbouwhogeschool Wageningen 82-4 (1982)

132 MAP 31. Strophanthus preussii Engl. & Pax Local names: Libobo lifufow, libobo li baina (Zaire, Tummbu language; libobo is a generic name); Lofandja, lofondja moke (Zaire, Kundu language; lofondja is a generic name); Tiki, molo tiki (Republique Centrafricaine, Lissongo language). Local uses: the latex is used for making arrow-poison in Zaire; stem fibres are used for making fish lines, nets, and ropes in the Republique Centrafricaine. A selection of the ca. 550 specimens examined: GUINEE: between Mamou and Dabola, Adam 4633 (MO); Macenta, Seredou, Adam (MO); Nimba Mts., Schnell 4902 (K). SIERRA LEONE: Loma Mts. base, path from Kondembaia, Morton & Gledhill SL 1013 (GC, K, WAG); Freetown, Burbridge 520 (K). LIBERIA: Mano R. near MMAL settlement, H. Jansen 1845 (WAG); Sanokwele, Baldwin (K, NY). COTE D'IVOIRE: 25 km WSW of Man on road to Danane, Beentje 352 (UCJ, WAG); 66 km WNW of Sassandra along the road to San Pedro, Leeuwenberg 4039 (B, BR, G, K, L, MO, P, PRE, UC, WAG); Banco Forest, Leeuwenberg 3344 (BR, FHO, GC, K, L, P, UC, WAG); Aboisso, Sanvi, Chevalier (P). GHANA: Bia Tano For. Res., Adams 5325 (GC); Kade A. R. S., Hossain & Agyakwa GC (GC, K, US); Assuantsi, Irvine 1571 (E, GC, K, MO); Esiama W. P., Williams 437 (K). TOGO: Tomegbe, Itim, Brunei 375 (B). BENIN: Adja Ouere, Le Testu 275 (BM, P). NIGERIA, OGUN: Agege, Foster 216 (P, Z). OYO: Badeku, 20 km from Ibadan, Meikle & Keay 1457 (B, BR, K, P). BENDEL: km 6, Ugo-Usonigbe Road, Okeke FHI30144 (FHO, K). CROSS RIVER: Eket Distr., Talbot s.n. (BM); Obubra Distr., Iyamoyong For. Res., Binuyo FHI (BR, GC, K, WAG). CAMEROUN: Butu, 20 km NW of Kumba, Satabie 236 (P, WAG, YA); Mt. Ngolep base, 38 km N of Bafia, Ngameni Kamga 157 (P, WAG, YA); km 6, Bertoua-Betare Oya Road, Breteler 1325 (K, P, WAG, YA); N'Kolbisson, 8 km W of Yaounde, W. de Wilde 2305 (B, BR, K, MO, P, PRE, WAG, YA, Z); SW of Lomie, Letouzey 3651 (P, YA); between Song and Gribe, 65 km SSW of Yokadouma, Letouzey (P, YA); Nginda, 2 km N of Moloundou, Mildbraed 4131 (HBG). REPUBLIQUE CENTRAFRICAINE: Dimi R., 45 km NE of Besson, Tisserant 60 (P); Boukoko, Tisserant 56 (P, BM); near Bambari, Tisserant 1359 (P); upper Kotto R., Yalinga, Le Testu 4640 (BM, LISC, MO,P). Meded. Landbouwhogeschool Wageningen 82-4 (1982) 127

133 EQUATORIAL GUINEE, FERNANDO POO: Mann 111 (K, P). RIO MUNI: Campo area, Tessmann 554 (K). GABON: Woleu-Ntem, Jeauneau, Le Testu 9050 (BM, P); 20 km S,W of Makokou, N. Halle 2697 (P); Ogooue R., Apingi, Thollon 139 (A, BR, K, P); Booue, Thollon 744 (P; paratype of S. bracteatus); Moubana, Le Testu 5480 (BM, LISC, MO, P); Lepaka, Le Testu 30 Sept (BM). CONGO: Sangha R. bank, Ouesso, Pobeguin 176 (P); path to Mohitu, Bouquet 2068 (P); Mayombe, 3 km from Dimonika, Makany 2041 (P). ZAIRE, EQUATEUR: near Likimi, Malchair 99 (A, BR, US); Yambata, de Giorgi 1360 (BR, K); Wangate, near Mbandaka, Lebrun 899 (A, BR, NY, P); Bokondji, De Wanckel 15 (BR); Belo, Jespersen Nov (BR), HAUTE ZAIRE: Itimbiri R., Bili, Lebrun 2857 (BR, US); near Mobwasa, Reygaert 1308 (BR, US); Yangambi, Germain 4666 (BR, MO, P); ibid., Yalutcha Isl., Louis (B, BR, K, MO, P); Ituri R., Penghe, Bequaert 2209 (BR); Albert Nat. Park, Yolohafiri Cave, De Witte (BR), BAS-ZA'IRE: Kizu, Wellens 194 (BR), BANDUNDU: between Selenge and Rukoleki, Goossens 6007 (BR, K); Kwango R., Panzi, Vanderijst (BR), w KASAI: downstream from Bolombo, E. andm. Laurent 2 Jan. 1903/4 (BR), E KASAI: Lomela Terr., Mukumari, Gillardin 607 (BR), KIVU: km 109, Kavumu-Walikale Road, Troupin 3355 (BR, K); between Kama and Lunsuna, Lebrun 5849 (BR), SHABA: Kapanga,0ve>7^ 1113 (BR). UGANDA, Ul: Mingoro Forest, Maitland 11/1925 (K). U2: Toro Distr., Bwamba Forest, Greenway & Eggeling 7067 (K, PRE). U4: Mukono, Dummer 2734 (BM, K, PRE, SAM). TANZANIA, Tl: Bukoba, Mingiso For. Res., Watkins 521 (EA). ANGOLA, CABINDA: Maiombe, Buco Zan, Gossweiler 6823 (BM, LISJC, LISU). CUANZA NORTE: Cazengo, Loanda, Gossweiler 583 (BM, K, P); Pungo Andongo, Welwitsch 5995 (BM, G, K, LISU, P; paratype). Cultivated: FRANCE, Nogent, Anonym. Aug (P); GREAT BRITAIN, Kew, K (K); SRI LANKA, Peradeniya, Tirvergadum et al. 188 (P); INDONESIA, Bogor, Woerjantoro 4 (L, WAG); U.S.A., Florida, Coconut Grove, MargraffYl (MO, NY). Notes: one of the paratypes of the original description, Welwitsch 5999, is a S. amboensis. A number of specimens, nearly all from the vicinity of Yangambi (Zaire), show densely scabrous stems and leaves, while a few of them also show only 2-3 pairs of secondary veins. MONACHINO (1951) based a variety and 3 formae on these specimens, but they are reduced to synonyms here. 29. S. puberulus Pax 1892: 378; Franchet 1893b: 269; Gilg 1903: 17. Fig. 35; Map 32 Type: Indonesia, Sumbawa Isl.: between Wiera and Bima, Zollinger 3416 (holotype destroyed in B; lectotype: P; isotypes: BM, FI-W, G, L, LE, MPU, NY). Branches medium or dark brown, densely lenticellate; branchlets medium or dark brown, glabrous. Leaves: petiole 3-9 mm long, with 2 outer and 4-6 inner axillary colleters; blade elliptic, : x as long as wide, 4-11 x 2-5 cm, cuneate at the base, obtuse or acuminate at the apex (acumen 5-8 mm long), papyraceous, glabrous; 6-9 pairs of curved secondary veins at an angle of with the midrib; tertiary venation conspicuous. Inflorescence on long or short branches or in the forks, 6-20-flowered (1-3 flowers open at a time), sessile or pedunculate, lax, sparsely to densely puberulous in all parts, or rarely with glabrous branches; pedicel - if present - up to 60 mm long; branches mm long; pedicels 4-6 mm long; bracts linear, x mm, acute, sepal- Meded. Landbouwhogeschool Wageningen 82-4 (1982)

134 FIG. 35. Strophanthus puberulus Pax: 1.flowering branch, }x;2, section of flower, 2 x. (1. Warburg 17193; 2. Coifs 303). Meded. Landbouwhogeschool Wageningen 82-4 (1982) 129

135 like. Calyx: sepals equal, light brown, 3-6 x as long as wide, 4-8 x mm, acute, puberulous; with 2 colleters per sepal Corolla: tube x as long as the calyx, pink-suffused white outside, mm long and widening at 50-60% of its length into a cup-shaped upper part, at the mouth 6-8 mm wide, puberulous on both sides; corona lobes narrowly triangular, x 1 mm, acute, puberulous; corolla lobes pink-suffused white on both sides, colour of tails unknown; lobes ovate, 6-8 x 3-4 mm, abruptly narrowing into the 1 mm wide tails; lobes including the tails mm long, puberulous on both sides. Stamens from 3 mm exserted to 0.2 mm included; filaments inserted at 8 mm from the base of the tube, straight, mm long, pubescent, with mm long ridges ending in an obtuse spur at the base; anthers x 0.8 mm, sparsely puberulous; tails 0.3 mm long; acumen mm long. Pistil: ovary mm high, puberulous; style 6-8 mm long; clavuncula mm high; stigma minute. Fruit not known. MAP 32. Strophanthus puberulus Pax Distribution: Indonesia, restricted to Sumbawa. Ecology: the type comes from 'valleys'. All flowering material has been collected between October and December. Specimens examined: ^ONBSIASUMBAWA: between Wiera and Bima, Zollinger 3416 (BU FI-W G L LE MPU NY, P; type); B,ma, Warburg (E); Doror Kedobeif^, ^ S l ^ ^ ^ s.rsttn!*; P! dn! e f dtgd ab Ve beara strikin S resemblance to each other 7t7J? H f?? c S ' CmdatUS > Which S fows in neighbouring islands; t ^ l ru Cmdatm b its P^n^us ovary! the shorter style, ^^ZTT" l C amher ' and the geneml prance of the flowers, ^tsss,^ 1 1 i 0{s - caudatus > includin * the len * th of the * P ^ 8 ^ ^ / ' r Z * u Semb,eS S ' WalUchii > but is distinguished from art I^StZ^ T, ^ T h u and its acumen and ^ the P sj tion, shape, and size of the bracts and sepals; the tertiary venation of the leaves is also differ- 130 Meded, Landbouwhogeschool Wageningen 82-4 (1982)

136 30. S. sarmentosus DC. For literature, synonyms, and typification see under the varieties. Sarmentose shrub or liana, deciduous, flowers appearing before or with the leaves; latex clear or white. Trunk up to 17 cm in diameter, with a pale brown, corky, and deeply fissured bark; branches dark or reddish-brown, with many up to 1 cm high corky protuberances, densely lenticellate; branchlets dark brown or reddish-brown, glabrous or rarely minutely puberulous. Leaves opposite, ternate, or rarely quaternate; petiole 2-17( 21) mm long, with 2 outer and 4-10 inner axillary colleters; blade elliptic or ovate, 2-15 x cm, rounded or cuneate at the base, acuminate at the apex (acumen (2-)4-20 mm long, acute), often with an undulate or slightly revolute margin, glabrous; 3-7(-9) pairs of curved secondary veins at an angle of with the midrib. Inflorescence on short branches or less often on long branches or in the forks, l-5(-l ^-flowered (l-3(-7) flowers open at a time), sessile or pedunculate, congested, often with reduced branches; peduncle - if present - up to 6(-10) mm long; branches 0-20(-30) mm long; pedicels mm long; bracts pale green, suffused with purple or brown, ovate, x mm, acute, sepal-like. Flowers fragrant. Calyx: sepals subequal, the outer often wider than the inner, purple-suffused green, ovate, elliptic, or rarely obovate, 1.5-4(-8) x as long as wide, 5-20 x mm, acute; with 1-8 colleters per sepal. Corolla: tube white and turning yellow in the lower part outside, pink and turning purple in the upper part outside, white and red- or purple-streaked inside, the white turning yellow, (14-)17-40 mm long and widening at 22-36% of its length into a cupshaped upper part, at the mouth (8-)15-30 mm wide; corona lobes white, pinkor purple-streaked, the white turning yellow, narrowly triangular and often undulate, 5-22 x 2-5 mm, acute, minutely papillose; corolla lobes white and turning yellow on both sides, outside near the base pink or purple, tails pale yellow; lobes ovate, 7-20 x 6-18 mm, gradually or rather abruptly narrowing into the mm wide pendulous tails; lobes including the tails mm long. Stamens included for (0-) mm; filaments inserted at mm from the base of the tube, straight or only slightly curved near the base, mm long, densely pubescent inside, with inconspicuous ridges reaching the base of the tube; anthers x mm, glabrous; tails mm long; acumen 1-4 mm long. Pistil: ovary x mm, darker and minutely puberulous in the upper half; style mm long; clavuncula x mm; stigma minute. Fruit: follicles divergent at an angle of 180, cm long and cm in diameter; exocarp brown or purple-brown, thick and hard, slightly sulcate, glabrous, sparsely to densely lenticellate. Seeds: grain 8-20 x 2-4 mm, densely pubescent; beak glabrous for 0-40 mm and bearing a coma for mm; coma mm long. Distribution: Western and Central Africa. Meded. Landbouwhogeschool Wageningen 82-4 (1982) 111

137 FIG. 36. S^phanthussarmentosus^C^r.sarmentosus-. dewmmx ' 1.flowering branch, x; 2. opened flower, f X ' ( G ' er m '' Z * * g Ji90; 3 - w - de m " e 494; 4 - w Merferf. Landbouwhogeschool Wageningen 82-4 (1982)

138 Key to the varieties: Leaf blade (in long shoots up to 3.5) x as long as wide, rounded or cuneate at the base, papyraceous or thinly coriaceous; 3-6 pairs of secondary veins; tertiary venation very conspicuous beneath, densely reticulate; inflorescence, calyx, and at least the corolla lobes outside minutely puberulous; sepals mm long; tube 1.3-3(-4) x as long as the calyx; follicle with a broad, obtuse apex, and cm in diameter; beak of seed glabrous for mm. var. sarmentosus Leaf blade (in long shoots up to 4.8) x as long as wide, cuneate at the base or decurrent into the petiole, coriaceous; 5-7(-9) pairs of secondary veins; tertiary venation conspicuous or not, loosely reticulate; inflorescence, calyx, and corolla outside glabrous; sepals 5-9 mm long; tube x as long as the calyx; follicle with a narrow apex, and cm in diameter; beak of seed glabrous for 0-2(-6) mm var. glabriflorus S. sarmentosus DC. var. sarmentosus Fig. 36; Photo 5; Map 33 5*. sarmentosus DC. 1802: 123, fig. 1; A. P. De Candolle 1804: 3, fig. 1; G. Don 1837: 84; A. De Candolle 1844: 418; Franchet 1893b: 282; Stapf 1902: 180; Gilg 1903:29; De Wildeman 1907: pi. 146; Hutchinson & Dalziel 1931:49; Staner & Michotte 1934: 50; Chevalier 1950a: 1, PL 1 & 2; Krukoff & Letouzey 1950: 132; Schnell 1950: 588, pi. 24 & 25; 1960: nr. 119; Huber 1963: 70, fig. 215; Berhaut 1971:439. Type: Sierra Leone, sin. loc, Smeathman s.n. (G-DC, holotype; isotypes: BM, FI-W, P-JU, UPS). Heterotypic synonyms: S. laurifolius DC. 1802: 123; 1804: 4, fig. 2; G. Don 1837: 85; A. De Candolle 1844: 418; Franchet 1893b: 285. Type: Senegal, sin. loc, Sparrman s.n. (G-DC, holotype). S. pendulus Kumm. & Hook. 1825: 392, pi. C; A. De Candolle 1844: 419. Lectotype: icon. cit. Homotypic synonym: S. sarmentosus wax. pendulus (Kumm. & Hook.) Pax 1892: 374 (partly, except for Mann 2241). S. senegambiae A. DC. 1844:418. Type: 'Senegambia', Heudelot s.n. (P, holotype; isotypes G, G-DC, FI-W, K, P). Homotypic synonyms: 5*. sarmentosus forma senegambiae (A. DC.) Chev. 1950a: 7, pi. 2; Monachino 1950: 281, syn. nov. S. ogovensis Franch. 1893a: 319; 1893b: 284, pi. 15; Stapf 1902: 181. Type: Gabon, Ogooue R., Booue, Thollon 144 (P, lectotype; isotype: P). S.paroissei Franch. 1893a: 320; 1893b: 290, pi. 15; Planchon 1894: 58. Type: Guinee, Labaya, Paroisse 95 (P, holotype; isotype: P). Homotypic synonym: S. sarmentosus forma paroissei (Franch.) Chev. 1950a: 7. S. sarmentosus var. major Dewevre 1894: 428. Type: Zaire, Bas-Zaire: Congo di Vanga along the railroad, Laurent s.n. (BR, holotype, not seen, presumably lost); neotype: Zaire, Haute Zaire: Yangambi, Isalowe For. Res., Louis (BR, neotype; isoneotypes: B, K, LISC, P). S. sarmentosus var. pubescens Staner & Michotte 1934: 52 (except for the Meded. Landbouwhogeschool Wageningen 82-4 (1982) 133

139 leaves). Type: Zaire, Haute Zaire: Avakubi, Bequaert 2062 (BR, holotype). S. punctiferus Chev. 1950b: 481, syn. no v. Type: Cote dtvoire, Vridi, Miege & Ake Assi 938 (UCJ, holotype; isotypes: NY, WAG). Sarmentose shrub, m high, or liana, m long. Leaves: petiole 2 17( 21) mm long; blade dull or glossy and medium or dark green above, paler beneath, elliptic or ovate, (or in long shoots up to 3.5) x as long as wide, 2-15 x cm, acuminate at the apex (acumen 2-20 mm long), papyraceous or thinly coriaceous, with pellucid dots in the axils of the veins; 3-6 pairs of secondary veins; tertiary venation conspicuous, especially beneath. Inflorescence on long or short branches or in the forks, minutely puberulous in all parts; pedicels mm long. Calyx: sepals x mm, minutely puberulous. Corolla: tube 1.3-3(-4) x as long as the calyx, minutely puberulous near the mouth inside (and sometimes near the mouth outside); lobes including the tails (40-) mm long, minutely puberulous on both sides. Fruit: follicles tapering into a broad and obtuse apex, (10-)13-28 cm long and 2.2-A A cm in diameter. Seeds: beak glabrous for 10-50(-62) mm and bearing a coma for mm; coma (25-) mm long. io 0 10 MAP 33. Strophantus sarmentosus DC. var. sarmentosus Distribution: Western and Central Africa. Ecology: rain forest and gallery forest; in woodland confined to gallery forest and thickets; alt m. Flowers in Ghana and Cameroun from December to April; mature fruits mostly in December and January. Local names: Kouna(m)kala (Guinee, Gambia); Mamfohan (Ghana: Twi and Ashanti languages); Isha kekere, Ako isha (Nigeria: Yoruba language); Libobo lifufow (Zaire: Turumbu language; also used for other species). "* 4 Meded. Landbouwhogeschool Wageningen 82-4 (1982)

140 "* * \ \ *k * / 'J # '. *rpi/c; / / <^/y PHOTO 5. Strophantus sarmentosus DC. var. sarmentosus, part of stem with smallfloweringbranchlets, (photograph H. C. D. DE WIT). Meded. Landbouwhogeschool Wageningen 82-4 (1982) 135

141 Local uses: seeds used for arrow poison in Togo, Nigeria, and the Republique Centrafricaine. A selection of the ca. 700 specimens examined: SENEGAL: Mahan Vendou Waterhole, Boudet 3520 (P); Senegal R., Kouma, Perrotet 457 (BM, G, P, W); Sangalkam, Berhaut 3654 (P); between Linguere and Labgar, Trochain 924 (P); Ouri Sebo, Fotius 101 (P); Mare de Sill, Trochain 3679 (P); Djibonker, Vandenberghen 2061 (WAG); Kedougou, Fotius K 782 (P). GAMBIA: Genieri, Fox 96 (K); sin. loc., Mungo Park s.n. (BM). GUINEE BISSAU: Bafata, between Banjara and Geba, Espiritu Santo 2979 (LISC, LISJC, WAG); Bissau, Traun anno 1908 (HBG). GUINEE: Tristao Isls., Paroisse 60 (P); Dubreka R., Dybowski 11 (P); Fouta Djallon, near Pita, Langdale-Brown 2580 (BR, K, WAG); Sigviri, Chevalier 288 (BM, BR, G, K, P); Faranna area, Sambadougou, Chevalier (P); between Macenta and Guekedou, Roberty 7169 (G, Z); Diaragouela, Chevalier 482 (P, W); Banan, Chevalier 523 (MPU, P). MALI: Timbouctou area, Chimini-Banda, Chudeau 20 May 1909 (P); Nono, Chevalier 439 (P); Niametigeda, Dekker 412 (WAG); Sikasso Distr., Missirikoro Rocks, Laferrere 14 (K). SIERRA LEONE: between Bandakarafaia and Sinekoro, Jaeger 4301 (K); Peninsula, Hastings, Morton & Sesay SL 675 (K, MO, WAG); Mano Bunjema, Adames 2 (K). LIBERIA: Yekepa Div., old Mine Road, Adam (MO); Duport, 13 km E of Monrovia, Bos 2169 (BR, K, P, PRE, WAG); Grand Gedeh Country, Tchien, Bos 2824 (BR, K, P, WAG). C6TE D'IVOIRE: km 36, Odienne-Touba Road, Katz & Schmutz H 73 (K); 40 km SE of Korhogo, on the road to Ngolodougou, Versteegh & den Outer 491 (WAG); Comoe Nat. Park, Kakpin, Geerling & Bokdam 2125 (BR, LD, MO, PRE, WAG); km 17, Danane-Gbapleu Road, Bamps 2347 (BR, WAG); Ybel, Roberty (G); Bouroukrou, Chevalier (P); 5 km N of Sassandra, Leeuwenberg 2263 (K, WAG); Brafouedi, Leeuwenberg 2297 (BR, GC, K, LISC, MO, P, WAG). HAUTE VOLTA: Bobo Dioulasso, Bognounou 246 (P). GHANA: Tonga Plains of hilly Zuarungu, Morton GC 8927 (K, GC); N Ashanti country, Kintampo, Dalziel s.n. (C, E, M, PRE); Worawora, Gati 12 (GC); km 18, Kumasi-Bibiani Road, Enti FHI7858 (BR, K, LISC, P); Dodowah, Aburi Road junction, Irvine 1500 (E, GC, K, MO); Essiama, Morton A 2495 (GC). TOGO: Aledjo-Kadara, Ern 2787 (B); Lome, near Badja, Warnecke 476 (BM, EA, K, P, PRE). BENIN: near Boukombe, trail to Kundi, Sanford 6908 (MO); Adja Ouere, Le Testu 266 (BM, P). NIGER: Djerma, Dono, Chevalier (P); Sabou Birni, Virgo 7 (K). NIGERIA, SOKOTO: Sokoto, Lely 825 (K). KADUNA: Daddara, near Katsina, Meikle 1479 (K); culvert 8/2 in Kaduna-Jos Road, Meikle 1211 (B, BR, K, P). BORNO: near Bida, Lamb 91 (K). NICER: Kontagora, Dalziel 10 (K). GONGOLA: Muvi Div., Gangoro For. Res., Chatman 4263 (BM, FHO). OYO: km 28, Ibadan-Ife Road, Meikle 934 (B, BR, K, P). KWARA: Lokoja, Lugard 29 July 1907 (K); ANAMBRA: Nnewi, Kitson 5 Jan (BM, K, MO), CROSS R.: Old Calabar, Mann 2241 (A, LE, U, W). CAMEROUN: 17 km N of Mokolo, Geerling & Nene 4981 (WAG, YA); Mts. Alantika, Saptou, Letouzey 3230 (P, YA); Kumba, Krukoff 046 (NY); 9 km SW of Yaounde, Breteler 901 (BR, K, LISC, M, P, WAG, YA); Ndjangane, NE of Nanga-Eboko, Leeuwenberg 7421 (BR, L, MO, P, WAG); Yola, Baldwin (K, MO, NY, UC); Ambam, near Medjunu, Krukoff & Letouzey 147 REPUBLIQUE CENTRAFRICAINE: Bewiti, Descoings (I*); Boukoko, Tisserant 1600 (BM, P); Ngerongu R., 15 km N of Bambari, Tisserant 978 (BM, P). EQUATORIAL GUINEA, RIO MUNI: Nkolentanga, Tessmann 149 (K). GABON: Oyem, Le Testu 9482 (BM, LISC, P); Belinga, N. Halle & le Thomas 427 (P); Counda or Konda, Le Testu 8735 (BM, LISC, P); Booue, Thollon 746 (P; paratype of S. ogovensis). CONGO: Bouenza R. Forest, near M'Bamou, Bouquet 754 (P); Sangha R. bank, Pobeguin 111 ANGOLA, CABINDA: Buco Zan, Gossweiler 6791 (BM, LISJC, LISU); Sumba, Peco, Gossweiler ^" Meded. Landbouwhogeschool Wageningen 82-4 (1982)

142 9103(A,BM,K,US). ZAIRE, EQUATEUR: Yambata, de Giorgi 1668 (BR, K, NY); Eala, Laurent 2840 (BR); Mondombesector, Jespersen 34 (BR), HAUTE ZAIRE: Bambesa, Gerard5397 (BR); Isalowe For. Res., Yangambi, Louis (B, BR, K, LISC, P; neotype of S. sarmentosus var. major); Ituri R., Bequaert 2355 (BR), BAS-ZA'IRE: Mvuazi, Mankondo Forest, Devred 846 (BR, K). BANDUNDU: Popokabaka Terr., Tsaka, Pauwels 4194 (WAG). UGANDA, U2: Toro Distr., Bwamba Forest, Greenway & Eggeling 7061 (K, PRE); Mawokoto, Kionsozi forest, Dawe 20 (K). Cultivated: KENYA, Nairobi, Garden B (EA); TANZANIA, Amboni near Tanga, Markwalder B (EA); SWITZERLAND, Geneve, Zaipoh Do 666 (G); THE NETHERLANDS, Wageningen, Beentje 1621 (WAG); INDONESIA, Bogor, Schuurman 132H (L); U.S.A., Mayaguez (PR), PI (MO, NY); PANAMA, Summit Gardens, Nee (AAU, MO, NY); CUBA, Cienfuegos, Jack 7639 (NY, S); JAMAICA, Kingston, Gagzo anno 1905 (HBG); TRINIDAD, St. Clair, Broadway April 1908 (L). S. sarmentosus var. glabriflorus Monach. 1951: 479. Fig. 37; Map 34 Type: Guinee, near Kindia, Pobeguin 1288 (P, holotype; isotypes: P). Homotypic synonym: S. glabriflorus (Monach.) Monach. 1953:412, syn. nov. Sarmentose shrub. Leaves: petiole 3-9 mm long; blade elliptic or rarely slightly obovate, (in long shoots up to 4.8) x as long as wide, x cm, acuminate at the apex (acumen 3-7 mm long), coriaceous, without pellucid dots; 5-7(-9) pairs of secondary veins; tertiary venation sometimes conspicuous. Inflorescence on long branches or in the forks, glabrous in all parts; pedicels mm long. Calyx: sepals 5-9 x mm, glabrous. Corolla: tube x as long as the calyx, glabrous outside and pubescent inside; lobes including the tails mm long, glabrous outside and puberulous or pubescent near the base inside. Fruit: follicles tapering towards a narrow apex and ending in an obtuse tip, cm long and cm in diameter. Seeds: beak glabrous for 0-2(-6) mm and bearing a coma for mm; coma mm long. MAP 34. Strophanthus sarmentosus var. glabriflorus Monach. Distribution: Guinee, Fouta Djallon. Specimens examined: GUINEE: Kindia, Pobeguin 1288 (P; type); Kaflima R. bridge on the road from Telimele to Kindia, Pitot 762 (NY), 763 (NY); Poredaka, Maclaud 6 March 1902 (P); between Friguiagbe and Bambaya, Pobeguin 28 (P); Friguiagbe, Chillon 462 (P); Kole, Lisowski (BR); sin. loc, Pobeguin s.n. (P); unknown loc.: Gare de la Lanfofome, Pobeguin 905 (P). Meded. Landbouwhogeschool Wageningen 82-4 (1982) 137

143 FIG. 37. Strophanthus sarmentosus var. glabriflorus Monach.: 1. flowering branch, f x;2. section of flower, 2 x; 3. fruit, one follicle removed, x;4. seed, x. (1. Pobeguin 1288; 2. Maclaud s.n.; 3. Pobeguin 905; 4. Bitot 763). 138 Meded. Landbouwhogeschool Wageningen 82-4 (1982)

144 Notes: the type of S. punctiferus is a S. sarmentosus with very short corolla lobes, and is reduced here to a synonym. S. sarmentosus forma senegambiae can also not be maintained; and S. glabriflorus is reduced to its former status of variety, as the differences with S. sarmentosus proper are too slight to warrant specific status, but enough to distinguish it as a related variety. Cultivated S. sarmentosus specimens have reached ages of over 55 years. 31. S. singaporianus (Wall, ex G. Don) Gilg 1903: 11. Fig. 38; Map 35 Basionym: CercocomasingaporianaWall ex G. Don 1837:83; A. De Candolle 1844: 432; Miquel 1856: 445. Type: Singapore, Wallich 1623 (K-WALL, holotype). Heterotypic synonyms: S. brevicaudatus Wight 1848: pi. 1302; Kurz 1877b: 191; Hooker f. 1882: 656; Reber 1887: 295; Franchet 1893b: 259; Ridley 1923: 356. Type: locality not certain, possibly Burma: Mergui, Wight s.n. (K, holotype). S. singaporianus var. singaporianus forma hirtellus Monach. 1951: 479, syn. nov. Type: Malaysia, Sarawak: Bangarmassing, Motley 760 (K, holotype). Shrub or small liana, m high. Branches dark brown, (very) densely lenticellate; branchlets medium brown, glabrous. Leaves: petiole 5-13 mm long, with 2 outer and 2-4 inner axillary colleters; blade ovate or elliptic, x as long as wide, x cm, rounded or cuneate at the base, abruptly acuminate at the apex (acumen 7-16 mm long, acute), sometimes undulate at the margin, papyraceous, glabrous or rarely minutely puberulous; 5-9 pairs of curved secondary veins at an angle of with the midrib; tertiary venation sometimes conspicuous. Inflorescence on long or short branches or in the forks, 3-80-flowered (1-10 flowers open at a time), pedunculate, lax, sometimes with reduced branches, glabrous or rarely puberulous in all parts; peduncle (4-)13-38 mm long, densely lenticellate; branches 9-75 mm long; pedicels mm long; bracts erect or spreading, ovate, x 1-2 mm, acute, sepallike. Calyx: sepals equal, purple-maroon, ovate, x as long as wide, x mm, acute or shortly acuminate, subscarious, glabrous or rarely sparsely puberulous; with 10 colleters per calyx, equally distributed over all sepals or concentrated on the inner. Corolla: tube x as long as the calyx, yellow at the base and reddish, turning purple, at the mouth outside, 5-10 mm long and widening at 60-90% of its length into a shallowly cup-shaped upper part, at the mouth mm wide, glabrous outside and puberulous inside; corona lobes presumably white, narrowly triangular, x 0.6 mm, acute, glabrous; corolla lobes reddish or purple on both sides, often with the left margin yellow; lobes presumably spreading, ovate, x mm, acuminate or apiculate, glabrous. Stamens mm exserted; filaments inserted at 3,2-6.5 mm from the base of the tube, straight, with a small abaxial swelling near the base, mm long, pubescent, with mm long fleshy ridges ending at base in an obtuse spur; anthers x mm, glabrous; tails mm long; acumen mm long. Pistil: ovary mm high, Meded. Landbouwhogeschool Wageningen 82-4 (1982) 139

145 ^te L? T J u S Sin t apohmus (WaIL ex G - Don > Gil :! fleering branch, \ x; 2. inflores- 6 x rsis UC f a 7 CheS ' f X; 3 ' fl Wer ' 3 X; 4 - Section of flower - 3x;i side W^ of stamen, 6-1 M^y?072) mmatmeseed ' 2j X - (L M o^^ 2- MW 4637; 3-5. M*fcy 25; 140 Merferf. Landbouwhogeschool Wageningen 82-4 (1982)

146 glabrous or rarely minutely puberulous; style mm long; clavuncula mm high; stigma 0.5 mm long. Fruit: follicles divergent at an angle of 180, long-tapering into a narrow apex and curved inwards at the tip, cm long and cm in diameter; exocarp rather thin, slightly sulcate, glabrous, not or sparsely lenticellate. Seeds: grain x mm, densely puberulous or pubescent; beak glabrous for 3-12 mm and bearing a coma for mm; coma mm long. 95 1QQ " " MAP 35. Strophantussingaporianus (Wall, ex G. Don) Gilg Distribution: Malacca, Singapore, and NW Borneo. Ecology: not clear, possibly associated with rivers. Specimens examined: MALAYSIA, MALACCA PENINSULA: sin. loc, Maingay 1072/1838 (K, L); sin. loc, Griffith in herb. Martius anno 1845 (BR); Bruang, anonym. 528 (CAL, SING). SARAWAK: Kampong Bundu, Goklin For. Dept (A, K, L); Labuan Isl., Motley IS (K); Belait Distr., Belait R., van Niel 4637 (HBG, L, Z); Bangarmassing, Motley 760 (K; type of S. singaporianus forma hirtellus); Rejang, Sibu, Kalong, Haviland 134/1770 (A, BM, K, L); Kuching, Haviland & Hose (K); ibid., Batu Kinyang, Batu Lintang, Sinclair 5639 (E, K); sin. loc, Beccari 797 (K, LE). SINGAPORE: Sungei Pandan, km 14 on West Coast Road, Sinclair 6826 (E, L, P); Punggol, Ridley s.n. (BM); Holland Road, Ridley 6702 (SING); Balestier Plain, Ridley 9149 (BM, CAL); sin. loc, Ridley 1830 (Z), 6040 (K); sin. loc, Cantley 1830 (SING), 2675 (SING), s.n. (SING); sin. loc, Kurz s.n. (CAL); sin. loc. Kings coll 1191 (K); sin. loc, Dorwardin herb. Wight s.n. (K); sin. loc, Wallich herb (K-WALL; type). Loc. incert:? Mergui, Herb. Wight s.n. (K; type of S. brevicaudatus) Notes: MONACHINO (1951) described a new forma based on a single specimen showing some indumentum on the inflorescence. This forma is here reduced to a synonym. WIGHT (1848) is unsure about the location of the type of S. brevicaudatus; Mergui would be rather far from the presently known distribution area, but not improbably so. Meded. Landbouwhogeschool Wageningen 82-4 (1982) 141

147 abaxial side of stamen 6i x? 6 f " it 1 t T, ^ V «.; 6. A/ 0 // 3540 Jones JO) ' T f ' ^ X " X; (L Pegler 915 * adaxjal side f Stamen > 6 X; 5 " Z ' Stre r ^ 3 " Afoferf. Landbouwhogeschool Wageningen 82-4 (1982)

148 32. S. speciosus (Ward & Harvey) Reber 1887: 299; Pax 1892: 376; Franchet 1893b: 287; Gilg 1903: 34 (excl. herb. Ecklon & Zeyher); Stapf 1907: 511; Wood 1911: pi. 555; Marloth 1932: pi. 18; Codd 1963: 293, fig. 42; Palgrave 1977: 797. Fig. 39; Photo 6; Map 36 Basionym: Christy a speciosa Ward & Harvey 1842: 134, pi. 21 (excl. herb. Ecklon & Zeyher); A. De Candolle 1844: 416; Pichon 1949: 62; Pichon 1950" 62. Type: S. Africa, E Cape: Katrivier, Bartels s.n. (TCD, holotype; isotype: SAM). Heterotypic synonym: S. capensis A. DC. 1844:419; Hooker f. 1868: pi. 5713; Reber 1887: 299. Type: S. Africa, E Cape, Krebs 236 (G-DC, holotype; isotypes: G, HAL, LE, OXF, Z). Shrub, 1-4 m high, or liana, up to 16 m high, presumably evergreen; latex clear or white. Trunk up to 3 cm in diameter, branching trichotomously; branches rather densely lenticellate; branchlets glabrous. Leaves ternate, rarely opposite or quaternate; petiole 2-12 mm long, with 5 colleters adaxially near the base; blade glossy and medium or dark green above, dull and paler beneath, narrowly elliptic or slightly obovate, (-9) x as long as wide, x cm, decurrent into the petiole, acute, acuminate, or rarely rounded at the apex (acumen 1-6 mm long), often with a slightly revolute margin, coriaceous or thinly so, glabrous; 6-19 pairs of straight secondary veins at an angle of with the midrib; tertiary venation sometimes conspicuous. Inflorescence on long branches or in the trichotomous forks, 3-26-flowered (1-2 flowers open at a time), pedunculate, congested, glabrous in all parts or puberulous in some; peduncle 3-16(-23) mm long, lenticellate; branches 2-30(-60) mm long; pedicels 6-21 mm long; bracts soon deciduous, narrowly ovate, x mm, acute, sepal-like. Calyx: sepals subequal, the outer ones wider than the inner, pale green, narrowly ovate, x as long as wide, x 1.2-2(-2.7) mm, acute, with some hairs near the apex or puberulous all over; with 2-4 colleters per sepal, colleters sometimes forked. Corolla: tube (0.8 )1 3 x as long as the calyx, yellow and turning orange on both sides, outside white near the base, inside red-streaked, (6.5-)9-14 mm long and widening at 30-50% of its length into a cup-shaped upper part, at the mouth mm wide, minutely puberulous near the apex outside, minutely papillose inside; corona lobes white, subulate, x mm, acute or obtuse, fleshy, minutely papillose; corolla lobes yellow on both sides and with a red spot near the base, tails yellow; lobes ovate, 2-6 x 3-5 mm, gradually narrowing into the mm wide spreading tails; lobes including the tails mm long, puberulous outside and sometimes also near the base inside. Stamens included for mm; filaments inserted at mm from the base of the tube, straight, mm long, pubescent inside, with (0.6-) mm long fleshy ridges obtuse at their base; anthers x mm, pubescent in the upper third or for more than half of their length; tails mm long; acumen mm long. Pistil: ovary x mm, puberulous; style mm long; clavuncula Meded. Landbouwhogeschool Wageningen 82-4 (1982) 143

149 x mm, pubescent at the apex; stigma minute. Fruit 1, or occasionally 2, in a single infrutescence; follicles divergent at an angle of (60-) , tapering towards the narrow apex and ending in a minute knob, with the extreme tip sometimes curved inwards, (7-)10-22 cm long and cm in diameter; exocarp rather thin, hard, smooth or slightly sulcate, glabrous, not lenticellate. Seeds: grain x mm, densely puberulous; beak glabrous for 0-2 mm and bearing a coma for 7-15 mm; coma mm long. MAP 36. Strophantus speciosus (Ward & Harvey) Reber Distribution: Zimbabwe, S. Africa, Swaziland. Ecology: forest, often on margins; alt. (300-) (-1800) m. Flowers: towards the end of the dry and the beginning of the rainy season; mature fruits throughout the year, with a peak in the dry season. A selection of the ca. 150 specimens examined- ZMBABWE: Wedza Mt, WM6340(K, LISC, PRE, SRGH); Vumba Mts. near Umtali, Obermeyer 2038 (PRE); Tarka For. Res., Mt. Peni Gwasha, Goldsmith 1/72 (SRGH). S. AFRICA, TRANSVAAL: Letabe Distr., de Hock Forest, Schweickert 1671 (B, K); Pietersburg Distr., Haenertsburg, Pott 4582 (PRE); Soutpansberg Distr., Houtboschberg, Bunt-Davy 5081 (FHO, P,. S D ' Str " Ma g aliesk P For- Res., van der Schijff 6214 (PRE); Mt. Sheba Forest, Jones 50 (PRE); Pedlarsbush SE of Barberton, Thorncroft s.n. (PRE), NATAL: Dronk Vlei, Fernando» her^e,i l %'^ d9926 (BOL ' NH ' PRE ); Mevu Forest, Davis 5 (CAL, K); Qudeni Forest, rz'^ol?^ ^? \ ^ E ) ; UtreCht ' Kaffir Drift Thode A ' 238 ( K > NH, PRE); Nkandhla Forest, C O^6970 (K, PRE); Eshowe, Thode A 1249 (K, NH, PRE, US); Hlinza Forest, Lawn 1715 (NH); Umvoti D.s r Bachfontem, Bayer 1502 (E, MO); 24 km NW of New Hanover, Codd 1469 (PRE); l^' ft t f^erf ey 'J 0d (B0L ' BP ' K ' M ' NH > PRE > SA M); Piemburg Distr., Win- T^mmTVt t ; (K PRE); ' B y fne ' Gal P in (PRE); Richmond, Medley-Wood Dili N? H 'H?' PR \ SAM ' W ' Z * Evu "g«kloof, Strey 5920 (K, NH, PRE). E CAPE: Flagstaff 22 R! i l Z ' T DepL 6119 (PRE); ' km W f Weza tum ff 0" Umzionkulu-KokdrnZ n * M r", 2 19 (K ' M ' NH ' PRE * Isibosdo Forest ' Milkr 4079 (PRE); AlexanikiTZ? U Zf,vZ c 16 e (BR ' ' HBG ' L ' M ' P > PRE > W - Z ); be twee Flagstaff and Lusik- S 'r Petri 5 Rm^' IV** St J hns * > Stre >> < K - NH ' PRE - WAG); Kentani nl Ko2 if (,,^PRE SAM ' W Z); Mar Fort ' Cunynghame, Bolus Jan (MO); back Zvt% Tl* \ ( l U PRE ' SAM); Stutterhei Distr., Acocks 9334 (K, PRE); Hogs- BM BO? r V P (A ; B, R ;^C' M WAG); ' Stocke»^6m Distr., Mt. Katberg, Scully 161 (A, BM, BOL, G, K, P, SAM, UPS, W, ZT); Kagaberg Forest, Mrs. Wood s.n. (PRE)! 144 Meded. Landbouwhogeschool Wageningen 82-4 (1982)

150 - I 4 r 11 * *' *«P» ^ ^ f r - J0 ' f ( ^.*#* ' *v PHOTO 6. Strophantus speciosus (Ward & Harvey) Reber,flowering branch. - Leeuwenberg (photograph A. J. M. LEEUWENBERG). SWAZILAND: Hlatikulu Distr., Compton (K, PRE, SAM); sin. loc, Stewart 8961 (BOL, L, PRE). Cultivated: THE NETHERLANDS, Wageningen, Beentje 1619 (WAG); AUSTRALIA, Bnsbane, White 8649 (K); U.S.A., New York, Taylor PI (NY). Notes: PICHON (1949) reinstated the monotypic genus Christya, based on this species. I agree with CODD (1963) that this is not justified, and I can add to his remarks that the seed beak may be partly glabrous. CODD also remarks that the plants collected in the Southern part of the area of this species show shorter leaves, while the sepals are longer, than those of plants collected in the Northern part of the distribution area. Moreover, the sepals of the former are pubescent, and those of the latter are nearly glabrous. MARLOTH (1932) reports the butterfly Danais chrysippus as a pollinator on a S. speciosus cultivated at Cape Town; this butterfly also occurs in the distribution area of S. speciosus. Meded. Landbouwhogeschool Wageningen 82-4 (1982) 145

151 fl Weri^branc fs^fffsss^ 1??*- 1 1' **.l ><; 2- bud, 1 x; 3. section of flower, ^x, 4. trnit, one folhcle removed, x; 5. seed, J x. (1-3. Beentje 1551; 4-5. Krukoff& Letouzey 146 A/e&rf. Landbouwhogeschool Wageningen 82-4 (1982)

152 33. S. thollonii Franch. 1893a: 299 (partly, except for Thollon 1); 1893b: 257, pi. 8; Stapf 1902:171; Gilg 1903:19, pi. 9; Hutchinson & Dalziel 1931:47; Krukoff & Letouzey 1950: 128; Huber 1963: 70. Fig. 40; Map 37 Type: Gabon, Ogooue R., between Apingi and Obombi, Thollon 762 (P, lectotype). Heterotypic synonym: S. pierreanus De Wild. 1903: 102, pi. 30. Type: Gabon, Ogooue R., Chalot 18 (BR, holotype; isotype: P). Liana, 3-20 m high, evergreen; latex clear or white. Trunk up to 5 cm in diameter, bark grey; branches dark maroon-brown or blackish, sparsely or densely lenticellate; branchlets pale or dark brown, glabrous. Leaves: petiole 2-13 mm long, with 2 outer and 2-4 inner axillary colleters; blade shiny and medium or dark green above, dull and pale yellowish-green beneath, narrowly elliptic or obovate, x as long as wide, x cm, cuneate or rarely rounded at the base or decurrent into the petiole, acute or acuminate at the apex (acumen up to 13 mm long), with a slightly revolute margin, coriaceous, glabrous, with translucent dots; 4-9 pairs of more or less curved secondary veins at an angle of with the midrib; tertiary venation inconspicuous. Inflorescence on long or short branches or in the forks, l-2(-5)-flowered (1 flower open at a time), sessile or pedunculate, congested, glabrous in all parts; peduncle - if present - up to 4 mm long; branches 0 10( 18) mm long; pedicels 2-10 mm long; bracts often deciduous, ovate or narrowly triangular, x 1-3 mm, acute, scarious. Flowers sometimes fragrant. Calyx: sepals unequal,, the inner much larger than the outer, pale green and sometimes with a reddish margin and apex, elliptic or narrowly so, ( 5) x as long as wide, (8-)10-26 x mm, acute or acuminate, glabrous; with 2-8 colleters on each inner sepal. Corolla: tube x as long as the calyx, white and turning yellow at the base outside, pink and turning purple in the upper part outside, white and red- or purple-streaked inside, the white turning yellow, mm long and widening at 45-57% of its length into a cylindrical or cup-shaped upper part, at the mouth mm wide, glabrous on both sides; corona lobes pink and turning purple in the centre, with white margins and apex, the white turning yellow, narrowly triangular and sometimes undulate, x mm, acute, somewhat fleshy, sparsely pubescent; corolla lobes dark pink or purple outside, white and turning yellow inside, ovate, x as long as wide, x mm, acute or slightly acuminate, glabrous on both sides. Stamens mm exserted; filaments inserted at mm from the base of the tube, straight, mm long, pubescent inside, with 6-9 mm long ridges; anthers x mm, glabrous; tails mm long; acumen mm long. Pistil: ovary (1.2-)2-3.2 x mm, glabrous; style mm long; clavuncula x mm; stigma mm long. Fruit: follicles divergent at an angle of , long-tapering into the narrow apex and sometimes curved inwards at the tip, cm long and cm in diameter; exocarp dark maroon-brown or blackish-purple, rather thin and hard, smooth or slightly sulcate, glabrous, rather densely lenticellate. Seeds: Meded. Landbouwhogeschool Wageningen 82-4 (1982) 147

153 grain x 2-3 mm, densely short-pubuscent; beak glabrous for mm and bearing a coma for mm; coma erect, spreading, or reflexed, mm long. MAP 37. Strophantus thollonii Franch. Distribution: Nigeria (Cross River) to Gabon. Ecology: on river banks in the forest; alt m. Flowering all year, with a peak from November to January, mature fruits trom December to January. Local names: Ine, Onaye (Gabon, Fang language, as for S. gratus). A selection of the ca. 100 specimens examined",^a4 M 4 E rkv N rl assaka p U 7/"? km WNW f Kumba ' Let0 y (TO * del Rey, Johnf Lou m?o.e R TT ' r? 22 (A ' K ' P; paraty P e )' DibomK R - «^ tenk- near bridge m Loum-Sole Road, Leeuwenberg 9724 (WAG); Loum, de Wit 8125 (WAG)- Ebone km 11 on Nkongsamba-Doua a Road Bamm 150Q rap VA\ n -, /.. coone, Km n on ( FaiW R i-^ 1 oi1 n f?i, ' YA); Banou ye R. left bank near confluence with HHTffl^K^T^ ^ 0* UWa R - Mar Kding 60 km ' SSW of of Bafia, Letouzey R 30 km WNW^F 'v i, y ^, R - Mar Es6ka ' Kmk ff & Let0UZ y 190 (NY, P, YA); Kele Z)' Nbam n 1 ' Z,t WMe 6t al H57 (B ' BR > GENT ' K > MO- P PRE, WAG YA, N^Si^lX"^^^ R - - E^26 km 4843 fwafi VAV T t,- D V } e ' R - above Mb a-manga bridge at Kribi, Bos 15 WA"G YAV fitnh J^ln ^i-campo Road, Bates 343 (BM, G, K, Z); ibid., W SI WU Zvtbid!": ' ^ f '? (BM ' E ' ' GOET ' HBG > K ' L' L E, M MO, P, PRE, K L MP W WU ZVT^H ; T k v UndJe R " Zmker 2300 < BM ' BR ' E > G/GOET, HBG, 18 ftzsna^' (B * R ' I', type f & Pierremu * g oue R ^ Nkogo, Fleury in (P) OgooufR a Samki ST',t ~f 2?6 (P); Libreville ' Com R - K <"» (P), 2093 k P);1bT SSiJ^^^o? 00? ^ n Ndj01 '' M " 18 (A ' & Woodward20906(K NY^ oloos at Mn' ka " ^? " Uma ' 23 km SW of Lalara BraSS ' bo Road, A. Hladk 2604c? ^ (BM, SchweitzeVs P). h o s p i t a lnwawara t ^ I ^2uyi5 ^ T T(K, lny); l ^ T Ngoume " ' ^ R. ^at Sindara, f ^ Le * Testu ^ 2203 ^ (v ^ W ^ 8 ^\ de u SCri P tion of S - <hollonii, part of the description hatits t Z. l 7? l0b u S) rcfers t0 ne f the P arat yp^ (ThoL 1) neither**/sl T I» S - thollom also d? mbc8 the leaves as sometimes being ternate, but "or in 5. ^rato this was ever seen specietfktvisnr^-h'h? 1^- 10 * ^ *» ^ ^ *'the notes of the latter species a key is provided to distinguish the two species. 148 Meded. Landbouwhogeschool Wageningen 82-4 (1982)

154 34. S. vanderijstii Staner 1932b: 329; Staner & Michotte 1934: 52. x v o j, Fi S Ma P 3 8 lype: Zaire, Bandundu: Panzi, Vanderijst (BR, holotype; isotypes: BR, Shrub, cm high. Branches not, or only sparsely, lenticellate; branchlets densely puberulous. Leaves: petiole 1-3 mm long, with 2 outer and 2-4 inner axillary colleters; blade ovate or elliptic, (2-) x as long as wide, x cm, cuneate at the base, acute or acuminate at the apex (acumen 2-3 mm long), papyraceous, glabrous or ciliate, with translucent dots; 4-7 pairs of curved secondary veins at an angle of with the midrib; tertiary venation inconspicuous. Inflorescence on short branches or in the forks, 1-3-flowered (1-2 flowers open at a time), sessile or nearly so, puberulous in all parts; branches 0-6 mm long; pedicels 9-15 mm long; bracts linear or narrowly elliptic, 3-4 x 1 mm, acute, subscarious. Calyx: sepals subequal, the outer shorter and wider than the inner, narrowly elliptic, 2-8 x as long as wide, 4.3-7(-10.5) x mm, acute, puberulous near the base and margins; with 2 colleters per sepal. Corolla: tube x as long as the calyx, white, turning pink outside, and red-streaked white inside, mm long and widening at 25-38% of its length into a cylindrical or infundibuliform upper part, at the mouth mm wide, puberulous on both sides; corona lobes subulate, x mm, obtuse at the tip, fleshy, minutely papillose or puberulous; corolla lobes white and turning pink outside, tails yellow; lobes spreading, ovate, 4-9 x mm, gradually narrowing into the 2-3 mm wide spreading or pendulous tails; lobes including the tails mm long, sparsely puberulous near the base on both sides. Stamens included for mm; filaments inserted at mm from the base of the tube, straight or nearly so, mm long, pubescent inside, with inconspicuous ridges; anthers x mm, glabrous; tails mm long; acumen mm long. Pistil: ovary x mm, glabrous; style mm long; clavuncula x mm; stigma 0.2 mm long. Fruit: follicles tapering into a rather broad obtuse apex, 8-12 cm long and 2 cm in diameter; exocarp thick and hard, slightly sulcate, glabrous, not lenticellate. Seeds: grain x mm, densely pubescent; beak glabrous for 0-2 mm and bearing a coma for 20 mm; coma mm long. MAP 38. Strophanthus vanderijstii Staner Meded. Landbouwhogeschool Wageningen 82-4 (1982) JO

155 FIG. 41. Strophanthus vanderijstii Staner: 1. habit, f x;2. section of flower, 2 x; 3. follicle, T x; 4. seed, J x.(l-2. AzancotdeMenezes2152; 3-4. Callens3399). 150 Meded. Landbouwhogeschoal Wageningen 82-4 (1982)

156 Distribution: Zaire (Bandundu) and Angola (Malanje), Ecology: geopyrophyte in grass steppe; alt m. Specimens examined: ZAIRE, BANDUNDU: Panzi, Vanderijst (BR, NY; type); ibid., Callens 1370 (NY); Lufuku R., Callens 3399 (NY). ANGOLA, MALANJE: between Malanje and Mussuco, Antunes 3096 (LISC, P); Kituvico near Lui and Cuango Rs., Gossweiler 9602 (BM); Capenda Camulemba, Azancot de Menezes 2152 (LISC). Notes: the roots were described as running horizontal just below the surface, sending out shoots at regular intervals, with a primary root 1-2 m long and up to 5 cm in diameter (teste Callens and Gossweiler). S. vanderijstii is closely allied to S. amboensis. 35. S. wallichii A. DC. 1844: 418; Miquel 1856: 442; Hooker f. 1882: 655; Franchet 1893b: 268; Gilg 1903: 15; King & Gamble 1908: 469; Gamble 1921: 816; Haines 1922: 542; Ridley 1923: 355. Fig. 42; Map 39 Type: Bangla Desh, Pandua, De Silva in herb. Wallich 1641 (G-DC, holotype; isotypes BM, C, G, K, K-WALL, LE, M, NY, P, W). Heterotypic synonyms: S. dichotomus var. coromandelianus Ker 1820: t. 469; Wight 1842: t. 599 (as S. dichotomus). Type: India, Circars Mts., Roxburgh s.n. (BM, holotype). Homotypic synonym: Nerium caudatum Roxburgh 1932:9 (non (L.) Lam.). S. caudatus Kurz 1877b: 192 (non (L.) Kurz 1877a: 257). Type: the first description (lectotype). S. wallichii var. robustus Pierre ex Gilg 1903: 16. Type: Viet-nam, Bienhoa: Ton Man, near Dongnai R., Pierre 4412 (P, holotype; isotypes: A, C, NY, P). Homotypic synonym: S. robustus (Pierre ex Gilg) Pitard 1933: 1198, fig. 133, syn. nov. Shrub, m high, or liana, up to 8 m high, presumably evergreen. Trunk up to 8 cm in diameter; branches sparsely or densely lenticellate; branchlets glabrous. Leaves: petiole 3-11 mm long, with 2 outer and 2-6 inner axillary colleters; blade elliptic or obovate, 1.4-3(-3.8) x as long as wide, x cm, cuneate or rarely rounded at the base, acuminate at the apex (acumen 1-12 mm long), sometimes undulate at the margin, papyraceous, glabrous, with or without translucent dots; 4-9 pairs of curved secondary veins at an angle of with the midrib; tertiary venation conspicuous. Inflorescence on long or short branches or in the forks, 5-25-flowered (1-3 flowers open at a time), pedunculate, lax, sometimes with reduced branches, glabrous or puberulous but with the bracts always puberulous; peduncle 10-54(-75) mm long, lenticellate; branches 15-70(-140) mm long; pedicels 4-11(-16) mm long; bracts spreading or recurved, linear, 4-15(-19) x 1-2 mm, acute, sepal-like. Calyx: sepals spreading or recurved, equal, linear, 6-10 x as long as wide, x mm, acute, densely puberulous; with 2(-3) colleters per sepal. Corolla: tube (0.6-) x as long as the calyx, pinkish-white, turning yellow, with some Meded. Landbouwhogeschool Wageningen 82-4 (1982) 151

157 1 2 J n ZV 7 /, 't f t XJal SldC f Stamen 6 X; ' 5 ' fruit one foilicle ' re ved, f x; 6. seed, 3 x. (1. Kerr 20782; 2-4. Kerr 7247; Cowan 424; 6. Whitman FRI12958). 152 Meded. Landbouwhogeschool Wageningen 82-4 (1982)

158 red near the base outside, 9-15 mm long and widening at 42-69% of its length into a cup-shaped upper part, at the mouth mm wide, glabrous outside and puberulous inside; corona lobes pink, narrowly triangular, x mm, acute, glabrous or puberulous inside; corolla lobes pinkish-white and redstreaked outside, with the white turning yellow, pink or pale purple inside, tails dark red or purple; lobes spreading, ovate, 5-9 x 3-6 mm, rather abruptly narrowing into the 1 mm wide spreading tails; lobes including the tails mm long, glabrous on both sides or sparsely puberulous inside. Stamens mm exserted; filaments inserted at 5-8 mm from the base of the tube, straight, with an abaxial swelling near the base, mm long, pubescent, with mm long ridges, ridges with an obtuse spur at the base; anthers mm long, pubescent except for the tails; tails mm long; acumen mm long. Pistil: ovary 1-2 mm high, minutely puberulous; style mm long; clavuncula mm high; stigma mm long. Fruit: follicles divergent at an angle of 180, tapering into an obtuse apex or towards a narrow apex with an obtuse tip, cm long and 2.5 cm in diameter; exocarp brown, thick and hard, nearly smooth or sulcate, densely lenticellate. Seeds: grains x mm, glabrous; beak glabrous for 8-15 mm and bearing a coma for mm; coma mm lomg MAP 39. Strophantus wallichii A. DC. Distribution: South-East Asia, from India (Orissa) to Viet-nam and Malaysia. Ecology: primary and secondary forest and clearings; alt (-1500) m. Flowering: on the Andaman Isls., where many specimens were collected, in every month of the year, with a peak in March and April. Not enough fruits are known to be certain about the main fruiting season. Meded. Landbouwhogeschool Wageningen 82-4 (1982) 153

159 A selection of the ca. 90 specimens examined: INDIA: ANDRA PRADESH or ORISSA: Circars Mts., Roxburgh s.n. (BM; type of S. dichotomus var. coromandelianus). ORISSA: Athmallik State, Kutgaon Khol, Mooney 2872 (K). WEST BENGAL: Calcutta, Gage 1912 (K). BENGAL & BORDERS: Rangpo Road, Santapau & Mukerjee 243 (CAL); Jalpaiguri, Haines 2716 (E, K); Khasi Hills, Simson 59 (K); Fatikrai, Biswas 4910 (CAL); sin. loc., Biswas 1647 (A); sin. loc, Haines 664a (K), ASSAM: Golaghat Distr., King's coll. May 1891 (A, BM, CAL, HBG, K, P, Z); Tura, Garo Hills, Thakur Rup Chand 3038 (L, UC, W). ANDAMANS, S. Andaman: Hopetown, Lace 2829 (CAL, E, K); Goplakabang Valley, Heinig Jan (CAL); Protheroepur, Brain April 1891 (CAL); Cadell Point, King 25 July 1891 (CAL); Corby's Cove, King's coll 13 Feb (CAL); Manpur, King's coll. 20 Aug (CAL). Car Nicobar: Jambalu, King's coll. 10 June 1895 (CAL); sin. loc, Parkinson 367 (K). BANGLA DESH: Pandua, De Silva in herb. Wallich 1641 (BM, C, G, G-DC, K, K-WALL, LE, M, NY, P, W; type); Chittagong, Hooker & Thomson 379 (A, K); ibid., Nidania, Rezu Range, Cowan 424 (E). BIRMA: Bassein Distr., Mezali Res., Lace 3010 (E, K); Mergui, Tharabuin, Meebold (S); S. Tenasserim, Tavoy Distr., Thagyettaw Forest, Distr. Off. 7 (CAL); S. Tenasserim, Thebyu Chaung, Parkinson 1683 (K). loc not found: Tenasserim, Kyanktatoon, Meebold (CAL). THAILAND: Phetchabun, Kerr 5688 (BM, K, NY); Koh Chang, Klong Son, Schmidt 639 (C, K); Prachuap, Khiri Khan, van Beusekom & Santisuk 2816 (AAU, C, E, K, L); Ranong, Kao Taki, Kerr (AAU, BM, E, FHO, K, L, MO, P); Trang, Outong, Phra Vanpruk 659 (E, K); Ta Se R., Kerr (BM, K, NY); Pattani, Kerr 7247 (A, AAU, BM, E, K, L, P). LAOS: Xiang Khoang, Kerr (BM, K, L, P); Borikhane, Kerr (BM, K, L, P); Attapu, Harmandin herb. Pierre 1414 (P; paratype of S. wallichii var. robustus). VIET-NAM; HO Chi Minh City, between Tuc-Tan and Tong-Yen, Regnier 335 (P); Ton Man, near Dongnai R., Pierre 4412 (A, C, NY, P; type of S. wallichii var. robustus). MALAYSIA, MALACCA PENINSULA: Langkawi Isl., Tanjong Ru Road, Whitmore FRI (K, L); Perlis, Ridley (K); Perlis, Chupung, anonym (CAL). Cultivated: INDIA, SIKKIM: Jitilya, Hooker s.n. (K, P, W); GREAT BRITAIN, Chelsea, Moore April 1851 (K). Notes: this species was often confused with S. caudatus, especially by ROX BURGH'S use of the name Nerium caudatum, not the same as the Nerium caudatum of LAMARCK! KURZ (1877a) described 5. caudatus, and (1877b) S. wallichii, both under the name S. caudatus. The two species are most easily distinguished by the position, shape, and size of sepals and bracts, and by the indumentum of the ovary and the anthers. The type of S. wallichii var. robustus agrees with that of S. wallichii proper; I am unable to find corolla lobes more than 50 mm long, and so the distinguishing character according to GILG (1903) and PITARD (1933) appears to be a mistake. 36. S. welwitschii (Baill.) K. Schum. 1900: 59; Gilg 1903: 21, pi. 8; Staner & Michotte 1934: 45; Watt & Breyer-Brandwyck 1962:fig. 38; White 1962: 352; Verdcourt & Trump 1969: 135. Fig. 43; Photo 7; Map 40 Basionym: Zygonerion welwitschii Baill. 1888: 758. Type: Angola, Cuanza Norte: between Pungo Andongo and the Cuanza R., Welwitsch 5991 (P, holotype; isotypes BM, BR, C, G, K, LE, LISU, MO, P). Heterotypic synonyms: S. ecaudatus Rolfe 1893: 85; Stapf 1902: 183. Type: Angola, Malanje: Malanje area, Sisenando Marques 28 (LISU, holotype; isotype:z). Meded. Landbouwhogeschool Wageningen 82-4 (1982)

160 S. parvifolius K. Schum. 1895: 182. Type: the description (lectotype). S. verdickii De Wild. 1903: 103, pi. 21. Type: Zaire, Shaba: Lukafu, Verdick 84 (BR, holotype). S. verdickii var. latisepalus De Wild. 1903: 104, pi, 21. Type: Zaire, Shaba: Lukafu, Verdick 146 (BR, holotype). S. gilletii De Wild. 1903: 105, pi. 21. Type: Zaire, Bas Zaire: Kimuenza, Gillet 2129 (BR, holotype). S. katangensis Staner 1932a: 94. Type: Zaire, Shaba: Dilolo, De Witte 607 (BR, holotype; isotypes: BR, NY). / < * A * ' - * 'ri J> *»* A. :. _*.*. PHOTO 7. Strophantus welwitschii (Baill.) K. Schum., habit (photograph I. B. POLE EVANS). Sarmentose j/*rw6 or small free, m high, or liana, up to 8 m high, deciduous; latex clear or white. Trunk up to 10(-40) cm in diameter, dark brown or grey; branches medium or dark brown, densely lenticellate; branchlets reddish-brown, minutely puberulous. Leaves opposite or rarely in some branches ternate or quaternate; petiole 1-5 mm long, with 2 outer and 4-12 inner axillary Meded. Landbouwhogeschool Wageningen 82-4 (1982) 155

161 ^iolfz^t: ts"o^ft SChUm ' : L n Wering branch6s > t x; 2- leaf, f x^3. Dubois 1461-^ DeWttumh^ f0lll ; I?, rem / Ved f X;, J. i* wi/te 2881, 4. Br<m <fe WW.W ' 20943; 5 5. ' Seed Callens ' * *' 2684). 0- ***"* 272*7; 2. Meded. Landbouwhogeschool Wageningen 82-4 (1982)

162 colleters; blade dull and medium or dark green above, pale yellowish- or whitishgreen beneath, ovate, narrowly elliptic, or rarely slightly obovate, (on long shoots up to 6) x as long as wide, mature leaves up to 8.5 x 4.2 cm, cuneate or nearly rounded at the base, rounded, acute, or acuminate at the apex (acumen up to 8 mm long), undulate or slightly revolute at the margin and there often reddish beneath, thinly coriaceous, glabrous or sparsely puberulous, especially on the midrib and near the margins, with a line of translucent dots near the midrib; 3-8(-10) pairs of nearly straight secondary veins at an angle of with the midrib; tertiary venation sometimes conspicuous beneath. Inflorescence on long or short branches or in the forks, l-2(-5)-flowered (1 or rarely 2 flowers open at a time), sessile or pedunculate, glabrous or puberulous; peduncle - if present - up to 6(-17) mm long, lenticellate; branches 0-6 mm long; pedicels 3-9(-17) mm long; bracts sometimes deciduous, linear or narrowly ovate, 2-8 x mm, acute, subscarious. Flowers fragrant. Calyx: sepals erect or with the upper half recurved, subequal, the inner slightly longer than the outer, green and with a purple base, ovate or narrowly ovate, x as long as wide, 5-19 x 2-5.5(-7) mm, acute, puberulous near the base or less often glabrous or puberulous all over; with (l-)2(-3) colleters per sepal. Corolla: tube (-6) x as long as the calyx, white and sometimes suffused with pink near the base, pale or reddish-purple in the upper part outside, creamy and red- or purple-streaked inside, the creamy turning yellow, (13.5-)17-38 mm long and widening gradually at 20-40% of its length into a cup-shaped upper part, at the mouth (ll-)15-27(-37) mm wide, puberulous outside near the base, minutely pubescent or puberulous inside; corona lobes red or purple-red, narrowly triangular, 5-23 x mm, acute, not fleshy, minutely papillose or puberulous; corolla lobes white, turning pale pink on left side and pale purple, turning purple-red on the right side outside, white and turning dark pink inside; lobes spreading or recurved, ovate, x as long as wide, (10-)14-38(-48) x (7.5-)10-24(-29)mm, acute, minutely puberulous inside. Stamens included for 2-12 mm; filaments inserted at mm from the base of the tube, straight or nearly so, mm long, with faint at bast 3 mm long ridges which may reach the base; anthers x ( 2.5) mm, glabrous; tails mm long; acumen mm long. Pistil: ovary x L4-2.9mm,glabrous;style8-14.5mmlong;clavuncula(1.3-)2-3.^l x mm; stigma minute. Fruit: follicles divergent at an angle of , long-tapering towards a narrow apex and ending in an obtuse tip, orrarely in a small knob, with the extreme apex sometimes curved inwards, \ cm long and cm in diameter; exocarp dark brown or purple-brown, thick and hard, slightly sulcate, glabrous, densely lenticellate. Seeds: 8-5 ;. x x 1 mm, densely pubescent; beak glabrous for mm and bearing a coma for mm; coma mm long. Meded. Landbouwhogeschool Wageningen 82-4 (1982) 157

163 MAP 40. Strophanthus (Baill.) K. Schum. welwitschii Distribution: Central Africa. Ecology: miombo woodland, often on rocky places and in gallery forest; alt m. Flo wering towards the end of the dry and the beginning of the rainy season; mature fruits in the dry season. Local names: Mateke (Zaire: Lumumbashi area); Bulembe, Mulembelembe (Zaire and Angola: Baluba language; also used for other Strophanthus species); Kalimbori, Kalimboli (Zaire and Angola: Kitshokwe language); Chimbingabinga (Angola: Handa language). Local uses: arrow poison (Zaire and Zambia). A selection of the ca. 325 specimens examined: ZAIRE, BAS ZAIRE: 8 km SSW of Ngidinga, Brass & Woodward (K, NY), BANDUNDU: Mvuluu, Nsiowndeve 575 (BR, WAG); near Lubizi sector, Callens 2685 (MO, NY); Dibulu, near Kasongo- T^ 3 ft (BR ' NY); K^u-Kwango, Panzi, Vanderijst (BR); Kahemba, Dubois 1461 (BR); Kwango-Lukwila Escarpments, Devred2411 (BR), SHABA: between Lubile and Lukuga o d t T " ann 191 (BR); 30 km N of Kab go, Pole Evans & Erens 1860 (BR, E, K, r ' ^ K T f J ^ Tschibalaka ' Liben (BR); upper Lomani R., 60 km ENE ofkamina, ttj^l 1 ( RE); ' S0UfCe f Kadidiki R > n ear Lusinga, De Witte 7598 (BR, K, LISC, PRE, Zi%\ v T? and ^wero-wantipa region, Bredo 3405 (BR); Katoto, near Bukama, Lukuesa n ( } ^ftnlfr SckwetZ Sept (BR > ; 72 km E of Dilol on Lumumbashi Road, n fmt wa^w 945?*V ; Kay0y J AmiralL? nes46 < BR ); ^ngurume, Malaisse& Gregoire 115 (BR, WAG); Lumumbashi, Rogers (BM K S SAM) D^cZZlenm^S 1^' H ffmam in ' herl '^ 582 (B); Ngorotwa Sumbawanga ^ANGOLA, CONGO: Zembo Plateau, Dawe 159 (K). LUNDA: between Tchimboma R. and Alto Chicaner No H I r, (1 T S <? ; SaUrin R ' tributar y of Chica P a R > Y oun g 400 (BM, LISC); TZel It T 6 ',T 7 U5! 6 (B ' BM ' K ' P ' US CUANZA N0RTE: >' Pungo Andongo, between Klrilx T 5926 (BM ' LISU) - MALANJE: Q uessua ' B <* ^JLrf STf J%T%t S,T a ' near Lua R " G< " We ' ( BM - LISJC, LISC). CUANZA WAG?* i H K (U f^ BENGUELA: 3 km W f ««* 5 ^ e' * 4466 (BR, c«wrtrtf H L amb ' CrUZelr J ' e &7ra 330 < BM > BR > K > LISC, M). Blfe-CUANDO- CUBANGO. Calossmga, on Mussende-Kuito Road, Brass & Woodward2Q943 (K NY)- between Cuiva (LISCV I Z 2 S 7 Sl m (U l C) - HUILA: between C a l u 1^e and Bomba, Tal S^^SSEST (BM>K ' LISQLISU>PRE);Gangueies ' cassinga ' Azmcot ZAMB.A: Mbala, Bullock 1006 (B, BR, G, FI, K, LISC, MO, P, S); Lake Chila, Johnsen 173 (AAU); 158 Me<?</. Landbouwhogeschool Wageningen 82-4 (1982)

164 Kalambo Falls, Richards (MO, NY); Kawambwa, Tumnalushi Falls, Richards April 1957 (K); Issoka Distr., Issoka Boma, Bum 6286 (BM, BR, K); Lake Bangweulu, Fries 1075 (UPS, Z); Mwenge, Shiwa Ngandu, Greenway & Trapnell 5745 (FHO, K); km 133, Solwezi-Mwinilunga Road, White 3258 (BR, FHO, K, MO, WAG); Balovale Distr., Gilges 131 (BR, K, PRE, SRGH); Kabompo, Angus 618 (BR, FHO, K, MO); Kafulafuta Junction, Linley 196 (BR, K, M, SRGH); between Serenje Corner and Mpika, Hutchinson & Gillett 3766 (BM, K); Kalabo Boma, White 2068 (BR, FHO, K, MO); Mumbwa, Macauley 91A (K). Cultivated: INDONESIA, Bogor, Forman 556 (K); U.S.A., Mayaguez (P. R.), Usher PI (NY). 37. S. wightianus Wall, ex Wight 1848: pi. 1301; Walpers 1852: 40; Hooker f. 1882: 656; Reber 1887: 295; Franchet 1893: 261; Gilg 1903:11; Gamble 1921: 817. Fig. 44; Map 41 Type: India, Kerala: Travancore, Wight in herb. Wallich 4459 (K-WALL, holotype; isotypes: G, LE). Presumably a small liana. Branches densely lenticellate; branchlets glabrous or sparsely puberulous. Leaves: petiole 4-9 mm long, with 2 outer and 4 inner axillary colleters; blade ovate or elliptic, x as long as wide, x cm, cuneate at the base, acuminate at the apex (acumen 4-12 mm long, obtuse), with a slightly revolute margin, chartaceous or thinly coriaceous, glabrous; 6-12 pairs of straight secondary veins at an angle of with the midrib; tertiary venation inconspicuous. Inflorescence on long or short branches or in the forks, 6-24(-72)-flowered (1-4 flowers open at a time), pedunculate, lax, puberulous or rarely glabrous in all parts; peduncle 7-30 mm long, lenticellate; branches mm long; pedicels mm long; bracts erect or spreading, ovate, x mm, acute, sepal-like. Calyx: sepals equal, ovate, x as long as wide, x mm, acute, puberulous all over or only at the apex and margins; with altogether 5 colleters, concentrated on the inner sepals. Corolla: tube x as long as the calyx, yellow and with some red near the mouth outside, 5-10 mm long and widening at 55-75% of its length into a cup-shaped upper part, at the mouth 5-7 mm wide, puberulous in the upper part on both sides, or only outside at the level where the tube widens; corona lobes presumably red, narrowly triangular, x 1 mm, acute, minutely papillose; corolla lobes and tails yellow, lobes ovate, 2-4 x mm, gradually narrowing into the mm wide spreading tails; lobes including the tails 8-15 mm long, puberulous inside near the base. Stamens mm exserted; filaments inserted at mm from the base of the tube, straight, with an abaxial swelling outside near the base, mm long, pubescent, with mm long fleshy ridges, ridges with a short obtuse spur at the base; anthers x mm, glabrous; tails mm long; acumen mm long. Pistil: ovary mm high, glabrous; style mm long; clavuncula x mm; stigma minute. Fruit: only 3 immature fruits are known at present. The follicles are divergent at an angle of 180, tapering into a broad and obtuse apex; the exocarp is presumably thick and hard. Meded. Landbouwhogeschool Wageningen 82-4 (1982) 159

165 FIG. 44. Strophanthus wightianus Wall, ex Wight: 1. flowering branches, x;2. section of flower, 3 x; 3. stamen, 6 x; 4. immature fruit, x. (1. Wight 2546; 2-3. Calder & Ramaswami 1696; 4. Wight 1878). 160 Meded. Landbouwhogeschool Wageningen 82-4 (1982)

166 MAP 41. Strophantus wightianus Wall, ex Wight Distribution: India (Kerala). Ecology: 'in low bushy jungle' (teste Wight). Specimens examined: INDIA, KERALA: Malabar, herb. Rottler Feb (K); Travancore, herb. Wight in herb. Wallich 4459 (E, G, K, LE; type); ibid., Korah in herb. Krukoff (NY); ibid., Calder & Ramaswami 1696 (CAL); Quilon, Wight 634/2546 (E, LE, NY, UC); ibid., Poonawny, Wight 1878 (A, C, GOET, K, L, LE, M, NY, P, S, W). Notes: herb. Wight 1878 and 2546 are composite numbers, consisting of several collections, apparently from the same locality. Possibly the type number is identical to part of Wight The seed illustrated in Wight (1848) appears to be glabrous, with a short glabrous part of the beak; but I have not seen any seeds at all. 38. S. zimmermannianus Monach. 1951:477. Type: Tanzania, T3: Ngonya MT., Zimmermann 1496 (EA, holotype; isotypes: K, NY). Fi S Ma P 42 Shrub or liana; latex white. Branches densely lenticellate; branchlets glabrous. Leaves: petiole 3-6 mm long, with 2 outer and 2-8 inner axillary colleters; blade ovate or elliptic, x as long as wide, x cm, rounded or subcordate at the base (and cuneate in young leaves), acuminate or less often obtuse at the apex (acumen 5-10 mm long), papyraceous, glabrous, with large translucent dots in the axils of the secondary veins, and smaller ones all over the leaf; 5-8 pairs of curved secondary veins at an angle of with the midrib; tertiary venation sometimes conspicuous beneath. Inflorescence on long branches or in the forks, 1-7-flowered (1-2 flowers open at a time), sessile or pedunculate, lax, puberulous in all parts except for the bracts, which are only puberulous at the base; peduncle - if present - up to 25 mm long, lenticellate; Meded. Landbouwhogeschool Wageningen 82-4 (1982)

167 FIG. 45. Strophanthus zimmermannianus Monach.: 1. flowering branch, x; 2. section of corolla, 2 x; 3. abaxial side of stamen, 4 x; 4. part of calyx with gynoecium, 2 x; 5. fruit, one follicle removed, the other with a section removed, x; 6. seed, x. (1. Peter 58259; 2-4. Harris & Mwasubi 2673; 5-6. Omari ben Bakari AH9787). 162 Meded. Landbouwhogeschool Wageningen 82-4 (1982)

168 branches 1-27 mm long; pedicels 7-12 mm long; bracts ovate, 7-16 x 3-6(-8) mm, acute, sepal-like. Calyx: sepals erect or recurved for half of their length, unequal, the outer wider and shorter than the inner, ovate or narrowly ovate, 2.5(outer)-ll(inner) x as long as wide, x mm, acute, puberulous all over or only near the base; with 2 colleters per sepal. Corolla: tube x as long as the calyx, creamy-white and turning yellow outside, mm long and widening at 33-50% of its length into a cup-shaped upper part, at the mouth 8-13 mm wide, puberulous on both sides; corona lobes presumably purple and turning brown, Ungulate, x mm, rounded, fleshy, minutely papillose or puberulous; corolla lobes and tails creamy-white and turning yellow; lobes ovate, 6-8 x 4-7 mm, abruptly narrowing into the mm wide pendulous tails; lobes including the tails mm long, puberulous on both sides. Stamens included for mm; filaments inserted at mm from the base of the tube, curved, mm high, mm long, pubescent, with ridges nearly reaching the base of the tube; anthers x mm, puberulous; tails mm long; acumen mm long. Pistil: ovary x mm, puberulous; style 9-13 mm long; clavuncula x 1.2 mm; stigma minute. Fruit: follicles divergent at an unknown angle, long-tapering towards the apex and ending in a small knob, cm long and 1.2 cm in diameter; exocarp reddish-brown, thin and brittle, slightly sulcate, puberulous when young and glabrescent in older fruits, densely lenticellate. Seeds: grain x mm, densely puberulous or short-pubescent; beak glabrous for 8-12 mm and bearing a coma for mm; coma mm long. MAP 42. Strophantus zimmermannianus Monach. Distribution: North-East Tanzania. Ecology: forest; alt m. Flowering seasons could not be deduced from the few data available. Meded^Xandbouwhogeschool Wageningen 82-4 (1982) 163

169 Specimens examined: TANZANIA, T3: Usambara Mts.: Sigi-Kisiwani, Omari bin Bakari AH 9787( EA, K); Ngonya Mt, Zimmermann 1496 (EA, K, NY; type); Pengo Hill area, Magogo & Glover 491 (BR, PRE); Handei, Langusa, Peter (B, WAG), (B); saw mill above Mnyusi, Peter (B). T6: Uluguru Mts.: Kimboza For. Res., km 51 on Morogoro-Matombo Road, Mwasuba & Harris 2420 (EA); ibid., Harris & Mwasuba 2673 (EA); Kimboza For. Res., S of Mkuyini, Pocs et ah 6466c (EA). INTERMEDIATES (POSSIBLE HYBRIDS) Some specimens collected in the wild seem to be intermediate between S. gratus and S. thollonii: CAMEROUN: Eseka, Vaillant 1120 (P). GABON: Samkita, Thollon 183 (P). DOUBTFUL SPECIES S. angusii F. White 1962: 351. Neither the type (Zambia: Chikundulu stream, Angus 601) nor the paratype (Zambia: 16 km S of Chavuma, Holmes 1045) were found, although according to WHITE they should be at FHO and K. The description suggests S. welwitschii (Baill.) K. Schum., although the habit (rhizomatous suffrutex, stems herbaceous, 12 cm high) is different, the corolla lobes are less wide than in S. welwitschii, and the corona lobes are shorter. NOMINA NUDA Apocynumflorirostratum Norona 1790: 68. No specimens are mentioned, but the plant is said to be from Java. Presumably S. caudatus (L.) Kurz. CamerariazeylanicaWall 1828:4459 (non Retz.). Type: India, Madras, Johnstone in herb. Wallich 4459 (BM, G, K, LE). = S. wightianus Wall, ex Wight. Cercocoma macrantha Teysm. & Binn. 1866: 126. According to BOERLAAGE 1899: 388, this is a Chonemorpha. Faskia divaricata Lour, ex Franchet 1893b: 266. This is a second Loureiro name based on the same type as Pergularia divaricata Lour. = S. divaricatus (Lour.) Hook. & Arn. Nerium guineense Brongn. ex Payrau 1900: 113. Only a cultivated specimen is mentioned, but according to FRANCHET 1893b this is identical to S. gratus (Wall. & Hook.) Baill. Strophantus arboreus Boiv. ex Franch. 1893b: 252. Fide Franchet 1. c. = S. boivinii Baill. S. asper Oliv. ex Planchon 1894: 61, fig. 9. Type: seed collections by Elborne and Christy (not seen). According to the illustration = S. nicholsonii Holmes. The name S. asper is not accepted by PLANCHON. *"4 Meded. Landbouwhogeschool Wageningen 82-4 (1982)

170 S. aurantiacus Hort. ex Duncun 1863: 88. No specimens were cited, but presumably S. boivinii Baill. S. divaricatus Wall. 1828: Type: Amherst in herb. Wallich 1642 (K- WALL) Cryptolepis sinensis (Lour.) Merrill (Asclepiadaceae). S.fischeri Asch. & K. Schum. ex Holmes 1893: 868. Type: Tanzania, Iringa, Fischer s.n. (K; also the type of S. eminii Asch. & Pax). S. giganteus Pierre in Planchon 1894: 297. = S. caudatus (L.) Kurz. S. glaber Hort. ex Gentil 1907: 182. Cultivated; no material extant. S. letei Merrill ex Wells & Garcia 1925: 9. = S. caudatus (L.) Kurz. S. maingayi Hook. f. ex Ridley 1916: 555. Mentioned by RIDLEY as an example of a species found only a few times in a single locality, which was supposed to have disappeared later. RIDLEY 1923, in his Flora of Malaya, does not mention it under Strophanthus. Both collections cited (Singapore, Maingay, Changi, Hulleti) are without numbers, but Maingay collected S. caudatus (L.) Kurz under the numbers 1073 and 3303, though the label only states 'Malaya'; and Hullett 468 is S. caudatus (L.) Kurz, collected in Singapore, S. minor Blondel 1888b: A provisional name for a collection of seed grains from Sierra Leone. Possibly no Strophanthus. S. niger Blondel ex Pax 1892: 381. Presumably = S. hispidus DC. S. ouabaio Holmes 1890: 234. = S. gratus (Wall. & Hook.) Baill. S. perrottii Chev. 1920: 412. Type: Cote dtvoire, between Yebouakro and Tingouela, Chevalier (P). = S. gratus (Wall. & Hook.) Baill. S. rigali Hort. ex Pax 1892: 381. A cultivated specimen; seedlings of this plant, according to PAX I.e., seemed to belong to another genus. S. sacleuxi Hort. ex Gentil 1907: 182. A cultivated specimen of which no herbarium is known. S. schultzei Mildbr. 1922: 89. Type: Cameroun, just E of the curve of the Dja R., Mildbraed 5470 (probably destroyed at B). S. stanleyanus Hort. ex Wall. & Hook. 1849: t = S. gratus (Wall. & Hook.) Baill. S. stuhlmanniifax 1893: 44. Type: Tanzania, Stuhlmann 263 & 354 (presumably destroyed at B). Probably S. eminii Asch. & Pax. EXCLUDED SPECIES S. aambe Warb. 1891: 407. = Anodendron aambe Warb. 1891: 454. S. alterniflorus (Lour.) Sprengel 1825: 638. = Gymnema sylvestre (Retz.) Schultes (Asclepiadaceae). _ _, S. balansae Franchet 1893b: 262, pi. 17. Type: Viet-Nam, Tu Phap, Balansa 2128 (P). Possibly a Parsonsia. S. chinensis G. Don 1837: 85. No specimens are mentioned, but Don reports that Roxburgh could not find any scales (corona lobes) in the throat, so this is no Strophanthus. A,-.,!, 5. divaricatus G. Don 1837: 85, non (Lour.) Hook. & Arn. = Cryptolepis Meded. Landbouwhogeschool Wageningen 82-4 (1982)

171 sinensis (Lour.) Merrill (Asclepiadaceae). S.jackianus G. Don 1837: 85. = Wrightia dubia (Sims) Sprengel. Type: Wallich 1643(K,holotype). S. pentaphyllus Griffith 1854: 78. The description may be of a Wrightia, but no specimen was cited. S.radcliffei S.Moore 1905:180. = Cryptolepis sanguinolenta (Lindley) Schltr. {Asclepiadaceae). OLD COMMERCIAL NAMES S. glabre du Gabon = S. gratus (Wall. & Hook.) Baill. S. laineux du Zambese S. eminii Asch. & Pax and S. nicholsonii Holmes. S. du Niger = S. hispidus DC. NAMES OR SYNONYMS NOT CITED ELSEWHERE IN THIS REVISION Cercocoma wallichii Miq. 1856:445. = Rhynchodia wallichii (Miq.) Benth. Strophanthus hildebrandtii Palacky 1907: 31. Lapsu, = Plectaneia hildebrandtii K. Schun. S. pervillei Palacky 1907: 31. Lapsu, = Plectaneia pervillei K. Schum. Meded. Landbouwhogeschool Wageningen 82-4 (1982)

172 INDEX OF EXSICCATAE The letters in parentheses are the first letters of the species epithet. Only S. gracilis and S. gratus have the same first letters, and are distinguished as follows: grl = S. gracilis, gra = S. gratus. Only numbered collections have been listed. If a collector gathered a part of his collection together with others, using a single number series, only his name is cited in this list: e.g. Torre & Correia is cited as Torre. Achibold, M. E (cou). Achten, L. 383a (his). Acocks, J. P. H & 9334 (spe), (ger). Adam, J. G (sar), 3856 (gra), 4044 (pre), 6487 (his), 7366 (sar), 7432 (gra), 7505 (sar), 7510 (gra), 7575 & (sar), (pre), (gra), & (pre), (sar), & (gra), (sar), (his), (gra), (his), (gra), (pre). Adames, P. 2 (sar), 28 (his), 813 (gra). Adams, B. R. 89 (mir). Adams, C. D. 240 (bar), 513 (sar), 514 (his), 541 (pre), 1201 (gra), 2300 (pre), 2488 (bar), 2839 & 3738 (sar), 4144 & 4195 (his), 4857 (pre), 5049 & 5143 (gra), 5325 (pre). Adamson, J. 129 & 179 (cou), B6013 (mir). Adamson,T. 15 (mir). Adanson, D. 223a (sar). Adduru, M. 271 (cau). Afzelius, A. 35 & 41 (sar), 119 (gra), 122 (sar), 124 (his). Agnew, 7348 (mir). Ainsley, 201 (pre), 230 (sar). Ake Assi, L. 755 & 921 (gra), 928 (pre), 934 (sar), 1519 (bar), 8324 (gra), (bar). Akpabla, G. K. 458 & 658 (his), 1103 & 1104 (pre), 1122 (bar), 1878 & 2143 (his). Akpata, O. see FHI. Akwa,A. E (sar). Alston, A. H. G (wel), (pre), (cau), (his). Alvins, V. M. 973 (cau). Amherst, see Wallich. Amin, H. A. 2 (cau). Anderson, 28 (wal). Anderson, B. 550 (kom). Andoh, J. E (pre), 4302 (gra), 5106 (his). Andrada, C. E. 8 & 69 (wel), 918 (pet), 931 & 967 (hyp), 1363 & 1399 (pet), 1407 (cou). Angus, A. 341 (gar), 618 (wel), 671 (gar), 713 (emi), 843 (wel). Antunes, P. 143 (wel), 496 (wel), 519 (amb), 3096 (van). Archbold, 1462 (cou). Archer, P. G. 592 (mir). Arnaud, (his). ArZai, (cau). Astle, W. L. 934 & 985 (wel), 1662 (nic), 4861 & 5121 (kom), 5134 (nic), 5372 (cou), 5373 (nic). Aubreville, A. 144c (his), 238 (pre). Avery, 927 (gra). Aylmer, G. 585 (his). Azancot de Menezes (amb), 1293 & 2035 (wel), 2152 (van), (amb). Azemard 2 (sar). Babault, G. 194 (his), (pre). Bachir,J. 13 (pet). Badre, F. 48 (gra). Bagshawe, A. G. 128 & 585 (his), 611 (pre). Bain, J. R. L. 1 (cou). Bainbridge, W. R. 171/55 (nic), 193/55 (kom). Bakari, O. ben. AH 9784 (zim). Bakhuizen van den Brink jr., R. C. 697, 3447, 5387, 7962 (cau). Balansa, B (cau). Baldwin, J. T (his), (gra), (sar), & (his), (sar), (his), (sar), (his), (pre), (his), (sar), & (his), (sar), (his), (gra), (sar), (pre), (sar), (pre), (sar), (his), (sar), (gra), (sar), & (grl), (his), (grl), & (gra), (sar), (gra), (his), (grl & sar), (tho), & (gra), & (sar), (grl), (sar), & (pre), (sar), (his), (sar), (pre). Ball, 726 (kom), 829 & SRGH (cou). Bally, P. R. O. 22 & B91 (his), B100 & B107 (pre), B115 (bar), B143 (his), B181 (pre), B2027 (mir), B2031 (cou),'6013 (mir), 6563 (gra), 7960 (cau), 7890 & 8296 (emi), B9063 (mir), 9454 (gra), B9561 (mir), (pet), Meded. Landbouwhogeschool Wageningen 82-4 (1982) 167

173 11332& (sar), (his), (sar), B (mir). Balsinhas, A (ger). Bamps, P. 922 & 948 (pre), 1410 (bul), (tho), 1800 (sar), 1805 (his), 1881 (gra), 1886 & 2347 (sar), 4466 (wel). Barber 25 (sin). Barbosa, G (pet), 2545 (hyp), (cou), (pet),8285&8656 (ger), 8673 (pet), 9508 (wel), 9537 (amb), (wel). Barbridge, K. 425 (gra). Barker 28 (spe), 1147 (gra), 1185 (sar), 1412 (spe). Baron, R (boi). Barros Machado, A. 332 & 365 (wel). Barter, C. 749 (his), 1325 (sar), (grl), 2102 (his), 2198 (sar), 3321 (his), 3322 (pre), 3346 (bar & grl), 3393 & (sar). Bates, G. L. 343 (tho), 1167 (pre), 1201 (sar), 1219 (pre), 1230 (mor), 1348 (pre), 1636 (sar), 1641 (pre), 1750 (mor), 1964 (gra). Baum, H. 39/59 (amb), 177 & 177a (wel). Baumann 93 (sar), 591a (pre). Bayer, A. W. 828 & 1502 (spe). Bayliss, R. D. A. BS/676 (ger), (spe). Beccari, O. 797 (sin), /6501 (cau). Beddome, R. H & 5128 (boi). Beentje, H. J. 182 (bar), 248 (sar), 351 (bar), 352 (pre), 1357 (his), 1530 (tho), 1548 (pre), 1549 (gra), 1551 (tho), 1553 (gra), 1588 & 1591 (his), 1619 (spe), 1620 (div), 1621 (sar). Bell-Masley, H. W. NH (lut). Bels, L. 9 (sar), 62 (pre). Bena, I.G. 14 (pre). Bequaert, J. C. Liberia: 29 (sar); Zaire: (pre), 2062 (sar), 2209 (pre), 2355 (sar), 5561 (pre), 6376 (beq), 6988 (pre). Berhaut, R. P (sar), 5676 (his), (gra), 5902 (his), (gra). Bernardi, L (pre), 8801 (his). Bessers 7738 (emi). Beusekom see van Beusekom. Biegel, H. M (kom). Binga see FHI Bingham, M. G. 828 (kom), 853 (nic), 1386 (kom). < Binuyo see FHI Biswas, K & 4910 (wal). Bitsindou, I. 98 (sar), 160 (bul), 422 (sar). Blickenstaff, M. L. 4 (sar). Boaler, S. B. 442 (emi). Bodinier, E. 549 (div). Body, H. 27 (pre). Boerlage 69 (cau). Bognounou, V. 246 (sar), 320 (his). Bois, D. 2253b (cau). Boiteau,P (boi). Boivin, B. 408 & 1408 (sar), 2462 (boi). Bokdam, J (mor), 4387 (pre), see also Geerling. Bolus, H (spe). Bon. H (div). Bond, W. J. 21 (kom). Bonnifoux 22 (amb). Bonnivair 34 (his). Boom, B. K (gra), (pre). Boone 46 (his), 164 (pre). Borin, J (pre), (sar). Borle,J. 169 (pet). Bos, J. J (spe), 2440 (gra), 2532 (sar), 2529 (gra), 2619 (sar), 2676 (gra), 2695 & 2824 (sar), 2884 (gra), 3083 (tho), 3260 & 4029 (bul), (tho), 7167 (bul). Bosser, J (boi). Boudet, G (sar). Boudouresque, E (sar). Boue,A. 18 (=4633) (sar). Boulanger, J. P. 9 (wel). Bouquet, A. 558 (sar), 679 (pre), 754 (sar), 905. (pre), 925 (par), 1710 (his), 2068 (pre), 2089 (gra). Box, H. E (bar). Brain, C. K (spe). Brande, see van den Brande Brass, L. J (amb); & Woodward, E. F (grl), (gra), (bul), (grl), & (his), (gra), & (sar), & (his), (gra), (pre), (sar), (his), (sar), & (his), (gra), (sar), (con), (his), (con), (his), (tho), (con), (gra), (sar), (mor), (sar), (gra), & (tho), (gra), (tho), (grl), (his), (gra), (tho), & (his), (sar), & (wel), (am), (led), (his), (amb), (wel), (arn), (sar), (his), (mor), & (pre), (con), (gar), (emi), (cou), (cau), (pet), (kom), & (cou). 168 Meded. Landbouwhogeschool Wageningen 82-4 (1982)

174 Braun, K. P. G. J (kom), 5378 (emi), 7737 (cau), 7739 & 7740 (gra), 7742 & 7743 (his). Brayne, H. C. 2 (nic). Brazza, see de Brazza Bredo, H. J. A. E. R.6a (pre), (wel), 5849 (gra). Brenan, J. P. M & 8447 (pre), 8692 & 9133 (sar). Breteler, F. J. 745 (gra), 901 (sar), 936(gra), 1291 (sar), 1325 & 1407 (pre), 2068 (mor), (gra). Breteler & de Wilde, J. J. F. E. 493 (tho). Breyne, H. 591 (wel), 680 (his), 857 (wel), 1886 (pre), 2314 & 3439 (bul), 3756 (wel). Brichetti, R. 316 (mir). Bridson, D. 362 (beq.) Brigada de Estudos Florestais de Guine 255 (his), 404 (sar). de Maiombe 193 (sar). Brinkman614(gra). Brito see de Brito Lial or Teixeira Britton 38 (gra). Broadway, W. E (gra). Broun, A. F. 242? (pre). Brown, E. 162 (sar). Brown-Lester, J. 36 (sar). Bruneel 131 (pre). Brunei 375 (pre), 376 (sar), 4550 (his). Buchanan, J. 40 (pet), 41 (cou), 1121 (kom), (cou), in herb. Wood 6915 (cou) & 6917 (pet). Bullock, A. A (wel), 1393 (gar), 2633 (wel), 2854 (hoi), 2918 (emi), 2994 (wel), 3003 (emi), 3004 (hoi), 3037 (emi), 3332 (gar). Bunting, R. H. 5 & 26 (sar), 40 (his). Burbridge, K. 425 (gra), 520 (pre), 585 (his). Burroughs, Welcome & Co. 1 (nic & kom), 2 (kom). Burtt, B. D. 288 (emi), 417 (his), (emi), 2247 (pet), 2397 (emi), 4846 (pet), 6068 (emi), 6071 (cou), 6236 & 6286 (wel), 6304 (gar), 6381 (wel). Burtt-Davy, J (spe). Btisgen 487 (gra). Busse, W. 211 (emi), 503 (kom), 599 & 2952 (cou). Buswell, K (div). Butaye, R. P & 1470 (wel). Cabra-Michel 32 (wel), 66 (arn). Cabu,D. 140 (wel). Cadet, T. 1766b & 1817 (boi). Caille in herb. Chevalier (sar). Calder, C. C. & Ramaswami 1696 (wig). Callens, H (van), 2114 (arn), 2116 & 2118 (sar), 2684 & 2685 (wel), 2686 (his), 2801 (arn), 3226 & 3289 (wel), 3399 (van), 3668 (arn), 4256 (wel), 4315 (his), 4316 & 4325 (wel), 4328 (amb), 4470 (his), 4470b (con), 4630 (wel), 4768 (arn). Callery, M (div). Canicosa, E. 465 (cau). Cannell, I. 2 (kom), 526 (pet). Cantley, N & 2675 (sin). Capuron, R. see Serv. For. Madagascar Carles, W.R. 77 (div). Carlier, A. 45 (wel). Carmichael, W (emi), 1001 (wel). Carnochan, F. G. 104 (emi). Carrey 47 (sar). Carrington, J. F. 189 (his). Carvalho, see de Carvalho Cavaco, A (wel). Cecil, E. 275 (spe). Cedro, G. 361 (pet). Celestino, M. 180 (cau). Chalot 18 (tho). Chan, K (div). Chandler, P (his), 2747 (pre). Chapman, J. D (sar). Chase, N. C (kom), 2211 (pet), (kom). Chatman, J. D = 11/76 (sar). Chen, L. 18 (div). Chevalier, A (sar), 522 (his), 523 (sar), (his), 916 (sar), 927 & 964 (his), 2677 (sar), 2678 & 2679 (his), 4379 & 4413 (gra), 4509 (sar), (his), (sar), (gra), & (gra), (pre), (sar), & 16411b (pre), & (sar), (pre), (sar), (gra), (sar), & (pre), (gra), (pre), & (his), (pre), (his), & (sar), (pre), (his), (pre), & (bar), & (sar), 22583b (gra), & (sar), (pre), & (sar), & (his), (sar), (his), (sar), (his), (arn), (pre), (arn), (cau), (boi), (cau), (sar). Chillon 462 (sar, var. gla), 2518 (sar). Ching, R. C 6385 (div). Chipp, T. F. 139 (pre), 150 (sar). Chizea see FHI Christiaensen, A. R. 400 (pre). Chuang, T. I (div). Meded. Landbouwhogeschool Wageningen 82-4 (1982) 169

175 Chun, W. Y (div). Chung, H. H & 5990 (div). Cisse, A. 237c (sar). Claessens, J (pre). Clemens, M. S (div), 9500 (gra), (his). Clements, J. B. 153 (cou). Codd, L. E (spe), 2054 (ger), 4543 (pet), 5338 & 5970 (kom), 6099 (ger), 6970 (spe), PRE (spe). Coetzer & van Greuning 208 (amb). Coleman 574 (spe). Coifs, A. 303 (pub). Collenette 19 (pre), 58 (his). Collins, D. J. 503 (cau). Colville,0. 14(wel). Comins, D. M (spe). Comite Special Katanga 14 (wel). Compere, P. 659 (bul), 685 (am), 699 & 926 (amb), 984 (sar). Compton, R. H (spe). Connolly 50/40 (gra). Cons. Res. Nat. Pare. Nat. Madagascar (boi). Conservator of Forests 4 & 16 (sar), 21 (gra), 22 (his), 142 (pre). Contest-Lacour, M. 169 (cau). Cook 76 (sar). Coombe 132 (sar). Corbisier Baland, A (his), 1857 (am & pre), 1858 (his), 2005 (am). Corby, H. D. L (nic). Correia, M. F. 874 & 1248 (pet), 1827 (lut), (pet), 3640 & 3645 (kom), 3661 (pet), 3768 (cou), 3780 & 3833 (pet), 3912 (kom), 3923 (pet), 4156 (kom), 4207 (pet). Cours, G (boi). Couteaux,G. 143 (his). Cowan 106&424(wal). Cremers, G a-557 (gra), 795a & b & 805 (his). Culverwell, J. 944 & 971 (ger). Cuming, H (partly) & 1228 (cau). Cummins, H. A. 23 (sar), 44/55 (gra). Curtis, A. G. 379 & 382 (wel). Curtis, C (wal). Cusker, A. M. C. 114(emi). Cusset, G. 625b (pre). Cuzner, H. 48 (cau). Dacremont, A. 296 (led). Dahlstrom,E. 315 (div). Dale, I. R. SKF339 (spe), T872 (emi), U (pre), 1055 (cou). Dalziel, J. M. 10 (sar), 11 (his), 158 (gra), 1106 (bar). D'Anchieta, J. 8 & 12 (wel), 40 (amb), 61 & 63 (wel). Daniel, P. M. 436 (sar). Daramola see FHI Darcis 256 & 299 (wel). Darko, K. 445 (his), 485 (sar), 497 (pre), 518 (sar), 632 (pre), 579 (bar), 1065 (gra), 1118 (pre). Da Silva, M. 220 (wel), 2120 (amb), (wel). Davies 244 (pre), 1407 (pet), (kom), 2518 (nic), SRGH (cou). Dawe, M. T. 20 & 58 (sar), 141 (his), 159 (wel), 195 (amb), 286 (par), 474 (cou). De Brazza, J. 1 (tho). Decary, M. R (boi). De Carvalho, M. F. 646 (ger), 657 (pet), 659 (lut), 660 & 662 (kom), 670 & 930 (pet), 932 (cou), 936 & 1036 (pet). De Caters 127 (wel). Dechamps, R (amb), 1798 & 1862 (wel). De Gier & Goll 129 & 176 (sar). De Giorgi 108 (pre), 260 & 440 (his), 696 & 755 (pre), 851 (mor), (pre), 1668 (sar). De Graer, P. A. M. 777 (sar). Deighton, F. C. 275 (gra), (sar), (his), 3684 (pre), 3698 (his), 3943 (pre), 5758 (his). De Kindt 143 (wel), 353 (amb), 1540 (wel). Dekker, L. 344 (pre), 412 (sar). De Koning, J. 54 (sar), (pre), 2608 & 2713 (gra), 4681 & 5390 (sar), 5400 (pre), 5509 (his), 6315 (gra), 6884 (sar), 6892 (pre). De Kruif, A. 20 (pre), 58 (gra). Delvaux, J. 269 & 343 (wel), 378 (emi), 397 (wel). Demeuse 194 (sar), 518 (amb). Den Outer & Versteegh 492 (his). De Pirey, M. 42 (div), 43 (cau), 95 (div). Dequaire, J & (boi). De Saeger, H. 83 (emi). Descamps 30 (hoi). Descoings 3507 (boi), (sar). DeSigaldi361(gra). De Troyer 85 (emi), 137 (wel). Devred, R. 846 (sar), 934 (am), 1016 (his), 1267 (am), 2367 (par), 2437 (his), 2477 & 3546 (wel), 4054 (pre). De Wailly, M (sar). Meded. Landbouwhogeschool Wageningen 82-4 (1982)

176 De Wanckel 15 (pre). Dewevre, A. 809 (pre), 866 (his), 1058 (par). De Wilde, J. 577 (pre), 709 (wel), 749 (gar), 751 (emi), 761 (wel). De Wilde, J. J. F. E. 38 & 75 (pre), 621 (his), 771 (sar), 797 (his), 798 (gra), 799 (sar), 813 (gra), 1006 (pre), 3405 (sar), 3739 (pre), 7752 (gra), 7807a (bul), 7825 (tho), 7921 (sar), 8208 (pre). De Wilde, W. J. J. O. 223 (gra), 240 (pre), 349 (gra), 360 (pre), 427 & 494 (sar), 582 (pre), 636 (his), 673 (sar), 1457 (tho), 1669 (sar), 2305 (pre). De Winter, B (spe), 8479 (ger), 9380 (spe). De Wit, H. C. D (gra), 5763 & 7124 (sar), 8124 & 8125 (tho), 9174 (gra). De Witte, G. F. 280 (emi), 572 (gar), 607 & 2881 (wel), 3883 (emi), 4163 (wel), 5795 (emi), (wel), (pre). Diauwi 546 (sar). Didrichsen, F (div). Dinklage, M. 355 (tho), 841 (bul), 888 (tho), 1401 (bul), 1959 & 2157 (sar), 2425 & 2797 (gra). Dinter, K (amb). District Forst. Off (spe). Distr. Officer, S. Tenasserim 7 (wal). Djoemadi 46 (his). Donis, C (sar). Doom see van Doom Drummond, R. B (cou), 4580 (pre), 5447 (pet), (wel). Dubois, L. 160 (pre), 338 (his), 1315 (emi), 1318 (gar), 1461 (wel). Dubois, R. 28 (sar). Duff, C. E. 7/32 (wel). Dumas in herb. Chevalier (his). Dummer, R & 2734 (pre). Dunster 17/06 (kom). Durand 188 (sar). Duss 889 (gra). Du Toit, P. C. V (gra). Dybowski, J. 11 (sar), 25 & 29 (his), 190 (gra). Dyer, R. A (ger). Dyson, W. G. 344 (cou). Eaux, Forets & Chasses R. C. A (gra). Eberhardt, P. A (div), 4920 (cau). Edano, G. E (= PNH 18139) (cau). Edwards,D (wel), 1834 (ger), 2315 (spe). Eggeling, W. J. 588 & 1282 (pre), 3210 (his), 6048 & 6078 (emi), 6388 (hyp), 6742 (kom), 6743 & 6756 (cou). Eimunjeze see FHI Meded. Landbouwhogeschool Wageningen 82-4 (1982) Ejiofor see FHI Ekman H3242 (gra). Elbert, J & 2736 (cau), 3892 (pub), 6235 & 6236 (cau). Elizabeth, J. 116 (gra). Ellenbeck 2205 (mir). Ellenberger, F & 1092 (sar). Elliott, W. R (his). Elmer, A. D. E (cau). Elmi & Hansen 4021 (mir). Emwiogbon see FHI Enti, A. A. 15 (= FH6089) & SP417 (pre), SP514 (gra), SP594 & R1069 (pre), FE1388 (his), FE1408 & 1622 (sar), 1695 (pre), 1710 (gra), 1722 (his), FH7504 & FH7858 (sar). see also GC. Em, H (sar), 2945 & 3239 (his). Ernst, A. 274 (cau). Escritor, L. BS20908 (cau). Espirito Santo, J. V. G. 53 (sar), 501 & 853 (his), 1163 (sar), 1481 (his), 1865 & 2979 (sar), 2991 (his). Esquirolll90& 1253 (div). Esteves de Sousa, A. 111 (ger). Evrard, C. 118 (pre), 361 (his), 2712 (pre), 2854 (par), 3136 (pre), 3443 (sar), 3507 & 3650 (mor), 4073 & 5567 (pre), 5653 (his), 5954 & 5992 (pre), 6026 (his), 6208 (con), 6947 (bar). Exell,A.W (amb). Eyles, F & 7648 (spe), 7976 (nic). Eynatten, see van Eynatten. Faden, R. B. & A, J. 74/301 (cou), 74/1018 (mir). Fanshawe, D. B & 2134 (wel), 2315 (kom), 2701 (wel), 3585 (gar), 3687 & 3869 (hoi), 4054 (wel), 4807 (gar), 4902 (emi), 5016 & 5275 (gar), 6028 #9839 (nic), (cou). Farmer, L. 166 (sar), 269 (his), 336 (sar), 382 (pre), 383 (bar & sar), 418 (pre), 505 (his). Farquhar, J. H. J. 19 (pre). Farron, C & 4689 (bul), 4702 (sar), 4932 Faulkner, H (wel), 417(D)15 (cou), 3912 (kom), in herb. Krukoff (cou); see also SRGH Fernando, H NH10047-NH10482 (spe). Ferriera 459 (amb). Ferris, R. S (div). FHI (sar), 8257 & 5544 (pre), & (his), (sar), $is{ (gra), & (sar) his), (bar), (pre) (sar), (gra), (pre) (sar), & (his), (pre),

177 (bar), (gra), (pre), (his), (pre), (sar), (bul), (pre), & (sar), (his), (sar), (pre), & (his), (tho), (pre), (his), (bar), (his), (pre), (sar), & (pre), (gra), (pre), (sar), (pre), & (sar), (bar), (pre), (gra), (sar), (gra), (pre), (his). Fischer 198 (cou), 382 (emi). Flamigni, F. 188a (sar), 189 (am), 190a & 6165 (pre), & (par), (pre). Flanagan, H. G (spe). Fleury, F. in herb. Chevalier & (tho), (can), (his). Flora of Mauritius 1878 & 1879 (boi). Florence, J. 723 (bar), 874b (bul). Foote, V. J. 37 (pre). Forbes, F. B. 285 (div). Forbes, M. 88 (pre). Forman 550 (boi), 551 (amb), 552 (pre), 553 & 554 (amb), 555 (con), 556 (wel), 557 (tho), 558 (hyp), 559 (wal). Fortune, A. 120 (div). Foster, E. W. 8 (his), 18 (sar), 139 (gra), 161 (sar), 198 & 216 (pre). Fotius, G. 101 & K782 (sar). Fox, R. H. 96 (sar). Foxworthy 896 (cau). Fredoux, A. 45 (his), 449 (sar), 500 (gra). Fries, R. E (wel). Fritzsche, B. 252 (wel), 253 (amb). Froment 1151 (sar). Fung Horn A505 & A639 (div). Furtado, C. X. SF34899 (cau). Galpin, E. E (spe), & BH31929(ger). Gamble, J. S (boi). Gamwell, A. H. 82 (wel), 158 (emi). Gane 22 (emi). Garden, H.'M. B2451 (sar), (cou). Gati,F. B. 12 (sar). Gaudichaud, M. 32 & 58 (cau), (div). Gbile (sar). GC 6349 (sar), 6445 (his), 7225 (pre), 7403 (sar), 8226 (gra), 8229 (pre), 8432 (his), 8511 (pre), 8593 (bar), (sar), (gra), (bar), & (sar), (his), (pre), (gra), & (pre), (gra), & (his), (sar), (pre), (gra), (his), (pre), (his). Geerling & Bokdam 305 (pre), 1431 (sar), 1518 (pre), 1905 (gra), 2007 & 2062 (sar), 2079 (his), 2102 (pre), 2125 (sar), 2278 (his), 2415 (gra), 2503 (pre). Geerling, C & 5486 (sar). Geilinger, W (emi). Geoffray, M. 22 (cau). Gerard, P (pre), 3523 (sar), 3814 (pre), 5397 (sar), 5403 (mor). Germain, R. 135 (sar), 2682 (wel), 4666 & 4686 (pre), 4751 (mor), 5145 (con), (his), 5395 (sar), 7226 (mor). Gerrard,W.T (ger). Gerstner, J (ger), 4785 (pet), 6430 (spe), 6432 (ger), 6550 (spe), 6575 (ger), 6577 (spe), 6578 & 6629 (pet), 6630 (kom), 6632 (ger), 6633 (spe), 6983 & 6984 (pet), 7018 (spe), 7046 (pet), 7063 (kom), 7078 (cou), 7131 & 7185 (hyp), 7186 (kom). Ghesquiere, J (pre). Gibson 77/51 (= SRGH 34956)(kom). Giess, W (amb). Gilbert, G. 13 (his), 566 (pre), 1101 & 7897 (his), 8673 & (sar). Gilbert, V. C (emi), 1642 (mir). Gilges, W. 131 (wel), 663 (kom). Gillardin, J (par), 607 (pre). Gillet, J. 46 (gra), 83 (his), 1616 (wel), 2083 (bul), 2129 & 3017 (wel), 3388 (sar). Gillett, J. B, & (mir), (emi), (hyp), (cou), & (mir), (pet), (kom), (mir). Gillis, W.T.I 1254 (div). Gillman, H. H7/42 (hyp), H7/42K (kom), 242 (kom), 438 (pre), 1074 (pet), 1206 (hyp), 1242 (kom). Giorgi see De Giorgi Glanis 184 (pet & kom), 185 (kom). Gledhill, D. 894 (bar), 896 (pre). Glover, P. E. 17 (wel). Gocker, M. 16 (pre), 56 (gra). Goetze, W. 2 (pet), 24 (kom), 453 (cou), 455 & 1016 (emi). GoklinFD 2731 (sin). Goldsmith, B. 43/59 (kom), 46/59 (pet), 85/66 (cou), 1/72 (spe). Goll 23 (sar). Gomes e Sousa, A. F. 103 (sar), 759 & 1586 (hyp), 1898 & 2165 (pet), 2168 & 3688 (kom), 4431 (cou), 4515 (kom), 4714 (cou), 4723 & 4725 (pet), 4843 & 4844 (kom), 4967 (pet). Gomes Pedro & Pedrogao 3319 & 4300 (cou), 172 Meded. Landbouwhogeschool Wageningen 82-4 (1982)

178 4408 (hyp), 5129 (pet), 5540 & 5567 (cou), 8556 (pet), 9081 (kom). Goodier, R. 94 (pet), 615 (kom). Goossens, V & 2605 (pre), 3039 (con), 4199 (pre), 4301 (his), 4453 (pre), 4743 (his), 6007 (pre). Gorbatoff,S. 195 (pre). Gossweiler, J. 583 & 638 (pre), 655 & 693 (amb), 1134 & 1135 (wel), 1136 & 1163 (amb), Harten see van Harten 2043/3430 (wel), 4531 (amb), 4885 (pre), 4896 Havilandl34(- 1770y) & 2299 (sin). & 5135 (amb), 5946 (led), 6008 (par), 6191 & Hayes, T. R. 510 & 526 (sar) (sar), 6823 (pre), 8216a & b (bul), 8414 Hawley, W. O. 507 & 512 (sar). (led), 8799 & 8974a & b (par), 9103 (sar), 9358 Head 120 (sar). (amb), 9602 (van), 9757 (amb), (wel), (amb), (wel). Graham, R. M (cou), 1579 (mir), 1712 (pet). Grant, A. L (spe), 4069 (pre). Greenway, P. J (cou), 3300 (his), 5261 & Heinsen 131 (cou). Heitz, G. 4 (sar) (pet), 5636 (wel & kom), 5745 & 5775 Hemming, C. F (mir). (wel), 5822 (his), 5961 (sar), 6198 (emi), 6199 Hendrickx, F. L. 852b (his). (hoi), 6351 (cou), 6610 (kom), 6661 (cau), Henriques, C. 761 & 1234 (wel) (cou), 7067 (pre), 7061 (sar), 7388 (emi), Henriques & Moreno 72 (amb), 85 (wel) (hoi), 8704 (kom), 8816 (hoi), 9246 Henry, A. G (div). (cou), 9496 & 9825 (mir), (kom), Hepper, F. N & A3119 (sar). (emi), (mir), (wel), (mir), (emi). Greve (boi). Griffon du Bellay 15 (gra). Groome, J. S. 7 (emi). Grout, G. E. 168 (nic), 289 (kom). Guigonis 2013 & 2563 (sar). Guile, D. P. M (his), 1139 (sar). Guillaumet, J. L. 5 (pre), 1889 (bar). Gutzwiller, R & 2299 (pre). Guy, G.L (cou). Haenke, T. 102 & 601 (cau). Haerdi,F. 215/0 (cou). Hagerup 30 & 702 (sar). Haines, H. H. 664a & 2716 (wal). Hall, J. 969 (sar), (his). Halle, F. 343 (pre). Halle, N. 238 (pre), 1809 (tho), 2024 (gra), 2076 (tho), 2242 & 2286 (bul), 2697 (pre), 2916 (his), 3524 (con), 4275 (tho). Hallier, H. 86b & c-c87-c a (cau). Hall-Martin, A. J. 684 (kom), 935 & 1050 (cou), 1398 (kom). Hance, H. F. 3 & 884 (div). Hancock, W. 22 & 23 (div). Hanie & Simson 699 (div). Haniff, M. 386 (wal), 9147 & (cau). Hanks, J. H. 67/8 (kom). Hans (pre). Hardy, D. S (lut). Harley,W.J.515(gra). Harmand 802 (cau). Harris, B. J. K40 (his), 1644 (gra), 1941 (emi), 2485 (cou), 2673 (zim), 3167 (gra), 3623 (kom), 5342 (cou). Harris, W. 64 (gra). Harrison 6 (pre), 28 (bar). Hedin, L. 455 (pre), 2531 (sar), 2603 (gra), 2604 (pre), 2610 (sar). Heine U65 (wel). Henig 346 (wal). Herman 2252 (wel). Hess, H. 50/24 (amb), 50/46 (wel), /496-52/ / / /1864 (amb). Heudelot 337 (sar), 829 (his). Hiep 11 (gra), 259 (cau), 262 & 456 (boi), 587 (his), 765 (boi). Hildebrandt 1976 (pet). Hill, A. W. 15 (sar). Hillebrand in herb. Hance 884 (div). Hladik,A.2604c(sar). Hodge, W. H. A118 (hoi), A130 (pet). Holland, J. H (pre). Holmes, W.D (wel). Holub, D. E (kom). Honey, T. 840 (cou). Hooker, J. D. 379 (wal). Hornby, A. J. W. H74/35 & 382 (emi), 2627 (hyp), 4457 (cou). Hossain, M (sar); see also GC. How, F. C & (div). Howard, C. W. 39 (ger). Howes, F. N (sar), 1193 (his). Hu, S. Y (div). Huart, A. 63 (emi). Hucks, M. 827 & 939 (mir). Hullett, R. W. 468 (cau). Hulstaert, R. P (pre), 898 (his), 1193 (mor), (pre). Meded. Landbouwhogeschool Wageningen 82-4 (1982) 173

179 Humbert, H Keay, R. W. J. K53 (pre), 540 (grl); see also FHI (boi). Keet, LD (spe). Hunter, C. B. 9 (his). Kennedy, J. D. 35 (his), 201 & 211 (pre), 1973 Hutchinson, J. & Gillett 3766 (wel), 3938 (gar), (sar), 2190 (his), 2205 (sar), 2206 (pre), (emi), 3996 (wel). (gra). Keraudren 578 & (boi). Irvine, F. R (his), 499 (pre), 1057 Kerr, A. F. G (per), (gra), 1500 (sar), 1571 (pre), 1681 & / (gra), 1915(sar),2053&2729(his),2821 (pre). (wal), (cau), (wal), Irving 188 (his) (cau). Ismail 3813 (cau). Killock, D. J. B. 98 (sar), (spe). Itani, J. 49 (his). Kindt see De Kindt Ivens,G.W.2314(mir). King, E. L. 115b (pre), 207b (sar). King, J. M. 16(mir). Jack, J. G (sar). Kings collector 438 (wal), 1191 (sin), 1387 & Jackson 1380 (cou) (wal), 3896 (cau), 8628 (cau). Jacobsen, W. B. G. 282 (nic), 3389 (kom), 3581 King-Chung 950 (his). (nic). Kinloch, D (gra). Jacot-Guillarmod, A (spe). Kirk, J. 39 (sar). Jaeger, P. 935 (his), 4310 & 9060 (sar). Kirrika 65 (mir). Jans, E. 283 (am), 483 (bul), 920 (pre), 1073 Kitson, A. E. 894 (his). (his). Kjellberg, G (cau). Jansen, H (sar), 1696 Klaine, R. P. 19 (tho), 294 (gra), 412 (grl), 1124 (gra), 1729 (sar), 1845 (pre), 1966 & 2295 & 1125 (grl), 1216 (gra), 1519/ (sar). (pre), 2093 (tho), (grl), 3418 Jansen, P (pet). & 3474 (bul). Jansen, de Koning & de Wilde 4 (lut), 48 (hyp). Kleinhof23(cau). Jaques-Felix, H. 691 (his), 1144 (gra) 2553 (tho), 3189 & 3614 (sar). Kloss 6689 (wal), 6762 & 6924 (cau), 6971 (per). Jarman 313 (kom). Koning see de Koning Jefferey, G. W. K567 (his), K724 (gra). Konneh,P.V. 151 (gra). Jelinek 4 (cau). Koritschoner, H (emi). Jespersen 8 (his), 14 or 33 (sar), 27 (pre), 34 (sar) Koufani, A. 15 (sar), 88 (tho). 55b (pre). Krausel, R. 686 (amb). Jex-Blake, A. J. & M. B2977 (pet), B9464 (era) KruifseedeKruif Johnsen, P. 173 (wel). Krukoff, B. A. (1949 series) (sar), 6 (gra), Johnson, W. H. 150 (pre), 288 (sar), 594 (his) 9 (his), 11 (pre), 12 & 18 (sar); (00 series) 001 Johnston, H. H. 44 (tho). (sar), 002 (pre), 003 & 004 (sar), 005 & 006 Johnstone in herb. Wallich 4459 (wig) (pre), 008 (sar), 009 (his), (sar), Jolly, A. 142 (gra). 014 (gra), 015 & 016 (his), 018 (sar), Jones, A. C. 50 (spe), 1432 (bar), see also FHI (his), 023 (bar), Jordan 247 (sar). (sar), 028 & 029 (pre), 030 (his), 031 (sar), 032 Junod, H. A. 153 & 2914 (pet). (his), 046 (sar), 049 (gra), 050 & 051 (his), 064 Jussieu herb (his). (bul); (1950 series) (his), 231 (arn), 232 (mor), 233 (sar), 234 & 235 (mor), Kahurananga, J (cou), 3090 (era) 236 & 245 (pre), 246 (sar), (con); Kalbreyer 70 (grl) (cau), (his), & (sar). Kassner 154 (cou). Krukoff & Letouzey 101 (tho), 102 (his), Katz & Schmutz, H-series: 10 & 22 (sar) (tho), 108 (his), 109 ^ \ 4 1 &? (S3r) ' 64 (his) > 65 < bar (bul), 110 (gra), 111 (his), )> 66a & b (his), 66c (pre), Unv\ 116 (gra), 118 (his), 119 (tho), 120 (his), 122 K h (bar). (pre?), 125 (pre), 130 (tho), 132 (his), 133- Katz & Speiser, P-series: 1 (sar), 9 (his) 11 (* ar \ (sar), 137 (bul), 139 & 140 (sar), 13 (pre), 16 & 19 (mor), 24 Jar) {W) ' (gra), 145 (tho), 146 (gra), Kaudern, W. 468 (cau). 147 (sar), 152 (gra), (sar), 157 (gra), 158 (his), 159 & 160 (gra), 161 (his), Meded. Landbouwhogeschool Wageningen 82-4 (1982)

180 (sar), 164 & 165 (his), 166 (con), 168 (his), 170 (tho), 171 (gra), 172 (his), 175(tho), 176 (con), (his), 184 (con), 186 (his), 188 (gra), (tho), 199 (sar), 200 (bul), 201 (his), 201L (pre), 202 (gra), 202L (sar), 202 & 204 (con), 206 (his), 206L (grl), 207 (his), 208 (grl), 209 (grl & his), 210 (his), 212 &213 (con), (grl), 217 (con & grl &his), 218 (grl), 219 (con), 220 (grl), 233 (sar), 237 (con). K'Tung (div). Kundaeli & Swai 3597 (emi). Kurz,S (cau). Lace, J. H & 3010 (wal), 3041 (per). Laferrere, M. 14 (sar), 48 (his). Lakshnakara, M. C. 923 (cau). Lamb, P. H. 91 (sar). Lamont, J. 450 (div). Lane Poole, C. E. 147 (gra). Langdale-Brown, I (sar), 2600 (his). Lanjouw, J (kom). Latilo see FHI Lau, S. Y. 358 & (div). Laurent, M. 676 (pre), 1033 & 1052 (sar), 1107 (arn), 1229 (pre), 1273 (his), (pre), 2540 & 2840 (sar). Lavie,P (sar). Lavranos, J (mir). Lawn, J. G. 13 & 1715 (spe). Lawrence, E. 124 (cou). Lawton, R. M. 160 (emi), 365 (wel), 725 (emi), 961 (gar), 1140 (nic), 1836 (his). Leach, L. C & 9381 (pet), (emi), & (wel), (emi), (ger), (pet), (lut), (wel), & (amb). Leandri, J (boi). Lebrun, J (pre), 1853 (gra), 1880 (pre), 2154 (sar), 2398 (his), (pre), 5141 (beq), 5849 & 6145 (pre), 6149 & 6183 (his), 6331 (con), 6397 (par), 6764 (his). Lecard, T. 50 (sar). Leemans, J. 361 (his). Leeuwenberg, A. J. M & 2297 (sar), 2354 (gra), 2699 (his), (pre), 5057 (gra), 5606 (tho), 5751 (pre), 7421 (sar), 7940 (his), 8646 (bul), (tho), (spe), & (sar), (his), (sar), (his), & (gra), (sar), & (his), (sar), (pre), (his), (pre), (gra), & (sar), 12155& (gra), (sar). Meded. Landbouwhogeschool Wageningen 82-4 (1982) Leippert (emi). Leistner, O. A. 9 (amb), 1466 (wel). Lely, H. V. 825 (sar). Lemaire (pre), 418 (his). Lennan 1371 (his). Leo 2492 (his). Leonard, J. 191 & 361 (his), 898 (pre), 1094 (arn), 1186 (pre), 2493 & 3121 (con), 3254 (pre), 3563 (con), 4026 (his). Leontovich 179 (pre). Leprieur 2595 (sar). Lete,R. 167 & 263 (cau). Le Testu, G. 116 & 170 (his), 183 & 266 (sar), 275 (pre), (cou), 972 (par), (gra), 2203 (tho), 2449 & 4628 (his), (pre), 5809 (gra), 6315 (his), 6331 & 6365 (pre), 6500 (bul), 7096 (his), 7120 (con), 7128 (pre), 7186 (sar), 7188 (gra), 7190 (pre), 7229 (bul), 8591 (tho), 8735 (sar), (pre), 9078 & 9098 (mor), 9147 (grl), 9418 (sar), 9422 (mor), 9470 (his), 9482 (sar), 9530 (mor). Letouzey, R & 3230 (sar), 3651 (pre), (sar), 4765 (pre), 9789 (gra), 9817 (tho), (his), (gra), & (his), (pre), (tho), (grl), (tho), (bul). Levine, C. O. 665 & 1746 (div). Levy 53 (pet), 65 (nic), 1008 (pet), 1149 (nic), BH (pet). Liben, L (par), 3548 (gar), 3753 (wel). Liebenberg, L. C. C. 762 (amb). Lieberman see GC Lindeman, H. A. 27 (emi). Linder, D. H. 596 (sar), 1413 (gra), 1517 (sar), 1860 (pre). Linley 196 (wel). Lisowski, S (pre), (his), (pre), (sar), (his), (gla?), & (wel), & (emi), & (wel), & (hoi). Lloyd-Williams, T. 437 (pre). Lobbl06(cau). Lock see GC Logan see SRGH Loher, A (cau). Louis, J. 624 (pre), 900 (sar), 914 & 1351 (pre), 1466 (sar), 1531 (pre & sar), (pre), 2106 (his), (pre), 3104 & 3278 (sar), 3733 (pre), 3839 (his), 4149 (sar), 4333 & 5835 (pre), 6320 & 6614 (sar), 7611 (mor), 7685 & 7850 (sar), 8477 (pre), 8521 (mor), 9126 (his), (pre), (con),

181 (mor), (sar), (pre), (sar), (mor), (sar), (his), (con), & (his), & (sar), (pre), & (sar), (his). Lovemore, D. F. 126 (kom), 285 (cou), 492 (kom), 561 (pet). Loveridge, J (kom). Lovi, N. K. WACRI 3953 (gra), 3955 (pre). Lowe, J (mor), 3214 (tho), 3734 (sar). Ludanga, R. I (emi). Lukuesa, M. 950 (emi), 957 (wel). Lutendeck 79 (sar). Lynes, H. 39 & 46 (wel), 340 & 1340 (emi). Lyon, F.J. 108 & 2866 (gra). Macauley 974 (wel), MacDonald, I. W. 5 (ger). Macedo, A (pet), 5382 (nic), 5433 (pet). Macgregor, W. R74 (gra), Rl 18 (sar), 180 (his). Maclaud (his), 386 & 454 (sar). MacOwan 2023 (spe). Magani 51 (sar). Magogo, F. 491 (zim), 385 (pet), 345 (cou). Maingay, A. C (cau). Mailand, T. D. 3 (pre), 20 (his), 56 (bul), 511 (his), 1891 (bar). Makany, L (pre), Malaisse, F & 6702 (wel), 9127 (emi), 9267 & 9945 (wel). Malaisse & Gregoire 57 & 115 (wel). Malchair 99 (pre). Malzy 132 (sar). Mann, G. 177 (pre), 499 (grl), 743 (tho), 793 (his), 1444 (bul), 1843 (his), 2222 (tho), 2102 & 2248 (his), 2241 & 2246 (sar). Manning 78 (cou). Maputoland Expedition anno 1914: 77 & (lut). Marko,J.M.31(wel). Markwalder B (sar), (his), (sar), (cou), (sar). Marloth, R & (spe). Marmo, V. 170 (pre), 181 & 190 (sar). Marques, S (wel). Martin, J. D. 45/31 (kom), 91/31 (wel), 335 (kom), 338/32 (nic), 888/38 & 903/38 (wel). Martin, M. 258 (cau). Martins, V. 69 (wel). Masheti & Mumiukha 23 (mir). Maudoux, E (sar). Mavi, S. 236 (pet). Maxwell, J. F. 72/160-75/175-75/500 (per). McClure, F. A. CCC8815 (div). McGregor, G. M. 82/51 (kom). McKee (spe). Meebold, A (kom), (spe), & (wal), (per), BH31917(kom). Meer see van Meer Meikle, R. D. 505 (sar), 534 (his), 540 (grl), 665 & 716 (sar), 789 (his), 838 & 852 (sar), 927 (his), 929 & 934 (sar), 985 (bar), 1032 & 1035 (his), 1046 (sar), (his), 1129 (bar), 1159 (gra), 1167 (sar), 1192 (pre), (sar), 1297 (bar), 1457 (pre), 1479 (sar). Menavanza, F. 112 (pre). Mendes, E. J. 119 (amb), 180 (wel), 260 & 610 (amb), 3440 (wel), 3878 (amb). Mendonca, F. A. 31 & 144 (pet), 897 & 906 (hyp), 1087 (pet), 1243 (hyp), 1584 (kom), 1656 (ger), 2556 (cou), 2707 (kom), 3062 (ger), 3200 & 3935 (pet), 4629 (amb). Menyhart 133 (pet), 140 (kom), 501 (pet), 1068 (kom). Menzelaar SA16024 (emi). Merrill, E. D. 695 & 9570 (cau). Methuen, Lord 281 (kom), 292 (pet). Meyer, W (cau). Mgaza, C. D. 347 (cou), 552 & 722 (pet). Mhoro 1150 (emi). Michelmore, A. P. G. 361 (emi). Miege, J. 934 (sar). Mildbraed, J (pre), 3724 (his), 3738 (sar), 3824 & 4131 (pre), 7552 (gra), 7577 (tho). Miles, A. C. 22 (pre), 24 (sar), 25 (pre). Millard, A. H.KL177 (cau). Millen, H. 24 (pre), 25 (sar), 1174 (gra). Miller, O. B. D128 & 101/30 (emi), B25 & B46 (kom), 10/38 (wel), 1123 (kom). Milne-Redhead, E. 850 & 1039 (wel), 3646 (gar), 7100 & 7621 (cou), (emi). Mitchell, B. L. 25/86 & 25/77 (nic), 2837 (kom), 2956 (pet). Mogg, A. O. D & (pet). Moggs,D.H.OKll(his). Moll, E. J (spe), 3759 & 4355 (lut), 4358 (pet), 5649 (lut). Montchal, H. 160 (pre). Monteiro (anno 1874) 1 (pet). Monteiro & Murta 1505 & 1811 (wel). Mooney, H. F (wal). Moor, H. W. 22 & A55/28 (sar), 287 & 1018 (pre), 1021 & 1024 (sar). Moors, D. R. K16 (emi). Morat,P (boi). Mortehan 196 (pre), 719 (mor), 776 (pre), 1031 (sar), 1085 (con). Mortelmans 5 & 98 (wel). 176 Meded. Landbouwhogeschool Wageningen 82-4 (1982)

182 Morton, J. K. A352 (pre), SL675 (sar), A714 (pre), SL716 (sar), SL1013 (pre), SL1688 (his), A2495 & A2653 (sar), A3635 (bar), A3645 (sar), A3916& A4147 (pre), 4147 (his), see also GC. Mottan, M. 977 (wel). Motley 25 & 760 (sin). Mullenders, W (wel). Muller, T. 938 (pet), 1185 (cou). Mullin, M. J. 71/56 (kom), 72/56 (nic), 120/51 (kom). Murta & Silva 590 (wel), 775 & 776 (amb). Mutimushi, J. M (wel), 1644 (nic), 3139 (wel), 3954 (kom). Myre, M (kom). Mwakalinga 4 (emi). Mwasumbi & Harris 2420 (zim). Nai Noc in herb. Kerr 233 (cau). Napper, D. 938 (wel), 1467 (cou). Naskan 2795 (wal). Nee, M (sar). Neves Rosa, F. 79 (pet). Newberry 37 (sar). Newman, J. L. 71 (emi). Newton 295 (sar). Ngameni Kamga, B. 157 (pre). Ngongondo, G. 4 (cou). Niel see van Niel Noe, N. 223 (cau). Noerkas 303 (cau). Nolde see van Nolde Nsimundele (wel). Nuvunga, A. 496 (hyp). Oatley, T. B. 55 (ger), 56 (lut). Obermeyer, A. A (spe), 2379 (kom). Okafor see FHI Okeke see FHI Oldeman, R. A. A. 86 (gra), -243 & 724 (his), 727 (gra), 755 (pre), 936 (sar). Oldenhove 10 (sar). Olorunfemi, J. SE156 (pre); see also FHI. Onochie see FHI Onwudinjoh see FHI Onyeachusim see FHI Overlaet 1112 (amb), 1113 (pre). Oxtoby, E. EA15390 (mir). Pacock, M. A. 276 (wel). Paoli, G (mir). Paolo, S. 810 (cou). Parker, I. GM/333/S & GM/334/S (mir). Parkinson, C. E (wal), 2048 (cau). Meded. Landbouwhogeschool Wageningen 82-4 (1982) Paroisse, G. 1 (sar), 3 (his), (sar), 44 (his), (sar). Parsons, B. 11 (mir). Paulo 810 (cou). Pauwels, L (wel), 5511 (sar), 5912 (his), 5918 (bul). Pawek, J (nic). Pedro & Pedrogao see Gomes Pedro & Pedrogao Pegler,A.915(spe). Pentz, J. A. 348 (spe). Pereira 2500 (kom). Periquet 153 (pre). Perrier de la Bathie, H (boi). Perrotet 457 (sar), 466 (his), (sar). Peter, A (kom), & (cou), (pet), (emi), & (cou), (amb), (his), (cau), (wel), (cou), (zim), (cou), (zim), (cou), (zim). Peyre de Fabregues (sar). Phelps, R. J. 128 (kom). Phipps, J. B. 789 (kom), 818 & 1377 (nic), 1423 (pet), 1430 (kom), 3175 (emi). Pienaar & Vahrmeyer 212 (kom). Pierlot, R & 2878 (con). Pierre, L. 45 (cau), 216 (gra), 3582 (wal), 4411 (cau), 4412 (wal). Pilz, G. E (sar). Pirey see de Pirey Pitot, A. 762 & 763 (sar var. gla). Pitterij 21 (pre). Pleva 12 (emi). Plowes, D. C. H (kom), 2352 (pet), 2722 & 2813 (kom). PoKhant (per). Pobeguin, H. 1 (sar), 2 (pre), 6 (sar), 11 (his), 18 & 19 (sar), 28 (sar var. gla), K (his), 176 (pre), 177 (sar), 179 (tho), 905 & 1288 (sar var. gla). Pocs, T. 6466c (zim). Poilane, E (cau). Poisson, E. 18 (his), 60 (boi), 80 (his). Pole Evans, I. B. 813 (emi), 1860 (wel), 1886 (gar), 2969 (wel), (emi), 3069 (nic), 4682 (spe), 4722 (ger), 573! (gra). Polhill & Paulo 1268a (emi). Pooley, E. S. 27 (lut), 64 (ger). Poore, M. E. D (cau). Pope 1433 (kom). 177

183 Pott, R. 4582/13291 (spe). Poucet, J. 500 (am), 501 (his). Prain33&71 (wal). Prawiroatmodjo 1833 (cau). Preuss (pre). Price, W. R (div). Procter, J. E. A. 449 (emi), 1938 (wel), 3305 (emi). Purves,J. M. 218 (cou). Putman 118 (pre). Pynaert, L. 49 (sar), 72 & 392 (arn), (pre), 843 (his), 906 & 1020 (pre), 1077 (his), (pre). Pyne,C. T. 103 (sar). Quarre, P. 290 & 516 (wel), 2599 (gar), (wel). Queen Victoria Memorial Herbarium 6410 (spe). Quesnel 1847 (gra). Quintas, F. 140 (pet). Quisumbing, E (cau). Ragwan, R. S. 108 (wal). Raimundo (amb). Ramos, M. (BS-series) (cau). Rattray, J. M. 371 (spe). Rawlins, S. 254 (cou). Raymond, W.D. 55 (cou), 112 (pet), 191 (kom). Raynal,J. &A (sar), (gra). Rea, H. J. A. 25 (emi), 129 (wel). Reed 12/1949 (sar). Rees, A. F. T176 (cou). Regnier 50 (cau), 335 (wal). Reinwardt 117 (cau). Renier, M. 25 (par), 166 (wel). Repton, J. E (spe), 6026 (ger). Reygaert, F. 231 (pre), 335 (his), 345 (pre), 355 (his), (pre). Reynolds, G. W (sar), 7561 & 7562 (wel). Richard 635 (wal). Richards, H. M. 34 (wel), 706 (emi), 1234 (wel), 1420 & 1624 (emi), 1722 (wel), 1954 (gar), 2198 (wel), 3646 (gar), 4628 & 5585 (emi), 6194 (gar), 9037 (emi), (gar), & (emi), & (wel), (gar), (wel), (emi), (wel). Richardson & Livingstone 99 & 131 (wel). Ridley, H. N (sin), 3994 (cau), 6040 & 6702 (sin), & (wal). Ritchie, A. H. B1422(mir). Risopoulos, S. 799 (wel), 1101 (emi). Ritschard, F (wel). Roadon 1 (his), 5 (sar). Robert, M. 7 (div). Roberts, A. PRE (ger). Robertson, R. G. 141 (wel), 171 (gar). Robertson, S. A (mir). Roberty, G (sar), (his), (sar), (gra), (pre), (sar), (pre), (gra), (his), (sar), & (his). Robin, R. 77 (par). Robinson, E. A (wel), 3976 (gar). Robson, N. K. B. 92 & 93 (cou), 53 (nic). Robijns, W. 25 (wel), 796 & 1164 (pre), 1961 (emi), 3861 (wel). Rodgers, W. A (emi). Roffery, J /7 (mir). Rogeon, J. F. 136 (sar). Rogers, F. A (pet), 8411 (cou), & (wel), (kom), (wel), (ger). Rosevear, D. R. 18/29 (pre), 22/31 (sar). Ross, A. F. see MacGregor Ross, J. H (lut). Ross, R. 37 (his), A39/46 & 121/25/5 (sar), 192 (pre). Rossignol 135 (his). Rounce, N. V (emi). Round, N. P. 203 (emi). Roux, J. P. 238 (amb). Rowland 144 (his). Rowland-Jones, M. 43 (pet). Rudatis, H. 15 (pre), 27 (his), 1680 (spe). Ruffo, C. K. 503 (gra). Ruigvet (wel). Rushworth 1025 (spe), 1222 (nic). Ryan 70 (sar). Saboureau, P (boi). Sacleux, R. P (kom). St. Barbe Baker, R. E (pet). Salesiens 276 & S458 (wel). Samai, S. K. 467 (sar). Sampson 411 (div). Sanford, W. W. 517a (pre), 6908 (sar). Sanjinje21 (wel). Santapau, H. 243 (wal), (boi). Santos, R. M. 128 & 130 (amb), 649 & 697 (wel), 1023 & 1025 (amb), 1591 & 1675 (wel), (amb). Satabie, B. 236 (pre), 541 (mor). Saunders 5 & 15 (sar). Savile, A. H. 22 (emi). Saxer 613 (sar). 178 Meded. Landbouwhogeschool Wageningen 82-4 (1982)

184 Schafer, P. A (pet). Schenkel, R. 79 (mir). Schiffner 27 (cau). Schinz, H. 222 (amb). Schlechter, R (pet), (pre). Schlieben, H. J (cou), 5211 (pet), 5610 (kom), (cou), (spe). Schmidt, J. 639 (wal). Schmitz, A. 482 (wel), 1633 (emi), 2989 (gar), 3017 (wel), 5610 (gar), 5643 & 5748 (wel), 6865 (emi). Schnell, R. 683 & 1271 (pre), 3813 (his), 4263 (sar), 4487 (his), 4640 (sar), 4757 & 4758 (his), 4902 & 5228 (pre), 5249 (bar). Scholes, J. 39 & 222 (pre). Schultze214(emi). Schuurman, J. A. (H-series) 126 (div), 127 (his), 128 (gra), 129 (boi), 130 (tho), 131 (wel), 132 (sar), 133 (pre). SchwarzBH (pet). Schweikert, H. G (spe). Scortechini 1818 (per), 1819 (cau). Scott Elliot, G. F (pet), 4512 (sar), 5300 (his), 5657 (sar), 8316 (wel). Scully, W. 175 & 761 (spe). Seimund, E. 108 (cau). Semsei, S. R & 1430 (cou). Senni, L. 267 (mir). Seret, F. 501 (pre), 773 (his), 783 (pre). Service des Eaux et Forets de Madagascar (SF-series) (boi). Service des Recherche Forestieres de Cameroun (SRFK-series)4141 & (bul). Servicos Agricolos da Guine 29 (his). Seyrig, A. 332 (boi). Shantz & Turner 4145 (kom). Siame,W. 122 (wel). Sidey, J. L (spe). Sieber, F. W. 334 (cau). Sigaldi, see de Sigaldi Sillans 419 (sar), 1597 (pre). Silva, see da Silva Sim, T. R & (spe), (cou). Simao, J. 176 (kom), 601/48 & 66 (cou), 631/48 (kom). Simon & Williamson 1055 (wel), 1180 & 1433 (wel). Sinclair, J & 6826 (sin), 8933 (cau), (sin). Sita, P (pre), 1225 (con), 1539 (bul), 1918 (his), 1960 (con), 2462 (par), 2609 (sar). Slayner, F. J. 100 (spe). Meded. Landbouwhogeschool Wageningen 82-4 (1982) Small, D. 543 (sar). Smiley, K. L. 497 (ger). Smith, C. A. 20 (ger). Smith, F.G.I 176 (emi). Smitin & St. John 6857 (cau). Smuts, J. C. 301 (kom). Smythe, C. W. 3 (sar), 4 (his), 77 (pre), 245 (gra). Snowden,J. D (cou). Sole, M. 409 (spe). Soriano, M. PNH (cau). Sousa,E. Ill (ger), 2979 (sar). Sousa, J. A. 47 (amb). Soyaux, H. 55 (bul), 312 (grl), 312b (his), 458 (gra). Speiser, P. (P-series) 25 (gra), 26 (tho), 28 & 29 (con), 30 (grl), 31 (con). Speldewinde, C. A (cau). Spire 130 (cau), in herb. Pierre 7051 (cau). Squires, R. W. 901 (per). SRGH & (cou), (wel), (kom). Stacy Morris, K. R. 529 (his). Staner, F (his), 1436 (pre), 1495 (mor), 1615/1619 (arn). Staudt,A. 14 (tho), 664 (pre). Stephen, J. 708 & 750 (lut), 753 (pet), 755 (lut), 756 (ger). Stewart, M (spe). Steyaert (pre). Stocks, J. 20 & 22 (pet), 148 (hyp). Stohr, F. O. 478 (wel). Stolz,A. 125 (cou). Stoney 840 (cou). Stopp, K. (BO-series) 128 (wel). Stowes, F. N (sar), 1208 (his). Straub 27 (sar). Streel, M. 299 (wel). Strey R 2421 (amb), 3759 & 3762 (lut), 5185 &5281 (ger), 5920 & (spe), (lut). Strid,A.2315(kom). Stuhlmann 805 & 823 (cou). Sulit, M. D. (PNH-series) & (cau). Surcouf,J.B172(cou). Surville 738 (bul). Swaine see GC Swinhoe, R. 06/70 (div). Swynnerton, L. J. M. K51 (kom), (emi). Symoens, J. J. 6486a (wel). Synnott, T. J. H. 478 (pre). Talbot, P. A. 80 (tho), 90a (gra), 211 (bul) 364 (pre) 1349 & 1479 (sar), 1482 & 2029 (his), 2045 & 2054 (gra), 3026 (grl), 3062 (gra),

185 (sar), 3083 (grl), 3187 (pre), 3833 (sar), 3834 (pre). Talmy 45 (cau), 86 (gra). Tamesis (cau). Tang, H. C. in herb. Krukoff (div). Tanner, R. E. S. 359 & 590 (emi). Taylor, N (cau). Tchinaye, V. 138 (pre). Teixeira, J. B. 334 & 459 (amb), 481 (wel), (amb), 1390 (wel), 1507 & 1712 (amb), 4843 (wel), 4260 (amb), 5085 (amb), 7143 & 7476 (wel), (led), (wel). Teruya 2260 (cau). Tessmann, G. 149 (sar), 554 (pre), 852 (mor). Testu, see le Testu Thakur Rup Chand 3038 (wal). Theron, G. K (kom). Thiebaud, A. 482 (emi). Thierry 29 (sar). Thode, J. (A-series) (spe). Thollon, M. 1 (gra), 33 (gra & tho), (tho), 139 (pre), 157 (grl), (tho), 183 (intermediate), 184 (gra), 185 (sar), 186 (his), (pre), 762 (tho). Thomas, A. S. Dl 14 (his), (gra). Thomas, N. W. T87 & 129 (sar), 210 (his), 253 (sar), 463 (his), 2094 & 2096 (sar), 2161 (pre), 7404 & 7690 (sar), 9711 (his), (sar). Thomson, W. C. 6 (his), 9 (pre), 16 (sar), 46/48 (his). Thonet, J. 159 (pre). Thonner, F. 75 (pre). Thorel 734 (cau). Thorncroft, G (ger). Thornewill41 (sar). Thorp, E. (NH-series) (his), (ger). Thulin & Mhoro 520 (emi). Tilman 62 (his). Tindall 26 (sar). Tinley, K. L. 497 (ger), 499 (lut). Tinvergadum 188 (pre). Tisserant, R. P. C. 53 (his), 56 & 60 (pre), 63 (his), 543 & 978 (sar), 1359 & 1579 (pre), 1600 (sar), 1697 (his), 1712 (pre), 1713 (sar), 2449 (his), 3734 (sar), 3752 (gra). Tolken & Hardy 755 (amb). Topham, P (cou), 1802 (pet), 1803 (nic), 1804 (kom), 1806 (pet). Torre, A. R. 710 (hyp & cou), 926 (cou), 1.016a & bl (cou), 1016b2 & 1049 (hyp), 1052 (cou), 1716 & 2104 (pet), 3169 (cou), 3665 & 3675 (kom), 3699 (cou), 3711a (kom), 3784 (cou), 3841 (pet), 4078 (kom), 4647 (cou), 5569 (hyp), 6088 & 7860 (kom), 8308 (amb), 8646 (wel), 9044 (kom), 9541 & 9914 (hyp), & (pet), (hyp), (pet), & (kom), & (pet). Toussaint, L. 82 (pre), (mor). Townsend, R. G. R (kom), 244 (pet), 267 (nic). JTrapnell, C. G. 443 (nic), 490 & 1859 (kom), 1860 (nic), 1861 (cou), AH9874 (nic). Trochain, J. 40 & 924 (sar), 1456 (his), (sar). Troupin, G (wel), 3355 & (pre), (beq). Tsang, W. T (div). Tsiang, Y (div). Tso, C. L & (div). Tsoong, K. K. 430 (div). Tsui, T. M (div). Turner & Shanty 4145 (kom). "Tutin, C. E. G. 20 (sar). Tyson, W (spe). Ujor see FHI Umbai, G. A. KL1988 (cau). Unwin,A. H. 175 (gra). Urquhart 12 (div). Ursch,M. 165 (boi). Uys, J. C. 52/62 (wel). Vahrmeyer, J. 212 (ger), 1025 (lut). Vaillant, A. 153 (sar), a & b (gra). Van Beusekom, C. F (wal). Van Den Berghen, C & 2061 (sar), 2157 (his). Vandenbrande K22 (emi). Van Der Schijff, H. P (lut), 2938 (kom), 6274 (spe), 6572 (ger). Vanderijst, P. H b (wel), (par), & (his), & (par), (his), (par), (pre), (wel), (amb), (van), (wel), (mor), & (his), (wel). Van Doom, J. 24 & 91 (sar), 113 (pre). Van Eynatten, C. L. M & 1314 (pre), 1825 (his). Van Harten, A. M. 238 (sar). Van Helmont 1 (am). Van Meel 1843 (gar). Van Meer, P. P. C. 255 & 302 (gra), (sar), 689 (bar), 711 (pre), 1051 (sar), 1162 (pre), 1204 (sar), 1246 (pre), 1710 (bar). 180 Meded. Landbouwhogeschool Wageningen 82-4 (1982)

186 Van Niel, J. P (sin). Vanphruk, P. 664 (per), 659 (wal). Van Rensburg, H. J (nic), 3040 (wel). Van Someren, V. G. L. EA11166 (pre). Van Veldhuizen, J. 557 (gra). Vasse, G. 40 & 276 (cou). Vaughan, J. H (pet). Veldkamp,J. F (sar). Velgueiras 1 (hyp). Venger 740 (his). Venour, W. A. HI 14/50 (mir). Venter, H. J. T (ger). Verboon 342 (emi). Verdcourt, B. 33 (cau), 2880 (emi). Verdick, E. 84 & 146 (wel), 235 & 236 (gar). Verger 956 (sar), 1226 (pre). Vermoesen, F. 142 (pre), 315 (con). Versteegh & Den Outer 67 (pre), 491 (sar), 492 (his). Versuchsanstalt Kamerun 20 (his), 382 (gra). Vesey-Fitzgerald, L. D. E. F (emi). Veterinary Officer Mazabuka CRS 443 (nic). Vianzi 2 (cou). Vidal, J. E & 5099 (cau). Videw8106(kom). Vigne, C. 94 (pre), 147 (sar), 154 (pre), 1071 (his), 1083 (bar), 1084 & 1697 (pre), 1871 (bar), 1912 (pre), 2671 (sar), 3145 (gra), 4380 (bar). Vikindu 1 (pet). Villiers 1111 (con). Vin 58 (wel), 86 (gar). Virgo, K. J. 7 (sar). Volk, O. H. 566 (amb). Vollesen, K. (MRC-series) 2954 (cou), 4221 & 4246 (kom). Von Mechow, A. 251 (wel). Von Nolde, I. 254 (amb). Von Wettstein, R. & F. 4 (amb). Voorhoeve, A. G. 205 & 782 (sar). Vrijdagh 36 & 83 (his), 405 (pre). Wagemans, J (sar), 1603 (arn). Wager, H (spe). Walker, abbe 29 (con). Wallace, C. V. 635 (emi). Wallichherb (partly wal), 1641 (wal), 4459 (wig). Walter, H. & E & 1161 (amb). Wang 357 (div). Wanntorp, H. & H. E. 872 & 1084 (amb). Warburg, O (cau), (pub). Ward, C. J. 21 & 41 (emi), (ger), 3500 (pet), 3502 (lut), 3536 (ger), 3574 (lut), 3842 (pet), 6626 (ger). Meded. Landbouwhogeschool Wageningen 82-4 (1982) Warnecke 133 (his), 476 (sar). Wassarak 16 (cau). Waterlot 1060 (sar). Watkins, G. 107 (emi), 521 (pre), 2372 (emi). Watt, J. S. 41 & 1973 (wel). Wearne, W. D. 25 & 60 (ger). Weiss, E, 2634 (div). Wellensl94(pre). Wells, M. J (ger), 3199 (spe). Welwitsch, F. 22 (wel), 719 (amb), (wel), 5992 (amb), 5994 (par), 5995 & 5996 (pre), 5998 & 5999 (amb). Wenzel, C. A. 228 (cau). West, O & 3471 (wel), 4536 (nic), 4575 (cou), 4964 (spe), 6939 (kom). Westphal, G. 57 (pet). West-Skinn, R. 6 (his), 282 (gra). Wheelan, J. H. 4 (his & sar), 5 (his). Whellan, A. J. 396 (nic), 494 (pet), 1411 (emi), 1988 & 1989 (wel), 2020 (kom). White, C. T (spe). White, F & 3258 (wel), 3301 (gar). Whitmore, T. C. FRI12958 (wal). Wigg, L. G. T (emi). Wight, R & 2546 (wig), 2547 (wal), 6349 (wig). Wilberforce, P. W. 45 (wel). Wild, H. A66 (pet), 2375 & 2667 (kom), 4226a (nic), 4875 (wel), 6340 (spe), 6620 (cou), 6627 (pet), (wel). Williams, G. R. 378 & 628 (cou). Williams, G. R. & Brass & Woodward (kom). Williams, J. G (emi). Williams, T. 437 (pre). Wilson 200 (div). Wilson, J. G. 80 (emi). Winkler, H. 583 (cau), 1218 (pre). Winters, H (sar). Wiss, H. J, 509 (spe). Wisse,C.A (gra). Wit see de Wit Woerjantoro 1 (boi), 4 (pre), 6 (gra). Wood, D.D. 160 (gra). Wood, J. M (spe). Woodburn, J. C. 38 (emi). Wray,L (cau). Wright, C. 327 (div). Wright, J. M. 306 (wel). Yallahl5(his), 116 (pre). Yasothorn 37 (cau). Ybert, J. P. 322 (pre). 181

187 Young, R. G. N (wel), (his), 3920 (cau), 4174 (con), 4343 (his), (amb), 895 (wel), 901 (intermediate) (pre), 4850 (bar). Zenker & Staudt 6 (pre), 142 (sar), 301 & 667 Zaipoh Do 666 (sar). (pre), 3391 (gra). Zenker, G. 52 (bul), 55 (tho), 72 (his), 75 & 79 Zimmermann, A (zim), 2545 & 3665 (cou), (gra), 244 (pre), 1148 (tho), 1178 (gra), (his), 7746 (pet). (his), 1923 & 2123 (gra), 2125 & 2300 (tho), Zippelin 162 (cau) (gra), 2422 (tho), 2740 (gra), 2771 (his), Zollinger 1637 (cau), 3410 & 3416 (pub). 3022a (tho), 3391 (gra), 3639 (bul), 3673 (tho), Zwetsloot, H. 25 (sar). 182 Meded. Landbouwhogeschool Wageningen 82-4 (1982)

188 REFERENCES ALLORGE, L., HUSSON, P., & SASTRE, C Morphologie et chimiotaxonomie des Apocynacees, conclusionsphylogeniqueset biogeographiques.-compt. Rend. Soc. Biogeogr. 57(3): ANONYMUS Iconographia Cormophytorum Sinicorum 3. - Peking. ASCHERSON, P. F. A. & PAX, F Uber Strophanthus mit Berucksichtigung der Stammpflanzen des Semen Strophanthi. - Bot. Jahrb. Syst. (Engler) 15: BACKER, C. A. & BAKHUIZEN VAN DEN BRINK JR., R. C Flora of Java 2 - Noordhoff, Groningen. BAILLON, H Types nouveaux des Apocynacees 2. - Bull. Mens. Soc. Linn. Paris 1: Histoire des Plantes Hachette, Paris. BAKHUIZEN VAN DEN BRINK JR., R. C Apocynaceae. - In: BACKER, C. A. Beknopte Flora van Java 7. - Emergency Edition, Leiden. BEDI, Y. S., BIR, S. S. & GILL, B. S In: LOVE, A. (Ed.). Chromosome number reports 71. -Taxon 30 (2): BENTHAM, G Flora Hongkongensis. - Lovell Reeve, London. & HOOKER, J. D Genera Plantarum 2. - Reeve & Co., London. BERHAUT, J Flore illustree du Senegal 1. - Govt. Ed., Dakar. BISSET, N. G The steroid glycosides of the Apocynaceae I. - Madj. Ilmu Alam Untuk Indonesia 109: The steroid glycosides of the Apocynaceae II. - Madj. Ilmu Alam Untuk Indonesia 111: BLONDEL, R. E. 1888a. Les Strophanthus du commerce. - Bull. Gen. Therap. Med. Chir. 114: & b. Sur le Strophanthus du Niger et une nouvelle variete de graines de Strophanthus. - J. Pharm. Chim. ser. 5,17: BLUME, C. L Catalogus van gewasschen te vinden in s'lands plantentuin te Buitenzorg. - ter Lands Drukkerij, Batavia Bijdragen tot de Flora van Nederlandsch Indie ter Lands Drukkerij, Batavia. BOERLAAGE, J. G Handleiding tot de Flora van Nederlandsch Indie 2, 2. - Brill, Leiden. BOITEAU, P Dictionnaire des noms Malgaches de vegetaux. - Fitoterapia 5: BOYE & BERENI In: LE DANTEC, BOYE & BERENI. Etude des Fleches empoisonnees du Haut- Dahomey. - Arch. Med. Navale 68: BRAUN, K Die Strophanthus-Arten von Deutsch Ost-Afrika. - Pflanzer 6: BROWN, N. E In: Decades Kewenses (Kew) Bull. Misc. Inf. 1892: BURMAN, N. L Flora Indica. - Haek, Leiden. BUSSE, W Reisebericht der Expedition nach den Deutsch-ostafrikanischer Steppen. - Tropenpflanzer 4: In: KARSTEN, G. & SCHENK, H. (eds.) Vegetationsbilder 5, nr. 7. CANDOLLE see DE CANDOLLE CHATTERJEE, D. Strophanthus boivini. - Hooker's Icon. Plant, 5, 5: pi CHEVALIER, A Exploration Botanique de l'afrique Occidentale Francaise 1. - Lechevallier, Paris. 1950a. La question des Strophanthus a glucosides. - Rev. Int. Bot. Appl. Agr. Trop. 30: b. Sur un nouveau Strophanthus de la Cote dtvoire. Rev. Int. Bot. Appl. Agr. Trop. 30: CHI LING CHEN Xylem Anatomy of Strophanthus. - Trop. Woods 107: CHRISTY, T Strophanthus. - New Commercial Plants & Drugs 10: CODD, L. E. W Trees and shrubs of the Kruger National Park. - Bot. Surv. Mem Dept. Agric., Pretoria Notes and new records of African plants. - Bothalia 7: Apocynaceae. - In: DYER, R. A., CODD, L. E., & RYCROFT, H. B. Flora of Southern Africa Dept. Agric, Pretoria. Meded. Landbouwhogeschool Wageningen 82-4 (1982)

189 CODD, L. E. W Strophantus luteolus. - Fl. PL Africa 40: pi DE CANDOLLE, A. L. P. P Prodromus systematis naturalis regni vegetabilis 8. - Fortin, Masson & Soc., Paris. DE CANDOLLE, A. P Description d'un nouveau genre de plante nomme Strophanthus. - Bull. Soc. Philom. 64: , pi Strophanthus. - Extr. Reg. Classe Sc. Phys. Math. Inst. Nat. Sc. Arts. & DESFONTAINES, R. L Extrait d'un memoire du citoyen Decandolle sur le genre Strophanthus. - Ann. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat. 1: DE LAMARCK, J. B. A. M. P Encyclopedic Methodique: Botanique 3. - Pandoucke, Paris. DE LOUREIRO, J Flora Cochinchinensis 1, ed Acad. Sc, Lisbon. DENYS, E, A tentative phytogeographical division of tropical Africa based on a mathematical analysis of distribution maps. - Bull. Jard. Bot. Nat. Belg. 50: DE VISSER SMITS, D Strophanthus gratus. - Madj. Ilmu Alam Untuk Indonesia 107 (6): DEWEVRE, A Les Strophanthus du Congo. - J. Pharm. Anvers 50: DE WILDEMAN, E Contributions a la Flore du Congo. - Ann. Mus. Congo ser. 1, Bot.: ser. 2,1 (2): Etudes sur la Flore de Katanga. - Ann. Mus. Congo ser. 1, Bot., ser. 4,1: Mission Emile Laurent ( ) 1 & 2. - Govt. Congo, Bruxelles Notices sur les Plantes Utiles ou Interessantes de la Flore du Congo 2. Govt. Congo, Bruxelles Decades novarum specierum Florae Congolensis 3. - Bull. Jard. Bot. Etat 5: & DURAND, TH Materiaux pour la Flore du Congo. - Bull. Soc. Roy. Bot. Belgique 38: & Reliquiae Dewevreanae. - Ann. Mus. Congo ser. 1, Bot., ser. 3,1: DON, G A general system of Gardening and Botany 4. - Rivington et al., London. DUNCAN, J Catalogue of plants of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Mauritius. DURAND, TH. & H Sylloge Florae Congolanae. - Govt. Congo, Bruxelles. DYER, R. A The genera of Southern African flowering plants 1. - Dept. Agric, Pretoria. ENGLER, A. & PAX, F In: PAX, 1892: Uber Strophanthus mit Berucksichtigung der Stammpflanzen des Semen Strophanthi. - Bot. Jahrb. Syst. (Engler) 15: FAEGRI, K. & VAN DER PIJL, L The principles of pollination ecology. - Pergamon, Oxford. FRANCHET, M. A. 1893a. Sur quelques nouveaux Strophanthus de Therbier du Museum de Paris. - J. Bot. (Morot) 7: & b. Etude sur les Strophanthus de l'herbier du Museum de Paris. - Nouv. Arch. Mus. Hist. Nat. ser. 3, 5: FRASER, T. R Strophanthus hispidus, its natural history, chemistry, and pharmacology. - Trans. Roy. Soc. Edinburgh 35: GAMBLE, J. S Flora of the Presidency of Madras 2. - Adlard & Son, London. GENTIL Plantes cultivees dans les serres du Jardin Botanique de Bruxelles. - Govt, ed., Bruxelles. GILG, E. 1902a. Uber die Gruppierung der Afrikanischer Arten der Gattung Strophanthus, Sekt. Eustrophanthus. - Bot. Jahrb. Syst. (Engler) 32: b. Uber die pharmakognostisch wichtigen Strophanthus-Arten. - Tropenpflanzer 6: Strophanthus. - In: ENGLER, H. E. A. & DIELS L. (eds.) Monographieen Afrikanischer Pflanzen-Familien und -Gattungen 7. - Engelmann, Leipzig. GLUCK, H Blatt- und Blutenmorphologischen Studien. - Fischer, Jena. GRAHAM, R List of Rare Plants which have flowered in the Royal Botanic Garden. Edinburgh New Philos. J. 3: GRIFFITH, W Notulae ad plantas Asiaticas 4. - Govt. Bengal, Calcutta. HAINES, H. H The botany of Bihar and Orissa 4. - Govt. Bihar & Orissa, London. HALL, J. B. & SWAINE, M. D Distribution and Ecology of vascular plants in a tropical rainforest. - Junk, the Hague. HALLE, F., OLDEMAN, R. A. A., & TOMLINSON, P. B Tropical Trees and Forests, an Architec- * *^ Meded. Landbouwhogeschool Wageningen 82^4 (1982)

190 tural Analysis. - Springer, Berlin & New York. HEFTMANN, E., BERNER, P., et al Identification of Cardiac Glycosides and Aglycines in Strophanthus seeds by Paper Chromatography. - Arch. Biochem. & Biophys. 51 (2): HEIM, M. F Sur un Strophanthus entrant dans la composition du poison des Moys. - Bull. Mens. Soc. Linn. Paris 2: & HELBING Zur Pharmakognosie von Strophanthus. - Pharm. Zeit. 93: 664. HERKLOTS, G Flowering Tropical Climbers. - Dawson, Folkestone. HESS, H Uber einige neue Strophanthus-Arten und -Bastarde aus Angola. - Ber. Schweiz. Bot. Ges. 62: HOLMES, E. M Note on Strophanthus hispidus. - Pharm. J. Trans, ser. 3,21: The Strophanthus seeds of commerce. - Pharm. J. Trans, ser. 3, 24: Strophanthus nicholsonii, a new species. - Pharm. J. ser. 4, 5: The Strophanthus kombe seed of commerce. -Pharm. J. ser. 4,12r HOOKER, J. D Strophanthus capensis. - Bot. Mag. ser. 3, 24: pi Flora of British India 3. - Reeve & Co., London Strophanthus petersianus var. grandiflorus. - Bot. Mag. ser. 3, 50: pi HOOKER, W. J Roupellia grata. - Bot. Mag. ser. 3, 5: pi & WALKER-ARNOTT, G. A the Botany of Captain Beechey's Voyages. - Bohn, London. HUBER, H Apocynaceae. - In: HEPPER, F. N. (ed). Flora of West Tropical Africa ed. 2, 2: HMSO, London. HUTCHINSON, J. & DALZIEL, J. M Flora of West Tropical Africa ed. 1,2.- HMSO, London. JUMELLE, H. & PERRIER DE LA BATHIE, H Fragments biologiques de la Flore de Madagascar. - Ann. Inst. Bot-Geol. Colon. Marseille ser. 2,8: KER, J. B Strophanthus dichotomus b. chinensis. - Bot. Reg. 6: pi KERR, A. F. G Contributions to the Flora of Siam additamentum (Kew) Bull. Misc. Inf. 1937: KING, G. & GAMBLE, J. S Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. - J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal 74,2: ,,. KLOTZSCH, J. F In: PETERS, W. C. H. Naturwissenschaftliche Reise nach Mossambique, Botanik 1 Abt.-Reimer, Berlin. KRUKOFF, B. A. & LETOUZEY, R Contribution a la connaissance du genre Strophanthus au Cameroun Francais et au Gabon. - Rev. Int. Bot. Appl. Agric. Trop. 30: KUMMER & HOOKER, W. J In: GRAY, W. & DOCHARD, Travels in western Africa. - Murray, London. c D < KURZ, S. 1877a. Contributions towards a knowledge of the Burmese Flora. - J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal 46, 2: b. Forest Flora of British Burma 2. - Govt. Ed., Calcutta. LAMARCK see DE LAMARCK LINNAEUS, C Mantissa Piantarum. l.-salvius, Stockholm. LIVINGSTONE, D. & C. H Narrative of an expedition to the Zambesi and its tributaries, ana of the Discoveries of the lakes Shirwa and Nyassa. - Murray, London. LOUREIRO see DE LOUREIRO. c i n nax LUBBOCK, J On stipules, their form and function. - J. Linn. Soc, Botany, 28: l\ /-/«. LY, TR'AN DINH Fine neue Strophanthus-Art aus Viet-nam. - Feddes Repert. «J"?- MAGENOT, S. & G Enquete sur les nombres chromosomiques dans une collection d especes tropicales. - Rev. Cyt. Biol. Veg. 25, 3-4: MARKGRAF, F Apocynaceae. - In: Flore de Madagascar et des Comores Mus. Nat. Hist. Nat., Paris. - _ MARLOTH, R Flora of South Africa 3. - Darter Bros., Cape Jown MASTERS, M. T Strophanthus bullemanus.-gard. Chron. 1870: 14/1 MERRILL E. D New or Noteworthy Philippine Plants 6. - Fhilipp. J. Set. ser. C, A flora of Manila. - Bureau of Science, Manila Philippine Flora 2. -Philipp. J. Sci. ser. C, 29: On Loureiro's Flora Cochinchinensis. - Trans. Amen Philos. ^ J ^ * $ MERXMULLER, H Apocynaceae. - In: Prodromus emer Flora von Sudwest Afnka 112. Cra 185 Meded. Landbouwhogeschool Wageningen 82-4 (1982)