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The Jizan Province is situated in the south-western part of Saudi Arabia, between 160 20` N to 170 40` N and 410 55` E to 430 20` E. The region has about 260 km long coastal area on the western side, stretching from Al-Muwassam in the south to Ash Shuqaiq in the north. There are a few islands (Farasan Islands) in the Red Sea, 50 km. off the Jizan coast, an archipelago of several big and small islands, ranging from 369 km2 to less than 5 km2. The Jazan region can be broadly divided into Coastal zone, Tihama, the Escarpments and the Farasan Islands. The first two regions were part of the oldest agricultural centres of the Arabian Peninsula and composed of wadis, mountains and plateaus. In ancient times, these areas were regarded as the gateway for both crop plants and early travellers from the African and Asian countries. Although the economic boom in the Kingdom from crude oil has diminished importance of the cultivation in the Jazan Region, the well-maintained agricultural terraces along the slopes of southern Hijaz Mountains still support the growth of a wide range of indigenous cash crops including Sorghum, Coffee, Millets, etc.. Climate has an important role in shaping the vegetation cover of the entire escarpments. The area contains a significant proportion of species of the flora of Saudi Arabia, including several endemic and rare species. As the area is located in the south-western tip of the country, the rich and varied flora present in the mountains has a close proximity with the floras of Yemen and North-East African counties |
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Coastal zone: This area lies between the Red Sea and the Escarpments, with a maximum width of 80 km in the west-east direction and covers about 24, 000 km2. The entire coastal line of Jazan Region, stretching about 260 km in the north-south direction, is more or less fringed with many inlets and creeks ("Mersas" or Khawrs). Although mangroves can be seen in the entire coastal region of Jazan Province, the longest concentrations are in Khawr Abu Saba (45 km) and Midaya (30 km), while the widest areas are in Midaya and Besari with an average width of 150m. Mangrove population in the mainland consists of a monospecific population (Avicennia marina) whereas in Farasan Islands and in one or two pockets along the Red Sea coast, Avicennia marina can be seen growing along with another mangrove, Rhizophora mucronata Lam. Six sea weeds (Cymodoca rotundata, Enhalus acoroides, Halodule australis (=univervis), Halophila ovalis, H. stipulaceae and Thalassia hemprichii) have been reported from areas between Muwassam and Ras Al-Tarfa, most of which could be observed in between 1 m to 300 m away from the sea-shore. Sabkhas or salt pans that extend along the entire western coast are dominated by Suaeda monoica, Halopeplis perfoliata, Sporobolus spicatus, Aeluropus lagopoides, Cressa cretica, Tamarix nilotica, Zygophyllum simplex, Desmostachya bipinnata, Cyperus conglomeratus, etc.
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Sand dunes and plains Dunes, plains and wadis make up some of the major land-forms in Tihama region. Common plants of these areas include Abutilon bidentatun, Dipterygium glaucum, Indigofera argentea, Leptadenia pyrotechnica, Panicum turgidum, Pennisetum divisum, Suaeda monoica, and Tephrosia purpurea, whereas open plains are dominated by Acacia tortilis, Ziziphus spina-christi, Leptadenia pyrotechnica, Indigofera spinosa, Aerva javanica, Salvadora persica, Senna italica, Calotropis procera and Capparis decidua.
Wadis There are about 15 main major wadis crossing the Tihama region of Jazan Province. During rainy days, flash floods, originating from the highlands, pass through the wadis in an east to west direction and finally end in Red Sea. Vegetation in wadis of Central Tihama is generally scattered. Dominating plants of this area include: Hyphaene thebaica, Phoenix dactylifera, Desmostachya bipinnata, Tamarix nilotica, Abutilon bidentatum, Senna alexandrina, Acacia ehrenbergiana, etc
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Foot hills and escarpments Vegetation in the mountain areas is not noticeably rich as against to the Asir Mountains, north of Jizan province. However, scattered and occasionally dense vegetation can be observed on open and eroded slopes. The foothills are characterized by rocky slopes, cliffs and crevices with granite, sandy soil whereas the hilly areas are generally formed of rocky cliffs, rocky ridges, granite boulders, granite outcrops, granite sandstones and crevices. The highest peaks of the mountains are heavily inhabited with new houses and agriculture lands added every year. The Fayfa Mountains is one of the important mountains of Jazan Province, holding a relatively rich and diverse flora. Elevations of these undulating mountains vary from 900 m (Al-Ghardha) to about 2000 m (Al-Abseeya); and extend over several kilometers along a roughly north-south axis. The eastern slopes are the rain shadow regions and are with less species diversity. However, the west facing slopes of the mountains are steep and densely vegetated. Dominant members of the plant community between 1500-2000m include Acacia mellifera, A.seyal, Juniperus procera, Carissa edulis, Euclea schimperi, Ficus sycomorus, Catha edulis, Dracaena ombet, etc. Most of the terrain of Fayfa Mountains were converted into agricultural terraces in the past. These areas are now abandoned and are now replaced by the secondary vegetation or by native or exotic weeds such as Tridax procumbens, Chloris barbata, etc or invasive species such as Opuntia dillenii and O. ficus-indica.
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Though areas in and around the escarpments are heavily inhabited, the mountains of Fayfa support a rich flora, which is more or less similar to that of Yemen highlands and nearby countries in north east African countries. The west facing slopes, that receives continuous moisture-laden wind from the Red Sea, hold several micro hotspots in several gullies and runnels and sustain a number of endemics and several rare or endangered species; these include a few remaining populations of critically endangered species such as Dracaena ombet, Dorstenia foetida, Ceropegia spp., etc. | |||||
Flora Approximately 858 wild species in 441 genera of 98 families have been reported from the Jazan Region, which is about 37.18 % of the total species present in Saudi Arabia. Among these, 15 are Pteridophytes, 1 is a Gymnosperm, 733 are Dicots and 109 are Monocots. Poaceae contains the highest number of species followed by Papilionaceae with 68 species and Asteraceae with 58 species. |
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Pteridophytes Acrostichum aureum L. Actinopteris radiata (Swartz) Link Actinopteris semiflabellata Pichi - Sermoli Adiantum capillus-veneris L. Adiantum incisum Forssk. Fl. Asplenium aethiopicum (Burm.f.) Becherer Asplenium officinarum L. Cheilanthes coriacea Decne. Cheilanthes pteridioides (Reich.) C. Chr. Hypodematium crenatum (Forssk.) Kuhn Marselia aegyptica Willd. Psilotum nudum (L.) P. Beauv. Pteris vittata L. Selaginella imbricata (Forssk.) Spring Selaginella yemensis (Swartz) Spring
Gymnosperms Cupressaceae Cupressus sempervirens (Cultivated) Juniperus procera Hochst. ex Endl.,
Angiosperms- Dicots Acanthaceae Anisotes triculcus (Forssk.) Nees Asystasia gangetica (L.) T. Anders Barleria bispinosa (Forssk.) Vahl Barleria hochstetteri Nees Barleria prionites L. ssp. appressa (Forssk.) Brummit & J.R.I. Wood Barleria proxima Lindau. Barleria trispinosa (Forssk.) Vahl, Blepharis ciliaris (L.) B.L. Burtt, Blepharis maderaspatensis (L.) Roth Crossandra wissmanii O. Schwartz Ecbolium gymnostachyum (Nees) Milne-Redh. Ecbolium viride (Forssk.) Alston Hypoestes forskalei (Vahl) Soland. ex Roem. & Schult. Justicia caerulea Forssk. Justicia flava (Vahl) Vahl. Justicia heterocarpa T. Anders Justicia odora (Forssk.) Vahl Lepidagathis scariosa Nees Monechma debile (Forssk.) Nees Pedalium murex Royen ex L. Peristrophe cernua Nees Peristrophe paniculata (Forssk.) Brummitt, Phaulopsis imbricata (Forssk.) Sweet, Reullia prostrata Poir. Ruellia grandiflora (Forssk.) Blatt. Ruellia patula Jacq. Misc. Sesamum indicum L.
Aizoaceae Aizoon canariensis L. Gisekia pharnaceoides L. Glinus lotoides L. Limeum obovatum Vicary Mollugo cerviana (L.) Seringe Mollugo nudicaulis Lam., Sesuvium sesuvioidus (Fenzl) Verdc. Trianthema crystallina (Forssk.) Vahl Trianthema portulacastrum L. Trianthema sheilae A.G. Miller Trianthema triquetra Rottle ex Willd. Zaleya pentandra (L.) Jeffrey
Amaranthaceae Celosia trigyna L., Amaranthus caudatus L. Amaranthus hybridus L. Amaranthus spinosus L. Amaranthus graecizans L. ssp. silvestris (Vill.) Heukels. Amaranthus sparganiocephalus Thell. Amaranthus lividus L. Amaranthus viridis L. Digera muricata (L.) Mart. Pupalia lappacea (L.) A. Juss. Aerva javanica (Burm.f.) Juss. ex Schultes Aerva lanata (L.) Juss. ex Schultes, Nothosaerva brachiata (L.) Wt. Achyranthes aspera L. Alternanthera pungens Kunth Alternanthera sessilis (L.) DC.
Anacardiaceae Rhus abyssinica Hochst. ex Oliv. Rhus retinorrhaea Steud. ex Oliv. Schinus molle L., Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi Trichilia emetica Vahl, Azadirachta indica A. Juss. Melia azedarach L.
Annonaceae Annona squamosa L.
Apiaceae (Umbelliferae) Torilis arvensis (Huds.) Link, Foeniculum vulgare Mill., Pimpinella eriocarpa Banks et Sol. Peucedanum inaccessum C.C. Townsend
Apocynaceae Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don Acokanthera schimperi (DC.) Oliv. Carissa edulis (Forssk.) Vahl Symb. Adenium obesum (Forssk.) Roem. & Schult.
Aristolochiaceae Aristolochia bracteolata Lam.
Asclepiadaceae Angolluma deflersiana (Lavr.) Plowes Angolluma eremastrum (O.Schwartz) Plowes Angolluma wissmannii (Schwartz) Plowes Calotropis procera (Ait.) R. Br. Caralluma edulis (Edgew.) Benth. & Hook.f. Caralluma sinaica (Decne.) Berger, Caralluma subulata (Forssk.) Decne. Ceropegia arabica H. Huber, Ceropegia bulbosa Roxb. Ceropegia rupicola Defl. Ceropegia tihamana Chaudhary & Lavranos Ceropegia variegata Decne. Cynanchum gerrardii (Harv.) Liede Desmidorchis penicillatus (Defl.) Plowes Desmidorchis retrospiciens (Forssk.) Plowes Desmidorchis shadhbanus (Lavr.) Lavr. Desmidorchis solenophorus (Lavr.) Lavr. Duvalia velutina Lavranos Glossonema boveanum (Decne.) Decne., Gomphocarpus fruticosus (L.) Ait. f. Gomphocarpus sinaicus Boiss., Huernia laevis J.R.I.Wood Kanahia laniflora (Forssk.) R. Br. Leptadenia arborea (Forssk.) Schweinf. Leptadenia pyrotechnica (Forssk.) Decne. Monolluma quadrangula (Forssk.) Plowes Pentatropis nivalis (J.F. Gmel.) D. V. Field and J.R.I. Wood Pergularia daemia (Forssk.) Chiov. Periploca somaliense Browica Periploca visciformis (Vatke) K. Schum. Sarcostemma viminale (L.) R. Br.
Asteraceae Ageratum conyzoides L. Artemisia abysinthium L. Bidens biternata (Lour.) Merr. & Sherff. Bidens pilosa L. Blumea bovei (DC.) Vatke, Cineraria abyssinica Schi.-Bip. Ex A. Rich. Conyza bonariensis (L.) Cronq. Conyza hochstetteri Sch. Bip. ex. A. Rich. Conyza incana Willd. Conyza pyrrhopappa Sch. Bip. ex A. Rich. Conyza stricta Willd. Crepis ruepellii Sch.-Bip. Echinops erinaceus Kit Tan, Eclipta prostrata (L.) L. Felicia dentata (A. Rich.) Dandy Filago desertorum Pomel Nour. Filago pyramidata L. Flaveria trinervia (Spreng.) Mohr. Galinsoga parviflora Cav. Gnaphalium luteo-album L. Helichrysum glumaceum DC. Kleinia anteuphorbium (L.) DC. Kleinia pendula (Forssk.) DC. Lactuca dissecta D. Don. Lactuca inermis Forssk. Lactuca serriola L. Laggera aurita (L.f.) Sch.-Bip. Laggera decurrens (Vahl) F.N. Hepper & J.R.I. Wood Launaea intybacea (Jacq.) Beauverd Launaea massauensis (Fresen.) Sch. Bip. ex Kuntze Launaea mucronata ssp. cassiniana (Jaub.& Spach.) N. Kilian Launaea procumbens (Roxb.) Ramayya & Rajagopal Onopordum heteracanthum C.A. Mey., Phagnalon stenolepis Chiov Parthenium hysterophorus L. Picris cyanocarpa Boiss. Picris scabra Forssk. Pluchea dioscoridis (L.) DC. Psiadia punctulata (DC.) Vatke Pulicaria jaubertii Gamal El Din Pulicaria petiolaris Jaub. & Spach. Pulicaria schimperi DC. Pulicaria undulata (L.) C.A. May. Reichardia tingitana (L.) Roth Senecio asirensis Boulos & J.R.I. Wood. Senecio bojeri DC. Senecio hadiensis Forssk. Senecio lyratus Forssk. Sonchus oleraceus L. Sonchus saudensis Boulos Sonchus tenerrimus L. Tagetes minuta L., Tarchonanthus camphoratus L. Tridax procumbens L. Verbesina encelioides (Cav.) A. Gray. Vernonia cinerascens Sch. Bip. Vernonia cinerea (L.) Less. Vernonia schimperi Sch. - Bip. ex Hochst. Xanthium spinosum L. Xanthium strumarium L.
Boraginaceae Alkanna orientalis (L.) Boiss., Arnebia hispidissima (Lehm.) DC. Cordia africana Lam. Cordia sinensis Lam. Cynoglossum bottae Defl. Cynoglossum lanceolatum Forssk. Echium arabicum R. Mill. Ehretia abyssinica R. Br. ex Fresen. Ehretia obtusifolia Hochst. ex DC. Heliotropium aegyptiacum Lehm. Heliotropium arbainense Fresen. Heliotropium chaudharyanum Al-Turki, Omer & Ghafoor Heliotropium jizanense Al-Turki; Omar & Ghafoor, Heliotropium lasiocarpum Fisch. et C.A. Meyer. Heliotropium longiflorum Steud. & Hochst. ex Bunge. Heliotropium pterocarpum (DC.) Steud. & Hochst. ex Bunge. Heliotropium ramosissimum (Lehm.) Sieb. ex DC. Heliotropium strigosum Willd. var. strigosum var. cordofanum (Hochst.) Schweinf. ex Blatter Heliotropium zeylanicum (Burm.f.) Lam. Trichodesma africanum (L.) R. Br. Trichodesma ehrenbergii Schweinf. ex Boiss. Trichodesma trichodesmoides (Bunge) Guerke
Brassicaceae (Cruciferae) Brassica juncea (L.) Czern. & Coss. Brassica tournefortii Guan Erucastrum arabicum Fischer & C. Meyer Raphanus staivus L. Schouwia purpurea (Forssk.) Schweinf. Lepidium sativum L. Lepidium bonariense L. Lepidium africanum (Burm.f.) DC. Farsetia aegyptia Turra, Farsetia longisiliqua Decne. Arabis alpina L. Sisymbrium irio L. Sisymbrium orientale L. Sisymbrium erysimoides Desf.
Burseraceae Commiphora erythraea (Ehrenb.) Engler. Commiphora kataf (Forssk.) Engl. Commiphora myrrha (Nees) Engl. Commiphora quadricincta Schweinf., Commiphora habessinica (Berg.) Engl. Commipora gileadensis (L.) C. Chr.
Cactaceae Opuntia dillenii (Ker-Gawl.) Haw. Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) Miller. Opuntia stricta (Haw.) Haw.
Campanulaceae Campanula edulis Forssk.
Capparaceae Cleome scaposa DC. Cleome brachycarpa Vahl ex DC. Cleome noeana Boiss. ssp. Brachystyla Chamberlain & Lamond. Cleome tenella L.f. Cleome viscosa L. Cleome gynandra L. Cleome paradoxa R. Br. ex DC. Dipterygium glaucum Decne. Maerua crassifolia Forssk. Maerua triphylla A. Rich. Maerua oblongifolia (Forssk.) A. Rich. Capparis decidua (Forssk.) Edgew Capparis spinosa L. Capparis cartilaginea Decne. Cadaba glandulosa Forssk. Cadaba rotundifolia Forssk. Cadaba farinosa Forssk. Cadaba longifolia DC.
Caryophyllaceae Cometes abyssinica R. Br. Pollichia campestris Ait. Paronychia chlorothyrsa Murb. Polycarpaea repens (Forssk.) Aschers. & Schweinf. Polycarpaea spicata Arn Polycarpon tetraphyllum (L.) L. Spergula fallax (Lowe) Krause Minuartia filifolia (Forssk.) Mattfeld Arenaria foliacea Turril, Cerastium glomeratum Thuill. Silene apetala Willd. Silene schweinfurthii Rohrab. Silene colorata Poiret, Voy. Barb. 2: 163 (1789). ssp. oliveriana (Otth.) Muschl. Gypsophila capillaris (Forssk.) C. Christ.
Celastraceae Maytenus arbutifolia (Hochst. ex A. Rich.) Wilczek Maytenus forsskaoliana Sebsebe Maytenus sidamoensis (Sebsebe) S. Abedin Maytenus senegalensis (Lam.) Exell, Maytenus undata (Thunb.) Blakelock. Catha edulis (Vahl) Forssk. ex Endl.
Cucurbitaceae Kedrostis gijef (J.F. Gmel.) C. Jeffrey Kedrostis foetidissima (Jacq.) Cogn. Corallocarpus epigaeus (Rottler) Hook. f. ex C.B. Corallocarpus schimperi (Naud.) Hook. f. Zehneria scabra (L.f.) Sond., Zehneria anomala C. Jeffrey Cucumis pustulatus Hook. f., Cucumis prophetarum L. Cucumis dipsaceus Spach, Cucumis melo L., Ctenolepis cerasiformis (Stocks) Hook. F. Momordica balsamina L., Citrullus colocynthis (L.) Schrad. Coccinea grandis (L.) Voigt
Chenopodiaceae Agriophyllum minus Fischer & C. Meyer ex Ledeb. Arthrocnemum macrostachyum (Moric) K. Koch Atriplex farinosa Forssk. Atriplex halimus L. Chenopodium album L. Chenopodium ambrosioides L. Chenopodium carinatum R. Br. Chenopodium fasciculosum Aellen Chenopodium murale L. Chenopodium schraderianum Schult. Cornulaca ehrenbergii Asch Halopeplis perfoliata (Forssk.) Bunge ex Asch. Salsola kali Salsola spinescens Moq Suaeda aegyptiaca (Hasselq.) Soh. Suaeda monoica Forssk. ex J. Gmel Suaeda vermiculata Forssk. ex J. Gmelin
Combretaceae Combretum aculeatum Vent. Combretum molle R. Br. ex D. Don. Terminalia brownii Fresen.
Convolvulaceae Astripomoea A. Meeuse Astripomoea malvacea (Klotzsch) Meeuse var. malvacea Convolvulus arvensis L. Convolvulus austro-aegyptiacus R. Mill. Abdallah & Saad Convolvulus glomeratus Choisy, Convolvulus pilosellifolius Desr. Convolvulus prostratus Forssk., Convolvulus rhyniospermus Hochst. ex Chiosy Convolvulus siculus L. Cressa cretica L., Cuscuta planiflora Tenore Evolvulus alsinoides (L.) L. Ipomoea eriocarpa R. Br Ipomoea hochstetteri House Ipomoea pes-caprae (L.) R. Br Ipomoea sinensis (Desr.) Choisy ssp.blepharosepala (A. Rich.) Meeuse Operculina turpethum (L.) Silva Manso Seddera arabica (Forssk.) Choisy Seddera latifolia Hochst. & Steud. ex Hochst. Seddera virgata Hochst. & Steud. ex Hochst.
Crassulaceae Crassula schimperi Fisch. & C.A. Meyer Crassula alba Forssk. Kalanchoe lanceolata (Forssk.) Pers. Kalanchoe laciniata (L.) DC. Kalanchoe citrina Schweinf Kalanchoe alternans (Vahl) Pers Kalanchoe deficiens (Forssk.) Asch. & Schweinf. Kalanchoe glaucescens Britten. Kalanchoe crenata (Andrews) Haw.
Dracaenaceae Dracaena ombet Kotschy & Peyr. Sansevieria ehrenbergii Schweinf-ex Baker
Ebenaceae Diospyros mespiliformis Hochst. ex A. DC. Euclea schimperi (DC.) Dandy.
Euphorbiaceae Andrachne telephioides L. Andrachne aspera Spreng. Flueggea leucopyrus Willd. Phyllanthus maderaspatensis L. Phyllanthus nummularifolius Poir. Phyllanthus rotundifolius Willd. Phyllanthus fraternus Webster Clutia lanceolata Forssk. Chrozophora oblongifolia (Del.) A. Juss. ex Spreng., Ricinus communis L., Erythrococca abyssinica Pax . Acalypha lanceolata Willd. Acalypha fruticosa Forssk. var. fruticosa var. villosa Pax ex Hutch. Acalypha ciliata Forssk. Acalypha indica L. Acalypha racemosa Wall. ex Baill, Tragia pungens (Forssk.) Muell. - Arg. Dalechampia scandens L. var. cordofana (Webb.)muell.,-Arg. DC. Jatropha glauca Vahl, Jatropha pelargoniifolia Courb. Jatropha curcas L. Sp. Croton lobatus L., Croton bonplandianus Baill., Euphorbia hirta L. Euphorbia hypercifolia L. Euphorbia scordifolia Jacq. Euphorbia granulata Forssk. Euphorbia inequilatera Sond. Euphorbia arabica Hochst. & Steud. ex Anders. Euphorbia chamaepeplus Boiss. & Gaill. Euphorbia cuneata Vahl Euphorbia ammak Schweinf. Euphorbia parciramulosa Schweinf. Euphorbia cactus Ehrenb. ex Boiss. Euphorbia fractiflexa S. Carter & J.R.I. Wood Euphorbia inarticulata Schweinf. Euphorbia triaculeata Frossk.
Flacourtiaceae Oncoba spinosa Forssk.
Fumariaceae Fumaria abyssinica Hammar Fumaria parviflora Lam.
Gentianaceae Enicostema axillare (Lamk.) Raynal Centaurium maire Zeltner
Geraniaceae Geranium mascatense Boiss. Geranium ocellatum Camb. Geranium trilophum Boiss. Geranium biuncinatum Kokwaro Pelargonium multibracteatum Hochst.
Hydnoraceae Hydnora johannis Beccari
Hypericaceae Hypericum annulatum Moris
Lauraceae Cassytha filiformis L.
Lamiaceae Basilicum polystachyon (L.) Moench. Endostemon tereticaulis (Poir.) Ashby Lavandula atriplicifolia Benth. Lavandula citriodora A. Miller. Lavandula coronopifolia Poir. Lavandula pubescens Decne. Leucas alba (Forssk.) Sebald. Leucas glabrata (Vahl) R. Br. Leucas martinicensis R. Br. Leucas urticifolia (Vahl) R. Br. Micromeria abyssinica Benth. Micromeria imbricata (Forssk.) O. Chr. Ocimum americanum L. Ocimum basilicum L., Ocimum filamentosum Forssk. Ocimum forsskalii Benth., Ocimum serpyllifolium Forssk. Orthosiphon pallidus Royle ex Benth. Orthosiphon thymiflorus (Roth) Steesen Otostegia fruticosa (Forssk.) Penz., ssp. schimperi Plectranthus asirensis J.R.I. Wood Plectranthus barbatus Andres Salvia aegyptiaca L., Teucrium yemense Deflers.
Leguminosae Abrus bottae Deflers. Abrus precatorius L. Acacia abyssinica Hochst. ex Benth. Acacia asak (Forssk.) Willd. Acacia ehrenbergiana Hayne Acacia etbaica Schweinf. Acacia gerrardii Benth Acacia hamulosa Benth. Acacia mellifera (Vahl) Benth. Acacia oerfota (Forssk.) Schweinf. Acacia origena Asfaw Acacia seyal Del. Acacia tortilis (Forssk.) Hayne Alysicarpus glumaceus (Vahl) DC. Alysicarpus rugosus (Willd.) DC. Argyrolobium arabicum (Decne.) Jaub. & Spach Astragalus atropilosulus (Hochst.) Bunge Astragalus vogelii (Webb) Bornm., Cadia purpurea (Picc.) Ait. Chamaecrista mimosoides (L.) Greene Chamaecrista nigricans (Vahl) Greene Clitoria ternatea L. Crotalaria incana L. Crotalaria microphylla Vahl, Crotalaria pycnostachya Benth. Crotalaria retusa L. Crotalaria senegalensis (Pers.) DC. Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L.) Taub. Delonix elata (L.) Gamble Desmodium gangeticum (L.) DC. Dichrostachys cinerea (L.) Wight & Arn. Dolichos trilobus L Glycine wightii ssp. wightii var. longicauda (Schweinf.) Verd. Indigofera arabica Jaub. & Spach Indigofera argentea Burm.f. Indigofera arrecta Hochst. ex A. Rich., Indigofera articulata Gouan, Indigofera brachyphylla Al-Turki Indigofera coerulea Roxb. var. coerulea var. occidentalis Gillet & Ali Indigofera colutea (Burm.f.) Merr. Indigofera hochstetteri Baker Indigofera linifolia (L.f.) Retz. Indigofera oblongifolia Forssk. Indigofera semitrijuga Forssk Indigofera spicata Forssk., Indigofera spinosa Forssk. Indigofera tinctoria L. Indigofera trita L.f. var. scabra (Roth) Ali var. subulata (Poir.)Ali var. maffeii (Chiov.) Ali Indigofera volkensii Taub in Engl. Lablab purpureus (L.) Sw. Lotus arabicus L., Lotus gebelia Vent. Lotus halophilus Boiss. & Sprun Macrotyloma axillare (E. Mey.) Verdc. Medicago lupulina L. Melilotus alba Medic. Melilotus officinalis (L.) Pall. Melitotus indica (L.) All. Phaseolus lunatus L., Pithecellobium dulce (Roxb.) Benth. Prosopis juliflora (Sw.) DC. Pterolobium stellatum (Forssk.) Brenan Rhynchosia buramensis Hutch. & Bruce Rhynchosia minima (L.) DC. var. minima var. nuda (DC.) var. memnonia (Delile) Cooke Rhynchosia pulverulenta Stocks Rhynchosia totta (Thunb.) DC. Rhynchosia variegata (Defl.) J.R.I. Wood Senna alexandrina Mill. Senna holosericea (Fresen) Greuter Senna italica Mill. Gard. Senna obtusifolia (L.) Irwin & Barneby Senna occidentalis (L.) Link, Sesbania leptocarpa DC. Sesbania sesban (L.) Merr. ssp. caesia (Chiov.) Verdc. Stylosanthes fruticosa (Retz.) Alston Tamarindus indica L. Taverniera cuneifolia (Roth.) Arn Tephrosia apollinea (Del.) DC. Tephrosia heterophylla Vatke, Tephrosia nubica (Boiss.) Bak. ssp. arabica Tephrosia pumila (Lam.) Pers., Tephrosia purpurea (L.) Pers., Tephrosia subtriflora Hochst. ex Bak. Tephrosia uniflora Pers. Teramnus labialis (L.f.) Spreng. subsp. arabicus Verdc. Teramnus repens (Taub.) Baker f. ssp. gracilis (Chiov.) Verd. Trigonella anguina Del. Vermifrux abyssinica (A. Rich.) Vicia sativa L. Vigna aconitifolia (Jacq.) Marechal Vigna ambacensis Welw. ex Bak. Vigna membranacea A. Rich Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. |
Linaceae Linum corymbulosum. Reichb. Linum trigynum L.
Loganiaceae Buddleja polystachya Fresen. Nuxia oppositifolia (Hochst.) Benth.
Loranthaceae Plicosepalus curviflorus (Benth. ex Oliv.) Tiegh., Phragmanthera austroarabica A.G. Mill. & Nyberg. Tapinanthus globiferus (A. Rich.) Tieghem.
Lythraceae Lawsonia inermis L. Ammania baccifera L.
Malpighiaceae Caucanthus edulis Forssk.
Malvaceae Abutilon ramosum Guill. & Perr Abutilon fruticosum Guill. & Perr. Abutilon figarianum Webb, Abutilon hirtum (Lamk.) Sw. Abutilon bidentatum A. Rich. Abutilon pannosum (G. Forst.) Schlecht Abutilon muticum (Del. ex DC.) Sw. Fioria dictyocarpa (Hochst.) Mattei Fioria vitifolius (L) Mattei. Gossypium hirsutum L. Hibiscus cannabinus L. Hibiscus sabdariffa L. Hibiscus micranthus L.f. var. rigidus (L.f.) Cufod Hibiscus ovalifolius (Forssk.) Vahl, Hibiscus deflersii Schweinf. ex Cufod. Hibiscus aponeurus Sprague & Hutch Hibuscus purpureus Forssk. Hibiscus palmatus Forssk., Hibiscus aristaevalvis Garcke Malva parviflora L. Pavonia burchellii (DC.) R.A. Pavonia procumbens (Wall. ex Wight & Arn.) Wallp. Pavonia arabica Hochst. & Steud Senra incana Cav. Sida spinosa L. Sida alba L. Sida alii S. Abedin Sida ovata Forssk.
Meliaceae Azadirachta indica (Cultivated) Melia azadirach (Cultivated)
Menispermaceae Cocculus pendulus (J.R. & G. Forst.) Diels. Tinospora bakis (A. Rich.) Miers
Moraceae Dorstenia foetida (Forssk.) Schweinf. Ficus carica L., Ficus palmata Forssk. Ficus sycomorus L Ficus cordata Thunb. Ficus ingens (Miq.) Miq. Ficus glumosa Del., Ficus populifolia Vahl Ficus vasta Forssk.
Myrsinaceae Maesa lanceolata Forssk. Myrsine africana L.
Myrtaceae Syzygium guineense (Willd.) DC.
Nyctaginaceae Boerhavia elegans Choisy Boerhavia repens L. Boerhavia diffusa L. Commicarpus grandiflorus (A. Rich.) Commicarpus arabicus Meikle Commicrpus plumbagineus (Cav.) Standley Commicarpus mistus Thulin Commicarpus helenae (Roem. & Schultes) Meikle Pisonia aculeata L.
Oxalidaceae Oxalis corniculata L.
Papaveraceae Argemone mexicana L. Argemone ochroleuca Sweet
Oleaceae Olea europaea L. Sp. Pl. 8 (1753). ssp. cuspidata (Wall. ex G. Don) Ciferri. Jasminum grandiflorum L.
Onagraceae Ludwigia octovalvis (Jacq.)Raven
Orobanchaceae Cistanche tubulosa (Schrenk) Wt. Orobanche ramosa L., Orobanche minor Sm.
Plumbaginaceae Plumbago zeylanica L. Limonium axillare (Forssk.) Kuntze Limonium cylindrifolium (Forssk.)Verdc.
Polygonaceae Oxygonum sinuatum (Hochst. & Steudel) Dammer Rumex nervosus Vahl Rumex vesicarius L. Rumex steudelii Hochst. ex A. Rich. Emex spinosa (L.) Campd.
Polygalaceae Polygala irregularis Boss., Polygala erioptera DC., Polygala abyssinica R. Br. ex Fresen Polygala tinctoria Vahl, Polygala senensis Klotzsch.
Portulacaceae Talinium portulacifolium (Forssk.) Asch. ex Schweinf Portulaca oleracea L. Portulaca quadrifida L. Portulaca kermesina N.E. Br.
Primulaceae Anagallis arvensis L. Samolus valerandi L.
Ranunculaceae Clematis hirsuta Guill. & Perr.
Resedaceae Ochradenus baccatus Del., Ochradenus arabicus Chaudhary, Hillc. & A.G. Miller Reseda sphenocleoides Defl.
Rhamnaceae Berchemia discolor (Klotzch) Hemsl. Ziziphus mucronata Willd., Enum. Ziziphus spina-christi (L.) Willd. Rhoicissus tridentata (L.f.) Wild & Drummon. Rhoicissus revoilii Planch. Cissus quadrangularis L., Cissus rotundifolius (Forssk.) Vahl, Cyphostemma (Planch.) Alston Cyphostemma ternatum (Forssk.) Desc. Cyphostemma digitatum (Forssk.) Desc.
Rosaceae Rosa abyssinica Lindley, Prunus amygdalus (L.) Batsch
Rhizophoraceae Rhizophora mucronata Lam.
Rubiaceae Breonadia salicina (Vahl) Hepper & Wood Galium setaceum Lam., ssp. decaisnei (Boiss.) Ehrend., Kohautia aspera (Heyne ex Roth) Bremekamp Kohautia caespitosa Schnizl. var. caespitosa var. schimperi (Presl.) Bremek Oldenlandia capensis L.f., var. capensis Oldenlandia corymbosa L. Pavetta longiflora Vahl, Pentas lanceolata (Forssk.) K. Schum. \ Psydrax schimperiana (Rich.) Bridson Pyrostria phyllanthoidea (Baill.) Bridson
Rutaceae Ruta chalepensis L. Teclea nobilis Del.
Scrophulariaceae Anarrhinum forskalii (J.F. Gmel) Cufod. Anticharis glandulosa Aschers. Anticharis linearis (Benth.) Hochst. ex Aschers Antirrhinum orontium L. Bacopa monnieri (L.) Pennell., Campylanthus pungens O. Schwartz Craterostigma pumilum Hochst Kickxia corallicola D.A. Sutton, Kickxia hastata (R. Br.) Dandy Lindenbergia indica (L.) Kuntze Schweinfurthia pterosperma (A. Rich.) A. Br. Scoparia dulcis L. Scrophularia arguta Sol. Striga gesneroides (Willd.) Vatke Striga hermonthica (Del.) Benth., Verbascum bottae (Deflers) Huber-Mor. Verbascum sinaiticum Benth. Verbascum yemense Deflers, Veronica anagallis-aquatica L. Sp. Pl.: 12 (1753) Veronica polita Fries
Salvadoraceae Salvadora persica L., Dobera glabra (Forssk.) Juss. ex Poir
Sapindaceae Dodonaea angustifolia L. Cardiospermum helicacabum L. Allophyllus rubifolius (Hochst. ex A. Rich.) Engl.
Solanaceae Datura ferox L. Amoen. Datura innoxia Mill. Datura metal L. Datura stramonium L. Nicotiana glauca R. Graham, Nicotiana tabacum L. Solanum nigrum L. Solanum villosum Miller ssp. villosus ssp. miniatum Bernh. ex Willd. Solanum forskalii Dunal in Hist. Solan. 237. (1813). Solanum schimperianum Hochst. ex Dun Solanum glabratum Dunal Solanum incanum L. var. unguiculatum (A. Rich.) Abedin, Al-Yahya, S. Chaud., Moosa. Solanum coagulans Forssk., Solanum surattense Burm.f. Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal
Sapotaceae Sideroxylon buxifolium Hutch Mimusops laurifolia (Forssk.) Friis
Sterculiaceae Melhania ovata (Cav.) Spreng. Melhania incana Heyne ex Wight & Arn. Melhania velutina Forssk. Melhania stipulosa J.R.I. Wood Melhania denhamii R. Br Waltheria indica L.
Tamaricaceae Tamarix nilotica (Ehrenb.) Bunge Tamarix aphylla (L.) Karst.,
Tiliaceae Grewia mollis Juss. Grewia trichocarpa Hochst. ex A. Rich. Grewia gilletii Sebsebe & Mathew Grewia velutina (Forssk.) Vahl. Grewia tembensis Fresen Grewia tenax (Forssk.) Fiori Grewia erythraea Schweinf. Grewia villosa Willd. Corchorus olitorius L., Corchorus trilocularis L., Corchorus tridens L. Corchorus depressus (L.) Stocks. Triumfetta rhomboidea Jacq.
Ulmaceae Celtis africana Burm.f. Trema orientalis (L.) Bl.
Urticaceae Forsskaolea tenacissima L. Forsskaolea viridis Ehrenb Parietaria alsinifolia Del. Parietaria debilis G. Forst. Parietaria umbricola A.G. Miller Urtica urens L.
Vahliaceae Vahlia digyna (Retz.) Kuntze
Verbenaceae Lantana camara L. Lantana viburnoides (Forssk.) Vahl Phyla nodiflora (L.) Greene., Chascanum marrubifolium Fenzl ex. Walp. Priva tenax Verdc. Premna resinosa (Hochst.) Schau. Vitex trifolia L. Avicennia marina (Forssk.) Vierh.
Violaceae Hybanthus enneaspermus (L.) F. Muell.
Zygophyllaceae Fagonia schweinfurthii (Hadidi) Hadidi Fagonia indica Burm.f. Fagonia bruguieri DC. Zygophyllum simplex L. Zygophyllum coccineum L. Var. berenicense (Schweinf.) Muschl. Zygophyllum album L.f. Zygophyllum hamiense var. mandavillei (Hadidi) J. Thomas & S. Chaudhary, Tribulus terrestris L.
Monocots
Amaryllidaceae Scadoxus multiflorus (Martyn) Raf., . Pancratium tortuosum Herbert
Arecaceae (Palmaceae) Phoenix reclinata Jacq. Phoenix dactylifera L. Hyphaene thebaica (L.) Mart.
Commelinaceae Cyanotis nyctitropa Deflers, Aneilema forskalei Kunth. Commelina africana L. Commelina erecta L. Commelina benghalensis L. Commelina forskalaei Vahl
Cymodoceaceae Halodule uninervis (Forssk.) Asch. Cymodocea rotundata Ehrenb. & Hemprich. ex Aschers.
Cyperaceae Cyperus alopecuroides Rottb. Cyperus alternifolius L. ssp. flabelliformis (Rottb.) Kuck. Cyperus articulatus L. Cyperus bulbosus Vahl Cyperus conglomeratus Rottb. ssp. curvulus (Boeck.) Kukkonen Cyperus dubius ssp. macrocephalus (C.B. Clk.) Lye Cyperus jeminicus Rottb. Cyperus laevigatus L. Cyperus niveus Retz. Cyperus rotundus L. Cyperus rubicundus Poir. Cyperus schimperianus Steud. Fimbristylis turkistanica (Regel) B. Fedtsch Fimbrystilis cymosa R.Br.
Hyacinthaceae Dipcadi viride Moench, Albuca pendula B. Mathew & Colle.
Hydrocharitaceae Enhalus acoroides (L.f.) Rich. ex Steud Thalassia hemprichii (Solms) Asch. Halophila ovalis (R.Br.) Hook. f. Halophila stipulacea (Forssk.) Aschers.
Juncaceae Juncus rigidus Desf.
Liliaceae Asparagus africanus Lam. Asparagus flagellaris (Kunth) Bak. Asphodelus tenuifolius Cav. Aloe castellorum J.R.I. Wood Aloe fleurentiniorum Lavranos & Newton Aloe rivierei Lavranos & Newton Aloe vacillans Forssk., Aloe officinalis Forssk., Aloe woodii Lavr. & Colle. Aloe yemenica J.R.I. Wood, Aloe X qaharensis Lavranos & Collenette
Orchidaceae Epipactis veratrifolia Boiss. Bonatea steudneri (Rchb.f.) T. Durnad & Schinz. Eulophia petersii (Reichb.) Reichb.f
Pandanaceae Pandanus odoratissimus L. f.
Poaceae Ehrharta erecta Lam., Lamarckia aurea Moench, Rostraria pumila (Desf.) Tzvelev Gastridium phleoides (Nees & Meyen) C.E. Hubb. Bromus pulchellus Fig. & De Not., Brachypodium distachyum (L.) P. Beauv. Stipagrostis hirtigluma (Trin. & Rupr.) de Winter Aristida ferrilateris S.M. Phillips Aristida adscensionis L. Aristida funiculata Trin. & Rupr. Aristida mutabilis Trin. & Rupr. Enneapogon schimperianus (Hochst. ex A. Rich.) Renvoize, Enneapogon lophotrichus Chiov. ex H. Aeluropus lagopoides (L.) Trin. ex Thw., Halopyrum mucronatum (L.) Stapf Dinebra retroflexa (Vahl) Panz. Ochthochloa compressa (Forssk.) Hilu, Drake-Brockmania somalensis Stapf Eragrostis ciliaris (L.) R. Br. Eragrostis tenella (L.) P. Beauv. ex Roem. & Schultes Eragrostis aspera (Jacq.) Nees, Eragrostis japonica (Thumb.) Trin. Eragrostis minor Host. Eragrsotis barrelieri Daveaeu, Eragrostis macilenta (A. Rich.) Steudel, Eragrostis papposa (Roem. & Schult.) Steud., Harpachene schimperi A. Rich. Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn. ssp. indica Dactyloctenium aegyptium (L.) Willd., Enum. Dactyloctenium aristatum Link Dactyloctenium scindicum Boiss. Desmostachya bipinnata (L.) Stapf Sporobolus spicatus (Vahl) Kunth Sporobolus consimilis Fresen., Sporobolus helvolus (Trin.) Dur. & Schinz Sporobolus pyramidalis P. Beauv Sporobolus nervosus Hochst. Urochondara setulosa (Trin.) C.E. Hubb. Tetrapogon tenellus (Roxb.) Chiov. Tetrapogon cenchriformis (A. Rich.) Clayton Tetrapogon villosus Desf. Chloris barbata Sw. Chloris gayana Kunth, Enteropogon macrostachyus (Hochst. ex A. Rich.) Munro ex Benth. Pogonatherum paniceum (Lam.) Hack. Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers., Schoenefeldia gracilis Kunth, Tragus berteronianus Schult. Panicum maximum Jacq. Panicum coloratum L., Panicum turgidum Forssk. Echinochloa colona (L.) Link. Brachiaria leersioides (Hochst.) Stapf Brachiaria reptans (L.) Gardner & Hubbard Brachiaria scalaris Pilg. Brachiaria deflexa (Schum.) C.E. Hubbard ex Robyns Brachiaria lata (Schum.) C.E. Hubb. Setaria verticillata (L.) Beauv. Setaria viridis (L.) P. Beauv. Setaria plicatilis (Hochst.) Hackel ex Engl. Paspalidium desertorum (A. Rich.) Stapf Tricholaena teneriffae (L.f.) Link., Rhynchelytrum repens (Willd.) C.E. Hubbard Digitaria nodosa Parl., Digitaria velutina (Forssk.) P. Beauv. Digitaria ciliaris (Retz.) Koel. Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br., Pennisetum setaceum (Forssk.) Chiov. Pennisetum stramineum Peter Pennisetum unisetum (Nees) Benth. Cenchrus ciliaris L., Cenchrus pennisetiformis Hochst. & Steudel, Cenchrus setigerus Vahl Danthoniopsis barbata (Nees) Hubb. Saccharum spontaneum L., Mant. Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench, Chrysopogon plumulosus Hochst. Dichanthium faveolatum (Del.) Roberty Sehima nervosum (Willd.) Stapf Arthraxon prionodes (Steudel) Dandy Hyparrhenia hirta (L.) Stapf Heteropogon contortus (L.) P. Beauv. ex Roem. & Schult. Themeda triandra Forssk., Elionurus royleanus A. Rich.
Potamogetonaceae Potamogeton nodosus Poir.
Typhaceae Typha domingensis (Pers.) Poir. ex Steud., Typha elephatina Roxb . Velloziaceae Xerophyta arabica (Baker) N. Menezes
Physalis acuminata (Solanaceae) A view from Jabal Tallan, near Jabal Fayfa Marselia aegyptica Willd. (Marsiliaceae)
Croton bonplandianus Baill. (Euphorbiaceae)
Cadaba glandulosa Forssk. (Capparaceae)
Capparis decidua (Forssk.) Edgew. (Capparaceae) |
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Site conceived and maintained by Dr. Jacob Thomas, Dept.of Botany & Microbiology, King Saud University. |